Project method

PROJECT METHOD
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34
UNIT - IV
B.Ed - TNTEU

INTRODUCTION
 Modern method of teaching
 Students centered
 Given importance in designing the curricula and content of
studies
 It’s based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of
‘Learning by doing’.
 Pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition
 A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into the
school
 It demands work from the pupils.

PROJECT METHOD
• Devised by : Kilpatrick
• Given project shape by : Stevenson
• Based on : Pragmatism

WHAT IS PROJECT METHOD?
• The project method is an educational enterprise in which
children solve a practical problem over a period of
several days.
• The projects may be suggested by the teacher, but they
are planned and executed as far as possible by the
students themselves, individually or in groups.

Principles
Students learn better
through association,
co-operation and
activity.
Learning by doing
Learning by living

• “A project is a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a
social environment.”
• “A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural
setting.’’
• “A project is a bit of real life that has been imparted into
the school.”
According to Kilpatrick
According to Stevenson
According to Ballard
DEFINITION

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT METHOD
It is carried out in a natural
setting, thus making learning
realistic and experiential.
It takes the
student beyond
the walls of the
class room.
It encourages
investigative learning
and solution of
practical problems.

CONT…, It encourages
the spirit of
research in
the student.

TYPES OF PROJECT
Projects are classified based on
• 1. Participation
• 2. Complexity
• 3. Kilpatrick's’ view

TYPES OF PROJECT -PARTICIPATION
1. Individual &
2. Group projects / Social Projects
 In individual project every students solve the
problem in their own according to their
interest, capacity, attitude and needs.
 Group projects the problem is solved by the group
of pupil in the class. Here the social, citizenship
qualities and synergism are develops.
Ex: Staying safe, Health problems

TYPES OF PROJECT - COMPlExITY
1.Simple
2.Complex
In the simple projects the students
are completing only one work at a
time. It gives the deep information
about the project in a one angle.
The students get deeper and
broader knowledge about the
problem. Eg: Pollution .

In the complex project the
students are carried out more
than one work at a time. They
are focuses on the work in
various subject and angles.
Here the students get the
knowledge about the work in
various activities and
dimensions. E.g. Different
types of pollution.

ACCORDINg TO KIlPATRICK THERE ARE FOuR TYPES
OF PROJECTS
1. Constructive project: Practical or physical tasks such as construction
of article, making a model, digging the well and playing drama are done in
this type of projects.

2. Aesthetic project:
Appreciation powers of the protrudes
are developed in this type of act
through the musical programmes,
beautification of something,
appreciation of poems and so on.

3. Problematic project
In this type of project
develops the problem solving
capacity of the students
through their experiences. It is
based on the cognitive
domain.
•

4. Drill project:
It is for the mastery of the
skill and knowledge of the
students. It increases the
work efficacy and
capacity of the students.

STEPS IN A PROJECT METHOD
1. Creating a situation
2. Choosing and proposing
3. Planning
4. Execution
5. Evaluation
6. Reporting and Recording

1. CREATINg A SITuATION
In the first step teacher creates the proper situation to the
students in the class. He puts up the knowledge about the
project method procedure, steps, and uses to the students.
1) Look out to find the situations.
2) Teacher can talk to the students on their common interests,
hobbies and how they plan their interests.
3) With discussions provide some situations to let them
propose a project.

2. CHOOSINg & PROPOSINg
The teacher helps the students to select the problem and guide
them.
Chosen and proposed by children
Students are having freedom to choose the topic or problem
based on their interest and ability.
The teacher should not compel
The Teacher should motivate them and leave
Continue discussion until it arises
The teacher should check whether his purpose reached correctly
or not
In case of unwise idea, should guide the students.

3. PlANNINg
• The teacher discuss with the students about the problem in
various angles and points
• Planning should be done by the students
• Each and every detail should be planned well in advance
• The teacher can give some suggestions
• The teacher writes down the whole programme of action stepwise
on the blackboard
• Teacher should not impose his / her ideas, must act as a guide

4. ExECuTION
• Students are collecting the relevant
information and materials at first.
• The teacher should give the time and right
to the students according to their own
speed, interest and ability
• The teacher should carefully supervise
the pupils in manipulative skills to prevent
waste of materials and to guard
accidents.
• Teacher should constantly check up the
relation between the chalked out plans and
the developing project.

5. EvAluATION
Evaluation of the project should be done both by the pupils
and the teachers.
The students evaluating their own work and check for errors if
any..
They determine whether the objects are achieved or not.
 After that, they criticize and express their feeling about the
task freely.
The evaluation of the project has to be done in the light of
plans, difficulties in the execution and achieved results.

6. REPORTINg AND RECORDINg
 It is the last step of the project method in which each and every step of
the work are reported.
 The reported things are recorded in a certain order in a book form.
 It should include the proposal, plan and its discussion, duties allotted to
different students and how far they were carried out by them.
 It should also include the details of places visited and surveyed guidance
for future and all other possible details.
 The book formatted report is submitted to the teacher at the end.

ROlE OF THE TEACHER:
• In project method of teaching the role of a teacher is that of a guide, friend
and philosopher.
• The teacher is not a dictator or a commander but a friend, guide and a
working partner.
• He encourages his students to work collectively, and co-operatively.
• He also helps his students to avoid mistakes.
• He makes it a point that each member of the group contributed
something to the completion of the project.

Contd….
• If the students face failure during execution of some steps of the project the
teacher should not execute any portion of the project but should suggest
them some better methods of techniques that may be used by them next
time for the success of the project.
• He should help the students in developing the character and personality
by allowing them to accept the responsibilities and discharge them
efficiently.
• He should provide democratic atmosphere in the class so that the pupils
can express themselves fully without any fear of the teacher.
• He should be alert and active all the time to see that the project is running
in its right lines.

Contd….
• He should have a thorough knowledge of individual children so as to
allot them work accordingly.
• He should have initiative, tact and zest for learning.
• Teacher should always remain alert and active during execution step and
see that the project goes to completion successfully.
• During execution of the project teacher should maintain a democratic
atmosphere.
• Teacher must be well – read and well-informed so that he can help the
students to the successful completion of the project.

MERITS OF PROJECT METHOD:
a. As students get proper freedom to execute
the project in accordance with their interest
and abilities, because of which they get their
psychological needs satisfied to
considerable extent.
b. This method is not only subject centered,
but due importance is being provided to the
students also.
c. Through this method, students are provided
with various opportunities by which they
can satisfy their interests and desires.

Contd….
d. Habit of critical thinking gets developed among
the students through this method.
e. With this method, students get the ample chances
in which they can develop coordination among
their body and mind.
f. Through this method, teacher can lead a well
balanced development of the students.
g. Through this method, science teaching can be
done with considerable success, as science is a
practical subject and this method is also scientific
and practical in nature.

Contd….
g. This method helps in promoting
social interaction and co-operation
among the students, as they have to
work in a group and have to interact
with various persons for gathering
information.
h. As students gain knowledge directly
through their own efforts, thus, they
acquire permanent kind of
information, which is retained by
them since a long period of time.

Contd….
i. Mostly the projects are undertaken in
classroom as classroom assignments,
because of which load of home work
from the students get reduced to
considerable extent.
j. It helps to widen the mental horizon of
pupils.
k. It sets up a challenge to solve a problem
and this stimulates constructive and
creative thinking.

Merits
Law of
readiness
Law of
exercise
Law of effect

DEMERITS OF PROJECT METHOD
a. This method takes a lot of time
to plan and execute a single
project.
b. It is not possible to design
different projects for different
topics and it is also not possible
to cover all the topics or content in
a single project.
c. For proper execution of a
project, large number of
financial resources are
required.

Contd….
d. Such method can only be prove successful if the teacher is highly knowledgeable, alert
and exceptionally gifted.
e. Systematic and adequate learning is not provided by this method, as it is a method of
incidental learning. Through this method, students learn only what is required by them in
relation to the completion of the projects.
f. Generally, it is found that teachers do not possess much information regarding the
manner in which this method should be used as a result of which they hesitate from using
this method, as a result of which, its utility remains more or less limited to negligible
extent.
g. Sometimes the projects may be too ambitious and beyond student’s capacity to
accomplish.

SuggESTIONS
• This method is suitable for teaching to primary and middle school
students. With some modification can implement in secondary
school also.
• There is no need for text books and materials.
• The time table may be arranged in the afternoons to do the
project work like gardening, experiments etc.,

REFERENCE
“Teaching of Biological Science”
TNTEU – Study Material
Ram Publications
Sri Krishna Publications
Kaviyamala Publications
Google Images
5/21/2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 35

Project method

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