Programming languages

Programming languages

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  Programming Languages
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  What is aProgramming Languages • A programming language is a set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform A programming language is a tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains.
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  Levels of ProgrammingLanguages High-level program class Triangle { class Triangle { ... ... float surface() float surface() return b*h/2; return b*h/2; } } Executable Machine code 0001001001000101 0001001001000101 0010010011101100 0010010011101100 10101101001... 10101101001... Low-level program LOAD r1,b LOAD r1,b LOAD r2,h LOAD r2,h MUL r1,r2 MUL r1,r2 DIV r1,#2 DIV r1,#2 RET RET
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  The principal paradigms • • • • ImperativeProgramming (C) Object-Oriented Programming (C++) Logic/Declarative Programming (Prolog) Functional/Applicative Programming (Lisp)
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  High-level Languages • FORTRAN –FORmula TRANslation. – Developed at IBM in the mid-1950s. – Designed for scientific and mathematical applications by scientists and engineers.
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  High-level Languages • COBOL –COmmon Business Oriented Language. – Developed in 1959. – Designed to be common to many different computers. – Typically used for business applications.
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  High-level Languages • BASIC –Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. – Developed at Dartmouth College in mid 1960s. – Developed as a simple language for students to write programs with which they could interact through terminals.
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  High-level Languages •C – Developedby Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s. – Provides control and efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language features. – Often used for system programs. – UNIX is written in C.
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  High-level Languages • C++ –It is C language with additional features. – Widely used for developing system and application software. – Graphical user interfaces can be developed easily with visual programming tools.
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  High-level Languages • JAVA –An object-oriented language similar to C++ that eliminates lots of C++’s problematic features – Allows a web page developer to create programs for applications, called applets that can be used through a browser. – Objective of JAVA developers is that it be machine, platform and operating system independent.
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  Markup Languages • HTML –HyperText Markup Language. – Used on the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). – Web page developer puts brief codes called tags in the page to indicate how the page should be formatted.
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  High-level Languages • XML –Extensible Markup Language. – A language for defining other languages.
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  Bibliography coursera. (N.D, N.DN.D). Programming Languages. Retrieved 1 9, 2014, from coursera: https://www.coursera.org/course/proglang en.wikipedia. (2013, 12 31). List of programming languages. Retrieved 1 9, 2014, from en.wikipedia.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages Weimer, W. (N.D, N.D N.D). Programming Languages. Retrieved 1 9, 2014, from udacity: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs262