Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud | Juhin J
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The document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, detailing the structure of personality comprising the id, ego, and superego, as well as his stages of psychosexual development. It explains key concepts such as unconscious influences on behavior, ego defense mechanisms, and the relevance of psychoanalysis in nursing practice, emphasizing the significance of understanding patients' underlying thoughts and behaviors. Additionally, it discusses the limitations and current practices of psychoanalysis in modern therapeutic settings.
Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud | Juhin J
- 1. JUHIN. J 1st Year Msc Nursing OF SIGMUND FREUD
- 3. Objectives
- 4. Introduction Psychoanalytic theory was formulated by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist. He was the first to identify development by stages. He considered the first 5 years of a child’s life to be the most important, because he believed that an individual’s basic character had been formed by the age of 5.
- 5. BORN IN MORAVIAN TOWN, AUSTRIA May 6, 1856 QUALIFIED AS DOCTOR OF MEDICINE AT UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA 1881 ESTABLISHMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 1890 HE RELEASED “INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS” 1899 FREUD PASSED AWAY IN UNITED KINGDOM September 23, 1939 HISTORY Sigmund Freud Father of Psychoanalysis
- 7. ID STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY SUPER EGO EGO
- 8. ● The Id is ruled by “pleasure principle” (I Want, I Want, I Want) ● Present at birth ● Cares only to satisfy needs and to achieve immediate gratification. ● Id driven behaviors are impulsive and maybe irrational. ID
- 9. ● The Ego is ruled by “reality Principle”, “You can’t always get what you want.” ● Develop between 4-6 months. ● Primary function of the ego is one of mediator; that is, to maintain harmony among the external world, the id, and the superego EGO
- 10. ● Works on “perfection principle”. ● The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. ● It develops around the age of 3-6 years ● It provides guidelines for making judgements. ● It is composed of two major components: the ego-ideal and the conscience. SUPEREGO
- 11. Components of Super ego Conscience • The conscience is formed when the child is punished consistently for “bad” behaviour. • It generates a feeling of guilt within the individual. Ego ideal • When a child is consistently rewarded for “good” behavior, the self-esteem is enhanced, and the behavior becomes part of the “ego-ideal”
- 12. Examples “Mom and Dad are gone. Let’s party !!!” “Never disobey your parents.” Id Ego Super Ego
- 15. • The conscious includes all memories that remain within an individual’s awareness. • Events and experiences that are easily remembered or retrieved are considered to be conscious awareness. • Examples: • Telephone numbers • Birthday of self & dates of special holidays • Feeling happiness or sadness. CONSCIOUS
- 16. • The preconscious includes all memories that may have been forgotten or are not in present awareness but with attention can be readily recalled into consciousness. • Examples: • Telephone numbers or addresses once known but little used • Significant life events that may have occurred at sometime in the past • Trying to remember the last name of high school seatmate. PRECONSCIOUS
- 17. • The unconscious includes all memories that one is unable to bring to conscious awareness. • It consists of unpleasant & non essential memories such as pain, anxiety & conflict. • According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. UNCONSCIOUS
- 20. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY ● Freud believed that psychic energy is the force required for mental functioning. ● He called this psychic energy (or the drive to fulfil basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex) the libido. ● As the child matures, psychic energy is diverted from the id to form the ego and then from the ego to form the superego. ● If an excessive amount of psychic energy is stored in one of these personality components, behavior will reflect that part of the personality.
- 21. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY ● Freud used the terms cathexis and anticathexis to describe the forces within the id, ego, and superego that are used to invest psychic energy in external sources to satisfy needs. Cont. Cathexis
- 23. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS ● Freud believed that self or ego used ego defense mechanisms, which are methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings or events. ● Most defense mechanisms operate at unconscious level of awareness. ● Repression ● Suppression ● Denial ● Displacement ● Reaction formation Ego Defense Mechanisms ● Rationalization ● Sublimation ● Compensation ● Projection ● Intellectualization ● Undoing ● Regression ● Dissociation ● Conversion ● Retroflexion ● Substitution
- 24. Repression ● Unconscious mechanism that keeps the painful ideas and disturbing thoughts away from consciousness. ● Unconsciously deny impulse. Suppression ● A conscious attempt to push away unwanted or disturbing thoughts. ● Consciously suppress impulse. Denial ● Refusal to accept the reality or fact that causes anxiety to a person.
- 25. Displacement ● Unwanted feelings and frustrations are discharge on a less threatening object or person. Reaction formation ● Anxiety producing or unacceptable feelings are replaced with their exact opposite feelings and emotions. Rationalization ● Justification of one’s unacceptable behavior or failure in logical manner by giving social approved reasons.
- 26. Sublimation ● Practice of acting out socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable activities. Compensation ● People try to over achieve in one area to compensate shortcomings or failure in another area. ● It is an act of covering up for a weakness by making an desirable trait. Projection ● The individual, either consciously or unconsciously, blames another person for his own failure or difficulties.
- 27. Intellectualization ● Reasoning (thinking) is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and it’s emotional stress. Undoing ● Tries to “undo” an unhealthy, destructive or threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior. Regression ● Unconscious return to an earlier or more comfortable developmental stage where a person feels safe and taken care of.
- 28. Dissociation ● Unconscious detachment from immediate surroundings or physical and emotional experiences that causes anxiety. Conversion ● Conversion of psychological symptoms to physical symptoms. Retroflexion ● Turning back of something onto self. ● This could be any emotion such as anger, blame, guilt, etc. Substitution ● Replacement of highly valued unacceptable object with an object that is more acceptable to the ego.
- 30. FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL
- 31. FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES OF UNSUCCESSFUL TASK COMPLETION Oral (Birth to 18 months) • Focus of libido is on mouth, tongue and lips. • Pleasure centers on mouth – sucking, biting, chewing Anal (18 months – 3 yrs) • Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder • Elimination and toilet training are the central focus • Perfectionism or messiness • Obsessive compulsive disorder Phallic (3 – 6 yrs) • Awareness of genital area as source of pleasure • Child learns sexual identity • The development of Oedipus complex(male) and Electra complex(female) occurs during this stage • Child gets attached with opposite sex parent • Sexual dysfunction (transsexuality, homosexuality) • Difficulty in accepting authority Latency (6 – 12 yrs) • Quite stage in sexual development • Child learns to socialize • Inability to conceptualize • Lack of motivation in school/ job. Genital (12 yrs to adulthood) • The genitals are again the focus of stimulation • Sexual maturity and satisfactory relationship with opposite sex is the central focus. • Unsatisfactory relationship • Impotence • Premature ejaculation. • Nail biting • Drug addiction • Difficulty in trusting others • Smoking • Over eating • Alcoholism
- 33. PSYCHOANALYSIS ● Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to release repressed emotions and memories in order to help the client to gain insight to resolve conflicts and anxieties. ● The techniques used in psychoanalysis are free association, dream analysis and interpretation of behavior. Current Psychoanalytic Practice ● Psychoanalysis is still practiced today but on a very limited basis. ● Analysis is lengthy (sessions are weekly or more for several years) ● It is costly and not covered by conventional health insurance programs. ● Known as “Therapy for the Wealthy”
- 34. PSYCHOANALYSIS ● It is a primary method used in psychoanalysis. ● It involves discussing a client’s dreams to discover their true meaning and significance; sometimes the meaning was hidden or symbolic. Dream Analysis Free Association ● It is another method used to gain assess to subconscious thoughts and feelings. ● In this method, the therapist says a word and asks the client to respond quickly with the first thing that comes to mind.
- 35. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE ● Knowledge of structure of personality can assist nurses who work in the mental health setting. ● The ability to recognize behaviors associated with id, ego and superego assists in the assessment of developmental level. ● Understanding the use of ego defense mechanisms is important in making determinations about maladaptive behaviors, in planning care for clients.
- 36. ● Freud’s theory offers a comprehensive explanation of complex human processes and suggests that the formation of a patient’s personality is strongly influenced by childhood experiences. ● Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind is particularly valuable as a baseline for considering the complexity of human behavior. ● By considering conscious and unconscious influences, a nurse can identify and begin to think about the root causes of patient suffering. ● Freud emphasized the importance of individual talk sessions characterized by attentive listening, with a focus on underlying themes as an important tool of healing in psychiatric care. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE
- 37. PATIENT • Should be an active participant. • Has to lie down during therapy to induce relaxation which facilitates free association. • Should reveal all his thoughts, feelings & dreams. ROLES OF PATIENT AND NURSE
- 38. LIMITATIONS
- 39. ANY DOUBTS ??
- 41. Books: C. L. Subash Indra Kumar.(2014). Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing. P.85-87. Dr. K. Lalitha.(2015). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing. P. 103-106. Mary C. Towsend.(2015). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (8th ed.). P. 29-32 Sheila L. Videbeck.(2011). Psychiatric - Mental Health Nursing (5th ed.). P. 44-47. Journals: International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol 97, Issue 3, 2016 Journal of the American psychoanalytic association, Vol 52, Issue 1, 2004 Internet: https://rnspeak.com/freuds-psychoanalytic-theory/ http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/27363 REFERENCES
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