Project presentation of engineering subject
- 1. Project Presentation Project title Population Dynamics Subject Engineering Ethics( HU-416) Submitted to Mam Ayla Safdar Group members: Kamran Ali bacha (uw-17-ee-bsc-024) Syed Umar Huraira( UW-17-EE-BSC-019) Hamza Ahmad(uw-17-ee-bsc-039)
- 2. Q- What is Population? • A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species. • Inhabit a defined geographic area at the same time. • Influenced by the same environmental factors. • It generally relay on same source.
- 3. Characteristics of Population: • Population Density- refers to the number of individuals that inhabit a certain unit of land or water area. • E g: Number of squirrels in a particular forest. • Population Dispersion – refers to how individuals are spaced within a region. • 3 main ways: • ▪ Random- position of each individual is not influenced by other members of their population- rare- E g: plants in a field. • Clumping- individuals “flock” together- most common- E g: Fish school to avoid predation. • Uniform- members are uniformly spaced-on. • E g: Trees in a forest- often results from competition for resources.
- 4. Population Growth • Biotic Potential- the amount a population would grow if there were unlimited resources- not a practical model because organisms are limited in nature by amount of food, space, light, air water, etc.. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources. . No population can increase its size indefinitely. .Carrying Capacity (K)- defined as the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources of the region. E g: Bacteria vs. Zebras
- 6. Population Growth: • A: Represents the biotic potential of the species. • B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity. • C: Represents the logistic growth. • D: Represents linear growth. • E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can • be supported by a particular ecosystem.
- 7. Population Growth- Stretching Carrying Capacity • Adapt: Over time species may increase their carrying capacity by developing adaptations. • Move: Some species maintain their carrying capacity by migrating to other areas. • Switch Habits: So far, technological, social, and other cultural changes have extended the earth’s carrying capacity for human.
- 8. Factors Influencing Population Growth • Density Dependent Factors- factors that are a result of the population size 1) Birth and Death rates 2) Increased predation 3) Competition for food, space or water 4) Disease 5) Build-up of toxic materials (biomagnification)
- 9. Factors Influencing Population Growth • Density Independent Factors- factors that limit population size regardless of that limit population size regardless of the number of individuals. • 1) Fires • 2) Storms • 3) Volcanic Activity • 4) Floods • 5) Earthquakes
- 10. Human Populations • Demography-The study of human populations, their characteristics and changes. • How do population numbers change? • ➢ Emigration- movement of people out • of a country • ➢ Immigration- movement of people into • a country • ➢ Birth rate • ➢ Death rate
- 11. Population Age Structure • A population’s growth is dependent upon the number of people In young, middle, and older age groups. • # of people younger than age 15 = the major factor determining a country’s population growth. • 32% of the people in developing countries were under 15 years old in 2006 versus only 17% in developed countries.
- 12. The Demographic Transitional Model • Used to predict population trends based on birth and death rates. • 4 states populations transition between: • 1) Pre-Industrial State • 2) Transitional State • 3) Industrial State • 4) Post-Industrial State
- 13. The Demographic Transitional Model • Pre- Industrial State • ⚫ Slow rate of growth • ⚫ High death rate • ⚫ High birth rate • ⚫ Harsh living conditions (environmental • resistance)
- 14. The Demographic Transitional Model • Transitional State • ⚫ Birth rate is high • ⚫ Better food, water, and health care • ⚫ Death rate is low • ⚫ Rapid population growth • industrialization begins, death rates drops and • birth rates remain high.
- 15. The Demographic Transitional Model • Industrial State • ⚫ Population growth is slow • ⚫ Birth rate drops • ⚫ Death rate is similar to the birth rate • ⚫ This is because of: • better access to birth control • decline in the infant mortality rate • increased job opportunities for women
- 16. The Demographic Transitional Model • Post-Industrial State • ⚫ Population approaches zero growth rate. • ⚫ Then, the birth rate falls below the death rate • and the total population size slowly decreases. • ⚫ 37 countries have reached this stage. (mainly in • W. Europe) • ⚫ To most population experts, the challenge is to • help the remaining 88% of the world to get to • this stage.
- 17. Population Of Pakistan • The Population in Pakistan was reported at 184.89 billions • personin2014,according to the International Monetary Fund • (IMF). • ❑ During 2015Pakistanpopulationis estimated to be increased by • 2.982billionspeopleand became to 187.831 billions • According to population census organization. • ❑ In beginning of 2016, Pakistan Population is expected to be • 190.814billionsperson.
- 18. Population Causes Over Population Obstacles • ❑ Dangerous for economic development • ❑ Lower per capital income. • ❑ Low rate of savings. • ❑ Problems for education sector. • ❑ Housing problems. • ❑ Food shortage • ❑ Population and capital formation. • ❑ Unemployment. • ❑ Population and environment.