Rawe final gr 1

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
GROUP – I (RAWE 2013-14) Dr. P. M. Mohapatra
P.C.RAWE(2013-14)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
BHAWANIPATNA
AA RREEPPOORRTT OONN RRAAWWEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IT IS A PROUD PRIVILEGE TO EXPRESS OUR DEEPEST SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO DR. R. K. PATNAIK,
ASSOCIATE DEAN, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA VALUABLE GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT
SUPERVISION, CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND ENCOURAGEMENT THROUGHOUTTHE RAWE PROGRAMME.
WE DO EXPRESS OUR INDEBTEDNESS TO DR. P. M. MOHAPATRA, ASSOC. PROF.(PBG) & PROGRAMME
CO-COORDINATOR, RAWE FOR PROVIDING GUIDANCE, UNFAILING INTEREST, PAINSTAKING AND INVALUABLE HELPS
FOR COORDINATING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME & DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT. HIS
INSPIRING ASSISTANCE ENABLED US TO COMPLETE RAWE PROGRAMME SUCCESSFULLY.
WE WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND OUR PROFOUND GRATEFULNESS TO MR. SUJIT MAJHI, ASST. PROF.(EXT.
EDUCATION)FOR HIS PAINSTAKING INTEREST AND PARTICIPATIONDURINGTHE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME.
WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO DR. S. C. SWAIN, ASSOC. PROF.(HORT), DR. DIPIKA SAHOO, ASST.
PROF.(HORT), DR. D. KHULBE, ASSOC. PROF.( PL. PATHO.), MR. U. K. BEHERA, ASST. PROF.(ENTO.), MISS
MADHUMITA JENA, SMS(EXT.), KVK, KALAHANDI; MR. B. SINHA, ASST. PROF.(SOIL SC.), MR. G. C. SAHOO,
SMS(SOIL CHEMISTRY), KVK FOR EXPERINTIALLEARNINGPROGRAMME(ELP).
WE ARE LIKE TO THANK DR. R. K. TARAI, PC, KVK, KALAHANDIFOR THEIR HELP AND CO-OPERATION
DURING THE VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME AND OTHER ACTIVITIES OF RAWE.
WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO DR. S. K. NAYAK, ASSOC. PROF.(ENTO.), DR. L. K. DAS, ASSOC.
PROF.(AGRO), MR. B. P. GANTAYAT, ASST. PROF(AGRO), DR. P. MANDAL, FARM SUPERINTENDENT, MRS. J. KAR,
ASST. PROF(PBG), DR. K. K. SARANGI, ASST PROF(AG. ECON.), MISS SMRITI HANSDA, ASST. PROF(SWCE), DR.
LIPISMITA SAMAL, ASST PROF.(ANIMAL SC.), MR. R. K.. PANDA, ASST. PROF.(PL. PHYSIOLOGY) FOR THEIR HELP
AND COOPERATION DURING RAWE PROGRAMME.
OUR SINCERE THANKS ARE DUE TO DR. L. N. MOHAPATRA, ADR, RRTTS, DR. G.C. MISHRA, SR.
SCIENTIST(AGRO),DR. P.K. PANDA, SR SCIENTIST(HORT)MR. B. S. NAYAK, JR. SCIENTIST(AGRO), MR. ANSUMAN
NAYAK, TECHNICAL OFFICER(AAS) AND MR. S. K. MOHANTY, JR. BREEDER(CASTOR) OF RRTTS,
BHAWANIPATNA, MR. G. R. SAHOO, SMS(FORESTRY) OF KVK, MR. C. R. SATAPATHY, DDA, KALAHANDI, FOR
THEIR HELP DURING FIELD VISIT AND INVOLVEMENTIN RAWE PROGRAMME.
THANKS ARE ALSO DUE TO MR. B. MISHRA, SOIL CHEMIST, SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA,
SEED PRODUCTION OFFICER BHAWANIPATNA, GANAPATI BIO TECH, GRAM VIKAS&OTELPDURING EXPOSURE VISIT AND
PROGRESSIVE FARM ERS OF VILLAGE FOR THEIR HELP DURING VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO ALL THE FARMERS OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE,
STAFFS AND STUDENTS OF OUR COLLEGE, KVK, RRTTS AND OTHERS WHO ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY
INVOLVED IN RAWE PROGRAMME.
STUDENTS UNDER RAWE PROGRAMME 2013-14
GROUP LIST

SL.NO Name Of The Student Adm.No Signature
1 Sarita Pradhan 03b/10
2 Pramod Kumar Sabar 04b/10
3 Shitikantha Das 05b/10
4 Tejaswini Nayak 06b/10
5 Haripriya Bagh 07b/10
6 Sugyani Sethi 08b/10
7 Jnyana Ranjan Diggal 09b/10
8 Subhashree Mallik 10b/10
9 Deba Prasad Panda 11b/10
10 Samir Ranjan Mishra 12b/10
11 Sujan Kumar Narendra 13b/10
12 Asutosh Panigrahi 14b/10
13 Anjalee Panda 15b/10
14 Sourav Panigrahi 16b/10
15 Tanmaya Mishra 17b/10
16 Ashok Kumar Paikaray 18b/10
17 Geetikrishna Naik 19B/10
18 Ashutosh Sarangi 20b/10
19 Rashmi Ranja Maharana 21b/10
20 Chandan Kumar Panigrahi 22b/10
21 Ashis Das 23b/10
22 Adyasha Das 24b/10
23 Satyapriya Singh 25b/10

INDEX
1. Introduction to RAWE
2. College Information
3. District Information
4. KVK, Kalahandi
5. RRTTS, Kalahandi
6. DDA, KALAHANDI
7. PRA
8. PRA Activities conducted in Different village
KANAKPUR
i. PRA TOOLS
ii. Action Plan
iii. Training and Demonstration
9. Exposure Visit
a. SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA
b. SEED PROCESSING PLANT, BHAWANIPATNA
c. GANAPATI BIO TECH.
d. GRAM VIKAS, TH. RAMPUR
e. OTELP, KALAHANDI
10.Experiential Learning Programme
Annexure
Village information
Interview schedule
Experience gained during RAWE programme

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK
EXPERIANCE
Agricultural Education is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity,
sustainability, environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security & equity. In India,
Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)
programme for imparting quality, practical and production oriented education for agriculture degree
programme. The World Bank (1975) stated that there was little emphasis on curricula on
preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture or agribusiness outside govt.
jobs. Therefore, the agenda for the 21st
century in agricultural education should be drawn on the
basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future. RAWE programme provides significant
hands on experience in acquiring knowledge and skill.
WHAT IS RAWE:-
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree
IMPORTANCE OF RAWE:-
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates for better career in agriculture/ agribusiness
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill through
hands on experience
OBJECTIVES:RAWE:-
• Understanding of rural life by students
• Familiarity with the socio-economic situation of village
• Opportunity for practical training
• Development of Communication skill in Transfer of Technology
• Understanding of technologies followed by farmers
• Preparation of production plan suitable for local situation
• Development of confidence and competency for facing problematic situation and finding solutions
SURVEY & FARM PLANNING:-

• Make PRA survey of the villages (both irrigated and non-irrigated), preparation of report and
presentation
• Collection of data on socio-economic condition, population, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities,
resources available, labour, employment etc.
• Preparation of alternate farm plans including family system approach for the host farmer and
village in consultation with both Govt. & local Research/ Extension scientists of the University for
reorganization of farm business for higher income and sustainable production
• Identify the constraints in marketing of Agril. Produce, institutional credit facilities, input supply
agencies and co-op. enterprises
• Student shall record family budgets of host farmers and two other families’ one agril. Labourer &
one rural artisan.
EXTENSION EDUCATION:-
• Identification of agricultural problems of village
• Conducting method demonstrations and result demonstration
• Field visit and group discussion with farmers on need based agricultural topics
• Organization of agricultural exhibitions for visual publicity of improved practices
• Study of on-going agricultural programmes in the village & their impact
• Organization of farmers training programme and participation in programmes conducted by Govt.
Agril. & allied departments.
• Visit to local institutions to study their role in development programmes and research work.
• Study the role of mass media in transfer of technology
• Participation in village social work - conduct survey on youth problems, initiation of youth clubs,
working with youth & youth specific projects
• Submission of report on extension activities
RESEARCH STATION ACTIVITIES:-
• Visit to different research schemes and research stations under OUAT and ICAR.
• Acquaintance with various research activities of the concerned research scheme/ stations.

• Knowledge on the methodologies involved in conducting different types of experimental, trials,
analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm records and project files.
• Observe closely the different aspects of research programmes.
• Interaction with the research scientists of different disciplines on the ongoing experiments and
trials.
• Note down weather data during their period of study at the Research Station.
• Awareness on various methodologies involved in conducting research trials.
• Observation of different aspects of research programmes.
• Recording the titles and technical programmes of research projects and research procedures
shown to them.
IMPLICATION OF RAWE PROGRAMME:-
 Sensitization towards field agriculture.
 Hands-on experience in village condition.
 Development of favorable& required skill & attitude among agricultural graduates.
 Development of human resource in agriculture education.

WELCOME
TO
COLLEGE
OF
AGRICULTURE

BHAWANIPATNA
BRIEF REPORT OF COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE,
(OUAT) Bhawanipatna 2012-13
The College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is the 3rd
Agriculture College established in the
year 2009-10 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The college
is situated altitude: - 19°55'6"N 83°9'33"E.The total student enrolment of the college per year is 50
including two in-service candidates. The students are selected on the basis of All Odisha entrance
test conducted by OUAT, Bhubaneswar and All India entrance conducted by Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi. At present there are 184students, the college is
functioning in the Research Station Campus of OUAT, Bhawanipatna. Students are
accommodated in two hostels namely Bhawanishankar for boys and Manikeswari for girls. The
construction works of college building, guest house, dispensary and staffquarters are under
progress.
The college has total sanctioned staff strength of 52. Out of which23 are teaching posts, 17
are filled up and 1 in the cadre of Associate Professor and 5 in the cadre of Asst. Professorare
vacant one each in the discipline of Soil Science, Nematology, Seed Sci. &Technology, Agril.
Statistics & Biotechnology. Out of the 16 non-teaching positions, 8 are filled up and 8 are lying
vacant. Our college is well equipped with all the modern equipment’s for undertaking UG practical
classes. The second batch (2010-11) students of our college are now in 4th
year and are being
offered experiential learning and RAWE programme in this college. However our students are
actively involved in conducting field experiments at Instructional farm of the college, identification

of pests and diseases of well diversified crops in the adjoining areas of Bhawanipatna. Student
exposure visits are organized by the college from time to time to enhance their practical knowledge
and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises are being conducted by the students in different
villages. In addition to the routine activities our students participated in sports and literary activity at
University level and district level conducted by the Department of Environment and Forests,
Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department of Tourism etc. First
athletic meet, literary competition and annual function were held during the year under report.
Our faculty members were involved in capacity building of farmers and extension
functionaries in different training programmes mentioned below-
i. Water management in rainfed cropping systems
ii. ISOPOM on oilseeds and pulses
iii. Water management practices in Rice and Maize
iv. Technology week programme of KVK
v. Post harvest management and value addition in horticultural crops
vi. Improved production technology for onion cultivation
vii. Integrated cotton development programme (ICDP), Govt. of India
viii. Regular Radio and Doordarshan Programmes
ix. Regular Advisory services at college campus..
OTHER FACILITIES
LIBRARY:-A total no of 2782 books have are available in the library.
NURSERY:-Here seedlings of different crops are raised by the students in the nursery beds & other
ornamental crops are grown in pots also.
STUDENT PLOT:-student plot is situated behind the girls’ hostel where a number of field crops &
horticultural crops are grown by the students which improves the field exposure knowledge.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF Collegeof Agriculture,Bhawanipatna(2012-13)
 OUAT has ranked 3rd
with respect to qualifying students in the ICAR's 18th All India Entrance
Examination (AIEEA-PG-2013) and College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is emerged as best
constituent colleges of OUAT. The students are pursuing Master degree programmes in agriculture
in SAUs and ICAR institutes such as Karnal, Solan,faizabad, Hissar, Santiketan, Allahabad,
Gujarat, Bhubaneswar .

 Miss Aswathy Rani was placed as Girls’ University champion in the University Annual Meet-2012-
13.
 Pallavi Mishra was awarded with Chancellor’s and Vice Chancellor’schampion cup in the inter
University Odia debate.
 Pallavi Mishra and Lopamudra Singha were awarded cash prizes of Rs.30, 000/- and Rs.20,
000/- respectively as 1st
and 2nd
Prizes in the ONGC essay competition.
 30 no.s of students and 5 faculty members along with the Associate Dean, CA, Bhawanipatna
donated blood in a blood donation camp organized by SAMBAD in coordination with Red Cross
Society on 18th
August 2011.
 On 24th
August 2011, on the eve of OUAT foundation day celebration “BANA MAHOTSHAV” was
organised in the College premises and essay as well as Art competition were held among the
students to mark the occasion.
 The students participated in literary activities at district level conducted by the Department of
Environment and Forests, Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department
of Tourism etc. during 2012-13.
 90 % of students s are presently availing various scholarships such as O.U.A.T UG merit, O.U.A.T
UG Free ship, LIC, Post Matric & merit scholarships for SC & ST (PRERANA), CAFAS, NTS and
Medhabruti.
 All the students, teaching and non-teaching staff members of College of Agriculture actively
participated in organizing Golden Jubilee Regional Kishan Mela & Plant/Animal Health Camp,
Frontier Technologies for enhancing farm productivity in rainfed agro-ecosystems and farmer
scientist interaction on 23rd
April, 2012.
 Student-Teacher Ratio: 8:1

NURSERY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA
STUDENT PLOT
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BHAWANIPATNA

KALAHANDI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି), is a district of Odisha in India. It is believed that the lands of
Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of
paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda
Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone),
Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or
Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. After Independence
of the Country, merger of princely state took place on 1st January, 1948. The princely state of
Kalahandi was merged in Orissa along with other princely states in the 1st November, 1949.
Subsequently, in 1962, Kashipur Police Station was taken out from this District and merged with
Koraput.
Geography: -
Kalahandi district occupies the South-western portion of Orissa and is situated between 19 degree
3' N and 21 degree 5' N latitude and 82 degree 30 E and 83 Degree 74' E longitude. It is bounded
in the North by the District of Bolangir and Nuapara, on the South by the District of Rayagada, on
the West by the District of Nabarangpur and Raipur (Chhatisgarh) and on the East by the District of
Rayagada and Boudh. The District Headquarters is at Bhawanipatna town which stands almost to
the Eastern border. Kalahandi district has an area of 8,364.89 sq.km and ranks 7th among the 30
districts of Orissa. Forest occupies 4,964 of the total geographical area of the district, i.e. not
cultivated area of the District in the year 1993 is 375752 ha. In the same year, 11,602 hectors were
leftas fallow lands or cultivable wasteland.
Topography:-
The District has two distinct physiographic regions, the plain lands and the hilly tracts. The
plan region runs Southward up to Bhawanipatna and then westward through Junagarh and
Dharmgarh and then further up to the boundary of the District. The plains cover about 59 percent
of the total area of the District. The Hilly tracts are mostly located in the South western part of
Bhawanipatna Subdivision. Some of the hilly regions are covered with dense forest.

Physiography:-
The District has two sub-divisions, 12 Police Stations, 13 Tahasils, 13 Blocks, 1 Municipality, two
N.A.Cs., 1 Treasury, 5 Sub-Treasuries and 195 Gram Panchayats of 2185 villages.
Rainfall and Climate:-
The climate of the District is of extreme type. It is dry except during monsoon. There are
large varieties of day and night temperature. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1378.20
mm. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. The monsoon starts late in June and
generally lasts up to September. 90% of the rainfall received from June to September. August is
the month with more number of rainy days. About 28% of rainfall is received during this month.
Drought is normal feature of this district.
Temperature and Humidity:-
There are large variations in the day and night temperature. The summer seasons starts
from the beginning of March. May is the hottest month when the maximum temperature is about
45o
C (82 degree F). The temperature drops down with the onset of monsoon towards the second
week of June and throughout the monsoon the weather remains cool. December is the coldest
month, as the mean daily minimum temperature is recorded at 11 o
C. Relative humidity is generally
higher from June to December. It is lower (27%) in the non-monsoon months. During August, it is
the highest i.e. 70% and March is the month lowest when it is lowest 27%. Northern plateau (at
BLOCK TAHSIL SUBDIVISION
1. Bhawanipatna sadar
2. T.Rampur
3. Dharmagarh sadar
4. Jayapatana
5. Kalampur
6. Kaksora
7. Junagarh
8. Golmunda
9. Karlamunda
10. Madanpur-Rampur
11. Narla
12. Kesinga
13. Lanjigarh
1. Bhawanipatna sadar
2. T.Rampur
3. Dharmagarh sadar
4. Jayapatana
5. Kalampur
6. Kaksora
7. Junagarh
8. Golmunda
9. Karlamunda
10. Madanpur-Rampur
11. Narla
12. Kesinga
13. Lanjigarh
1. Bhawanipatna
2. Dharmagarh

2150 MSL) of Sunabeda in Komna Block of Nuapara district has a cooler climate so also the
Rampur area (at 2700 Feet MSL).
Soil of kalahandi:-
The district has five types of soils broadly classified as under i)Red soil. ii) Red & Yellow
soil. iii) Mixed Red & Black soils. iv)Black soils and v) alluvial soil. Area covered is 38.5, 34.2, 11.1,
9.6 and 6.6 for red soils.Red & yellow soils, mixed red & black soils, black soils and alluvial soils,
respectively.
Rivers:-
The rivers Tel, Indrāvati which formtributaries of large rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari
may be mentioned amongst the principal rivers of Kalahandi. However, Tel is by far the longest
and most important river of the District. The tributaries of river Tel and Moter, Hati, Sagada, Ret,
Uttei, Raul, Sunday, Undanti lands are also the important other rivers. Most of the rivers are rained
and go dry during summer. Indravati and Nagavali, two important rivers have their origin from Th-
Rampur of this District.
Forest:-
Nearly half of the total Geographical area of Kalahandi District 4,962 Sq.Kms was covered
with forest. In the recent times this has been a considerable shrinkage in forest areas due to
denudation. Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos are also
contributing local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in
neighboring Rayagada and Jeypore.
Minerals:-
Bauxite, Graphite, Manganese, Iron and Quartz are some of the minerals available in the
district. Of these, only Bauxite and Graphite has been commercially exploited. Bauxite is found in
Lanjigarh block at Niamgiri in large scale. Manganese deposits are found mostly in Khariar Plateau
of Nuapara District and Iron ores in places adjoining Koraput district. But these ores are of poor
grade and are not considered suitable for economy exploitation. According to the National Council
of Applied Economic Research, the known deposits of minerals in the district cannot by
themselves sustain heavy mineral based industry
Economy: -
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 most
backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving
funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
Agriculture:
Kalahandi is largely an agriculture based economy. During Bengal famine Kalahandi alone
had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build

upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project. It
got approved in 1978 and yet to be fully completed. In the mean time drought occurred in 1960s
and lately in 1980s. In 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, child selling, malnutrition
and starvation death and social worker referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome. Though KBK project
was announced in 1990s by central Government especially for undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and
Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided
Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored for various reasons.
Kalahandi also is an example of disparity /contrasts that exist in many part of
developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation
deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical
known for rice production in Orissa. Since 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the
state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because
of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing
rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the Highest Number of Rice Mills in Kalahandi among
districts in Orissa. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004-05.
More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.
Industry:-
Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL), a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium
processor has made major investments by establishing an 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW
Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from
environmentalists, especially from outside groups; supporters of VAL claims it has brought
significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union
Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by
the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niamgiri hills making the
company to depend on bauxite from outside Orissa. The company's proposal for Expansion of the
Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refineries in the world, was
halted by India's environment ministry.
Demographics:-
According to the 2011 census Kalahandi district has a population of 1,573,054. This gives it
a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 199
inhabitants per square kilometer (520 /sq. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-
2011 was 17.79%. Kalahandi has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy
rate of 60.22%.

Basic Information about Kalahandi district
1. Agro climatic zone: Western Undulating
2. Geographical area: 8,197 sq.km
3. Cultivated area: 3,72,000 ha
 High land : 2,32,000 ha
 Medium Land: 71,000ha
 Low land: 68,000ha
1. Irrigated Area: Kharif: 27%, Rabi: 16%
2. Cropping intensity (%): 151
3. Population (2001 census) (in ‘000): 1131
i. Male: 566; Female: 565
ii Rural : 1053; Urban: 78
7. Population density: 138/ sq.km
8. No. of farm families; 1, 68,000
Sl.N
o
Holding
Area (ha)
Farmer category
No. of farm
families
Area (ha)
i < 1.0 Marginal Farmer 72,612 39545
ii 1.0-2.0 Small Farmer 50,127 69,545
iii 2.0-4.0 Small Medium Farmer 31,832 87,330
iv 4.0-10.0 Medium Farmer 12,710 73.315
v > 10.0 Large Farmer 1519 24,063
9. Climate:
i. Maximum Temp.: 240
- 470
C; Minimum Temp.:40
– 28.50
C
ii. Rainfall: Normal rainfall- 1378.2mm iii. No. of rainy days: 65.4
10. Soil type: Red soil, Black soil, Red & black soil
11. Farming situation:Rainfed Dry land farming
12. Inception of KVK:February, 1994

KKAALLAAHH
AANNDDII
O.U.A.T Centre
Bhawanipatna

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA
(KVK) KALAHANDI
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON KVK,
KALAHANDI

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned
by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)
dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western Undulating Zone
of Orissa with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, with a prime aim to enhance the agricultural
production of Kalahandii district with help of the mandatory activities like: On Farm Trials, Front
Line Demonstrations, Vocational Trainings for farmers, In-service Trainings, different Extension
Activities, Seed & Seedling productions and making KVK information hub.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned
by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)
dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra of OUAT started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western
Undulating Zone of Orissa, with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi.
Staff Position
 Dr. Ranjan Kumar Tarai (P.C.)
 Ganesh Prasad (SMS Agronomy)
 Tulsi Majhi (SMS horticulture)
 Madhumita Jena (SMS extension)
 Gyana Ranjan Sahu (SMS forestry)
 G.C.Sahu (SMS Soil Science)
 Priyadarshini Swain (Farm Manager)
Mandate of the KVK: Assessment, refinement and demonstration of the technology/products.
Objectives of the KVK:
 On Farm Testing to identify the location specific technology in various farming system.
 Front Line Demonstration to establish production potentials of the technologies on the farmer’s
fields.
 Training of farmers and farmwomen to update their knowledge and skills in modern agriculture
technologies and training extension personal to orient them in the frontier areas of technology
development.
 Work as resource and knowledge center of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of
public, private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district.
 Create awareness about frontier technologies through large number of extension activities like
farmers fair, field day, strategic campaign and ex-trainees Meet etc.
 Production of quality seeds and planting materials to make it easily available to the farmers.

Problem identification: The KVK identify farmers’ problem through PRA (Participatory Rural
appraisal) method. In this method farmers and farm related problems are identified by the farmers.
Scientists from KVK act as facilitator for the programme. Problems identified by the farmer
representatives are prioritized based on the marks obtained and then ranked accordingly. Some of
the common problems of the district identified by the KVK are:
 Low profit from cultivation of traditional old rice varieties susceptible to pest and diseases
 Heavy weed infestation in cereals
 High incidence of insect pest results in poor yield of different field crops
 Low profit from imbalance fertilizer application without soil testing
 Bacterial and fungal wilt in solanaceous vegetables
 Low profit from traditional variety of vegetable cultivation
 Wastage of paddy straw and cotton stubbles in the field
 Decline of cattle population due to unavailability of fodder and low yield of milk from indigenous
milch cow
 Broadcasting of sunflower in pulses with poor nutrient management leading to low yield
 Poor egg laying capacity and high mortality of indigenous poultry bird
 Inadequate pre and post stocking management practice in aquaculture
Thrust area identified: Major thrust area where KVK is working are
 Crop substitution replacing mono cropping of paddy particularly in upland
 IPM strategies for paddy, cotton and vegetables
 Integrated crop management practices for vegetables
 Weed management in crops
 Varietal evaluation
 Introduction of low cost improved agricultural implements for small and marginal farmers
 Backyard poultry and duckery for income generation
 Production management in aquaculture
 Drudgery reduction for farmwomen
 Value addition
Major areas of training
1. Integrated crop management
2. Integrated weed management
3. Integrated nutrient management
4. Mushroom production

5. Fish pond management
6. Value addition
7. Drudgery reduction
8. Crop diversification
9. Fish Nursery management
10. Agro-forestry management
Achievements of the KVK
1. Trainings
Sl.
No.
Year Farmers training Rural youth Extension
functionaries
No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiary
1 2008-09 53 1325 06 150 03 75
2 2009-10 53 1325 07 105 06 60
3 2010-11 63 1575 12 180 14 140
4 2011-12 60 1500 10 150 12 120
5 2012-13 53 1325 09 135 12 120
On Farm Testing and Front Line Demonstration
Sl.
No.
Year On Farm testing FLD(general) FLD (Oil seed & pulses)
No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiar
y
1 2009-10 12 130 13 125 2 26
2 2010-11 16 120 20 90 2 24
3 2011-12 15 110 17 145 2 24
4 2012-13 15 110 17 152 3 30
ACHIEVEMENTS OF KVK, KALAHANDI DURING THE YEAR,
2012-13
ON FARM TESTING
Sl. No. Thematic area OFT Title No. of
trials
1 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of Ranidhan in lowland 10

2 Weed management Assessment of Atrazine in sugarcane 05
3 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Toria var- Parbati in medium
lowland
05
4 Varietal evaluation Assessment of castor var. Jwala (48-1) 05
5 Soil fertility
management
Assessment of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in
Okra
10
6 Micronutrient
management
Assessment of Mo and Co in Green gram 10
7 Micronutrient
management
Assessment of boron and molybdenum in G.Nut 10
8 Soil fertility
management
Assessment of leaf colour chart based fertilizer
application in rice
10
9 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of pumpkin var. Arkachandan 05
10 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of okra var. Arka Anamika 05
11 Varietal evaluation Assessment tomato var. Utkal Raja 05
12 Varietal evaluation Assessment of onion var. Bhima Shakti 05
13 Varietal evaluation Assessment of K-7 var. of Subabul 5
14 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Sesamum var-Uma in Teak
plantation
5
15 Production technology Assessment of performance of Bambusa nutans
in western undulating region
5
FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS
(April 2012 to March 2013)
Sl.
No.
Thematic area FLD Title Area
(ha)
1 Varietal substitution Cultivation of Swarna Sub-1 under flash
flood situation
2.1
2 Varietal evaluation Performance of Ragi var- Bharavi 2.0

3 Integrated Nutrient
Management
Green manuring in cotton with sunhemp 4.0
Management
Application of Azospirilium in rice 4.0
Management
INM in black gram 4.0
6 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Brinjal var. Utkal
Tarini
0.4
7 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Papaya var. FS-1 0.4
8 Production technology Performance of bi-nodal culm cutting of
bamboo
0.2
9 Integrated Farming
System
Bund plantation of Acacia mangium 0.2
10 Integrated Farming
System
Performance of sarpagandha under teak
plantation
0.2
11 Varietal evaluation Performance of green gram var- Durga 1.0
12 Weed management Performance of pretilachlor in paddy 4.0
13 varietal evaluation Performance of chilly var-Utkal Rashmi 0.4
Management
Performance of combined application Mo
and rhizobium in green gram
4.0
15 Production
management
INM in cauliflower 0.25
16 Small scale income
generation
Performance of Rangini lac in palas and
ber trees
10 nos of trees
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR THE YEAR 2013-2014

Discipline Training
F/FW RY IS
T A T A T A
Agronomy 16 06 02 01 02 --
Soil science 16 04 02 01 02 01
Horticulture 16 05 02 01 02 --
Forestry 16 05 02 02 02 01
Extension - - 04 01 07 03
TOTAL 64 20 12 06 15 05

STUDENT TEACHER INTERACTION DURING VISIT TO KVK

SHADE NET AND
VERMI COMPOSTING UNIT
POULTRY AND AZOLLA UNIT

ALL INDIA COORDINATED COTTON
IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Odisha
INTRODUCTION:
Cotton is grown as a non-traditional commercial crop in the western and southern parts of
Odisha under upland rainfed conditions. The crop occupied 101.76 thousand ha during the year
2011-12 with a production of 130 thousand ton of seed cotton (231.65 thousand bales of 170 kg
each) and productivity of 425 kg lint/ha. The area under cotton has gone up considerably from 9.79
thousand ha in the year 1950 to 63,294 thousand ha in the year 2001-02 but later declined to
29.49 thousand ha during 2002-03 and increased to 101.76 thousand ha in the year 2011-12.
(Source: Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Odisha). The area under cotton during the year 2011-
12 has increased by 60 % over the year 2001-02 when AICCIP centre, Bhawanipatna started
under OUAT. The area under cotton in India is 121.91 lakh ha with productivity of 481 kg lint/ ha in
the year 2011-12. The productivity of cotton in Odisha is far below the world average (754 kg
lint/ha). (Source: AICCIP-Annual Report, 2011-12).
The major cotton growing districts of Odisha are Kalahandi, Bolangir and Rayagada, but it
is also grown to a lesser extent in the districts of Nuapara, Ganjam, Sonepore, Gajapati, Boudh
and Koraput. The Department of Agriculture is giving emphasis for the major districts with respect
to procurement and marketing. The district wise area, production and productivity of cotton in
Odisha.
CROP PEST AND DISEASE SCENARIO:
During the season sowing of cotton crop was done in the third week of June to first week of
July. As regards to sucking pest population aphid was first observed during first week of August
followed by jassids. The incidence of Spodoptera litura was observed during the early vegetative
stage. Other pests which attacked the cotton crop were thrips, white fly and leaf folders but their
population was negligible. Among the major diseases that infected the cotton crop were Bacterial
blight and Myrothecium leaf spot and Grey mildew.
PROFORMAFOR MONITORING OF AICCIP TRIALS

A. General Information
1. Name of the Participating Centre AICCIP, Bhawanipatna,
2. Address
OUAT Centre, RRTTS, Bhawanipatna
Dist: Kalahandi. Odisha, PIN-766001
3.
Number and details of AICCIP Trials
undertaken
i) Main centre
Breeding - 6
Agronomy - 5
Entomology - 5
Station trial- 3
Total - 19
4. Soil type Black cotton
5. Soil depth Shallow
6. Soil texture Clay loam
7. Soil pH 6.3-6.7
8. Soil fertility Low in N & P, Medium in K
9. Previous crop Fallow
10. Whether Irrigated/Rainfed Irrigated
11.
Agro climatic region number
a) Rainfall
b) No. of rainy days
Below normal
58 Rainy Days
DIFFERENT TRIALS IN AICRP COTTON

 Agronomic requirement of promising pre-released Hirsutum genotype of cotton. Var:
NH635, BS-30, PH-1060.
 Weed management in cotton variety: bunny(NCH145)
 Technology for organic cotton production. Var: SK-235
 Company trial: effect of Ratchet on cotton (bio yield enhancer) for 2nd
year. Var: Bunny
(NCH-145)
 Finalisation of optimum date of sowing for pre released cotton hybrids developed in AICCIP
Bhawanipatna(station trial) var: BHH-16, BHH-24, BHH-326
 HDPS-1: standardisation of plant population / planting geometry for promising genotype
under HDPS. Var: BS-279, BS-277,BS-144-1, suraj.
 HDPS-2: evaluation of soil moisture conservation measures and fertiliser requirements for
HDPS.
 Finalization of optimal date of sowing for pre released cotton cultivars developed in AICCIP,
Bhawanipatna (station trial), Var: BS- 39, BS-30,BS-37
 Ent-1: Screening of breeding materials(Br 03a, Br04a, Br05a and Br06a) for resistance to
insect pests (Zonal trial)
 Ent-2: Population dynamics to develop suitable forecasting model. Var- DCH-32
 Ent-3: revalidation of existing recommendation of insecticides against sucking pests in
cotton ecosystem. Var- BS-30
 Ent-4: integrated cotton crop management with emphasis on biotic stress. Var- BS-79
 Maintenance of resistant variety.
 Br03a-preliminary varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)
 Coordinated varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)
 Br05a (national trial) preliminary Intra Hirsutum hybrid trial (irrigated)
 Br05a (zonal trial)coordinated hybrid trial Intra Hirsutum (irrigated)
 Br06a (national trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition
 Br06a (zonal trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition.
 Maintenance of germplasam.
 Evaluation of single cross.
 Evaluation of backcross (4)
AICRP ON CASTOR, BHAWANIPATNA
Year of Commencement of the Project: 1987 at Semiliguda
Shifted to Bhawanipatna from Kharif, 1994

Mandates:
• Evaluation of genetic resources
• To develop region-specific high yielding varieties/hybrids with resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses
• To develop economically viable production and protection technologies to augment the production.
• To evaluate the varieties/hybrids and the technologies of national and regional importance through
multilocation testing.
• Transfer of technology
Objectives of the Project;
 To identify / develop early maturing, high yielding drought tolerant varieties / hybrids with high oil
content and resistance to biotic stress.
 To develop improved package of practices for maximization of yield.
 To conduct co-ordinated trials for evaluation of different varieties/hybrids suitable for the zone.
 To popularize the high yielding variety/hybrids and production technology among the farmers by
conducting Frontline demonstrations.
Thrust areas identified during XI plan:
 Development of varieties/hybrids with resistance to wilt, botrytis and capsule borer
 Development of early duration varieties/hybrids for rainfed and non-traditional areas
Major achievements
1. Among different high yielding varieties of castor tested over years the variety ‘48-1’ (Jwala), DCS-9
was found suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
2. Among different castor hybrids tested DCH-177 found suitable for cultivation in rainfed upland eco-
system in Odisha during kharif season.
3. Among pre-released varieties tested under coordinated trials the entries JI-353,JI-368, SKI-307,
SKI-324,SKI-333, SKI-337, MCI-3, MCI-11, JC-22, JC-26 and JC-24 were found promising.

4. Among pre-released hybrids tested under coordinated trials the entries RHC-231, RHC-199,
RHC-264, SHB-871, SHB-890 and SHB-875 were found promising.
5. Under breeding programme, seeds from F1 plants of 16 crosses were harvested through selfing for
imposing selection in F2.
6. Twenty one RG lines and eighteen parental lines received from DOR, Hyderabad and seven local
land races were maintained through selfing for their future use in breeding programmes.
Major crop production technology developed and recommended:
 Studies on optimization of production under resource constraints revealed that non adoption of
weeding and non-adoption of fertilizer application are the most critical factors limiting higher
productivity in castor.
 Out of different sources of Sulphur, application of 20 kg S through SSP or Gypsum was found
beneficial for higher production in castor. It could give 27 - 32% higher yield than no sulphur
application.
 A spacing of 90cm x 60cm was found optimum for higher production in castor under rainfed upland
eco-system during kharif season.
Transferable Technologies Developed ByAICRP on Castor, Bhawanipatna
Plant Breeding:
 Among different high yielding varieties of castor ‘48-1’ (Jwala) and DCS-9 (Jyoti) were found
suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
 Among different castor hybrids tested, DCH-177 and DCH-519 were found suitable for cultivation
in rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
Agronomy:
 Sowing of castor should be done after onset of monsoon. In areas where late kharif/pre-
rabisowing is practiced, sowing should be done around 15th
of August for getting higher yield.
 Pre emergence application of Butachlor @ 1kg a.i. /ha is suitable in controlling weeds during initial
growth stage of castor.
Trials under AICRP Castor
 Initial hybrid trial(IHT)- 13 hybrids
 Initial varietal/hybrid trial(IVHT)- 15 entries
 Advanced varietal/hybrid trial(AVHT)- 11 entries

 Evaluation and identification of suitable hybrids/varieties of castor-15 entries
 Evaluation of newly developed hybrids-26 hybrids
 Maintenance of germplasm lines of castor- 60 nos
 Development of suitable male combiners in castor( generation F1)- 21 crosses and 7
parents
EVALUATION OF PADDY. MAIZE AND ONION
VARIETIES UNDER RRTTS
1. Integrated weed management in transplanted rice:
Early post emergence application of Ethoxy sulfuron ethyl @ 15g/ha at 12 days after
planting with one hand weeding at 35 DAS enhances the mean yield (47.76q/ha) and net return
(Rs31618.00/ha) with suppression of weed population and dry matter accumulation. During non-
availability of labour force for weeding operation, pre emergence application of Pretilachlor @ 0.5
kg /ha at 3 to 5 DAT + 2,4-D Na salt@ 0.5 kg / ha at 28 DAT will be the suitable option to raise the
economics(Rs31004.00/ha).
2. Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under
rice agro-ecosystem in western undulating zone:
Yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown plant
hopper and white backed plant hopper were found to be major insect pests of rice. Peak activity of
yellow stem borer and gall midge was recorded during 40th
std. week (1-7 Oct.) whereas peak
activity of brown plant hopper was observed during 41st
std.week (8-14Oct.).Maximum
temperature favoured the attack of gall midge where as minimum temperature favoured the attack
of yellow stem borer.
3. Evaluation of location specific IPM module for sustainable rice production:
Combined results over two years revealed that the location specific IPM module comprising of
various components viz., seed treatment with carbendazim @ 1. 5grams /kg of seed, application of
phorate 500g /10 cent in the nursery bed before 5 days of uprooting of seedling, release of
Trichogramma japonicum @1lakhs/ha at 30 DAT,.40DAT and 50DAT , setting up pheromone traps
@ 5nos/ha for yellow stem borer , installation of bird perches @ 25nos/ha, foliar spraying of
neemazol @1ml /lt at 60DAT and 70DAT and foliar spraying of Buprofezin @ 1.5ml/lt at 85DAT at
ETL afforded excellent control of major insect pests of rice viz., yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf
folder, case worm, green leaf hopper and brown plant hopper with higher grain yield of 31.86q/hq

and monetary benefit of Rs11908/- per ha over the chemical control schedule(Non IPM). IPM plot
also recorded significantly higher numbers of natural enemies in rice ecosystem.
Technical Trials:
Agronomy:
 Integrated nutrient management in aromatic paddy varieties and its residual effect on paira
cropping. Var: Nua Acharamati, Geetanjali, Ketakijuha
 Integrated nutrient management in SRI Rice. Var: Ajaya
Horticulture:
 Varietal evaluation of onion cultivars in western undulating zone, Bhawanipatna, var: Bhima
Super, Bhima Raj, Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red, N53(yield check), Arka
Kalyan, Arka Niketan, Arka Pragati
 Varietal evaluation of tomato cultivars in weastern undunating zone,Bhawanipatna. Var:
Utkal Pallavi( bacterial wilt resistant check), Utkal Dipti, Utkal Kumara( yield check), Utkal
Urvashi, Utkal Raja. Utkal Pragya, BT-106, BT-317, Swarna Lalima
Entomology:
 Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under rice agro-
ecosystem in western undulating zone. Var: Swarna
 Management of insect pest of rice through ITKS. Var Swarna.
Company trail:
MLT ON PADDY
 Evaluation of 3 rice hybrids: BS-110G, BS-226, BS-6444G of Bayer bio science pvt. Ltd for
western undulating zone.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: RH-664 plus, RH-1531, RH-10422, RH-10428 of Devgan seeds Crop
tech. pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: SAVA-127, SAVA-134 of Savana seeds pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: US-312and US-382 of seed work international pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: NK- 5251 and NK-6302 of Syngenta india pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: R-6301, R-6451, R-6606 of Zuari seeds pvt. Ltd.
MLT ON MAIZE
 Evaluation on maize hybrids: MM-1107 and TMH-67705 of Dhanya seeds pvt. Ltd.

 Evaluation of maize hybrids: Cyrus –G, Cyrus, Megan-G and PMH-495 of Prabardhan seeds pvt.
Ltd. For western undulating zone of Odisha.
 Evaluation for maize hybrids: KMH-3646, KMH-6681 and KMH-3110 of M/S kaveri seeds pvt. ltd.
 Evaluation of maize hybrids: 3033,3591 and Pro-Agro-4558 of Rashi seed pvt. Ltd.
AICRP SOYABEAN AICRP COTTON
VOLUNTARY CENTER ON SOYBEAN
UNDER RRTTS, BHAWANIPATNA
It is a voluntary center on soybean under RRTTS, Bhawanipatna. Only agronomic trials are
carried out not the breeding trial.There are 43 entries under initial varietal trail with one check
variety, and 9 varieties under advanced varietal trial. The agronomy trials includes the trials on
different weedicide application, spacing and intercropping, agronomic observation and observation
on yield are recorded and compared with check varieties.

AICRP CASTOR
CROP CUTTING
WEL-
COME

TO
DDA
KALAHANDI
DDA KALAHANDI

HISTORY & BACKGROUND OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT:-
 Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range, and Bhawanipatna is an office under the
Government of Odisha, Agril. Deptt. Named as Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range,
Bhawanipatna, having its jurisdiction in Kalahandi and Nuapada Revenue Districts (Un-divided
Kalahandi district). The main functions and duties, assigned by the Government, are:
 To transfers the improved technologies for upliftment of the Agril. Production in the Range.
 Distribution of improved and quality Agril. Seeds to the cultivators of the Range, duly certified by
the State Seed Certification Agency in order to get better productions.
 Integrated pest management in the farmer's field, to combat the pest situation.
 Balanced use of Chemical Fertilizers by the cultivators for boost up the Agril. Production in the
District.
 Providing the latest production technologies through farmers training programmes, exposure visits
of the farmers to the outside/inside state to study the performance of certain crops of those areas.
 Supply of improved Agril. Implements to the cultivators for improvement of the quality of the
cultivation.
FARM MECHANIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT SCHEME FOR KALAHANDI DISTRICT (UPTO-
2012):-
S.L .NO IMPLIMENTS NO.OF IMPLIMENTS
1 Tractor 208
2 Power tiller 563
3 Self propelled transplanter 4
4 Hydraulic trolly 123
5 Axil flour thresher 65
6 Power thresher 9
7 Combine thresher 1
8 Manual & bullock drawn set 620
9 Power operated impliments 42
10 Rotavator 5
11 Diesel pump 200
12 Self propelled reaper 12
PLANT PROTECTIONPROGRAMME BY D.D.A. KALAHANDI:-
S.L.NO CONTROL MEASURES Area (ha)
1 Seed treatment 66039
2 Intensive & epidemic control 1569

3 Weed control 9062
4 Rodent control 11,000
5 Biological control 1,000
6 Pesticide and bio pesticide consumption(a.i.in.mt) 32
FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTIONTHROUGH DDA:-
S.L.NO NAME OF FERTILIZERS
1 Urea
2 Ammonium sulphate
3 Single super phosphate(SSP)
4 Murate of potash(MOP)
5 Di ammonium phosphate(DAP)
6 10:26:26
7 28:28:00
8 20:20:00:13
9 15:15:15
10 14:35:14
SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF KALAHANDI:-
S.L.NO COMPONENTS AMOUNTS
1 Organic carbon Low to medium
2 Phosphorous Low to medium
3 Potash Medium to high
Soil reaction
1 Acidic <25%
2 Neutral >50%
3 Alkali <25%
ComponentunderN.F.S.M:-
1. Seeds:-
Distribution of certified seeds.
2. Integrated nutrient management:

a) Lime& gypsum
b) Micronutrients
c) Assistance for rhizobium culture & PSB distribution.
3. Integrated pest management.
4. Assistance for distribution of sub-tropical IPM.
5. Assistance for weedicide.
6. Incentive for knapsack sprayer.
7. Distribution of rotavator.
8. Distribution of sprinkler set
9. Incentive for pumpset.
10. Extension training.
11. Training on pattern of FFS.
12. Local initiative.
a) Incentive for line sowing&Incentive for phosphatic fertilizer application.
Components under R.K.V.Y:-
i. Hybrid maize cultivation.
ii. Introduction & explosion of improve pigeon pea production technology.
iii. E-pest surveillance.
iv. State wide soil testing campaign.
v. Insitu farm pond.
vi. Hybrid mustard demonstration.
vii. Hybrid sunflower demonstration.
viii. Hybrid maize demonstration.
Total training under the scheme “extension & training for rural women & VAWs” is 8.
SEED DIVERSION BY DDA FOR RICE:-
TOTAL LATE TOTAL MEDIUM TOTAL EARLY
MTU-7029 Lalat Naveen
Ramchandi Konark Khandagiri

Jaral Surendra
Pooja MTU-1001
CR-1009 MTU-1010
CR-1018 RGL-2538
RGL-2537
Bansadhan
Moti
CR-1014
Pratikshya
BPT-5024
Gintajali
Jajati
Diversification of cropping system in kharif by DDA:-
Arhar,Ground nut,Maize,Cotton,Fruit crop,Black gram,Vegetables,Tuber crops
MIXED CROPPING:-
a) Paddy+Arhar
b) Arhar+Black gram/Green gram
c) Ground nut+Arhar
d) Cotton+ Arhar
e) Paddy+Black gram/Green garm
f) Cotton+Black gram
g) Maize+Arhar
IRRIGATION POTENTIAL PROJECT UNDER DDA:-
i. MAJOR I.P-1
ii. MAJORI.P-1
iii. MINOR I.P-21
iv. LIP GOVT.-534
v. BORE WELL-694
vi. SHALLOW TUBEWELL-105
vii. LIP(OAIC)-52
viii. DUG WELL-15237
TRAINING PROGRAMME UNDER AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY DDA:-
VILLAGE LEVEL TRAINING:

 Awareness programme on soil sample collection /FAO in paddy, post harvest technology &
orientation programme on ATMA.
 Hybrid sun flower cultivation/hybrid sugarcane/hybrid cotton production technology.
INSIDE STATE PROGRAMME:-Farm mechanization & Sugar cane cultivation
OUT SIDE STATE TRAINING:-Technique for high tech agriculture
Schemes running under DDA:
a) Rice development
b) SRI(state plan)
c) Ragi development
d) Sugar cane development
e) Jute technology mission(JTM)
f) ISOPOM(oil seed)
g) ISOPOM(maize)
h) ICDP(cotton)
i) NFSM(rice)
j) NFSM(pulses)
k) ATMA
l) Extension & training for rural women
m)RKVY
FARMERS TRAINING UNDER ANIMAL HUSBENDARY BY DDA:-
Village level training:
 Popularization of A.I in desi cattle.
 Normal animal health camp cum awareness camp.
 Infertility animal health camp cum awareness camp.
Inside state training programme on animal husbandry activities:
 Back yard poultry farming
 Duckery farming
Outside state training programme:
 Back yard poultry farming.
 Dairy management.
TRAINING UNDER HORTICULTURAL SECTOR:
Village level training;-
Onion cultivation,Vermi composting,Mushroom technique, Tuber crops,Fruits & vegetables
Inside state:

Mushroom cultivation, tuber crops, fruit & vegetables
Outside state:
Honey bee cultivation
Crop coverage by DDA kalahandi:
a) Paddy,other cereals,pulses,oilseeds,vegetables, spices,tobacco & sugarcane
Training under fishery sector by DDA:-
 Village level training on yearling production
 Inside state training on yearling production

PRA
(Participatory Rural Appraisal)
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

Components of PRA:
 People
 Knowledge
 Participation
 Planning
 Action
It is a combination of different approaches to
 Share
 Enhance
 Analyze
 Plan
 Act
For the betterment of the rural people with their participation
The secrets behind the success of PRAare
 Decentralization
 Empowerment
OBJECTIVES OF PRA:-
PRA aims to empower local people by encouraging them to share, enhance and analyze
their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor and evaluate.
WHAT IT IS?
 Participatory research is not an alternative research method, but an approach that can be
applied to any methodology – survey, experimental, qualitative (Lilja and Bellon 2008).
 “PRA methods, as they are often called, are visual and tangible and usually performed by
small groups of people”. (Chambers 2007)
 PRA comprised of different research tools to facilitate local people in
 Analyzing information
 Practicing critical self-awareness
 Taking responsibility
 Sharing their knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION:-

FROM RRA TO PRA
From 1970 onwards Participatory tools- for promoting and participation of the poor &
marginalized in improving their wellbeing.
These tools arose from two beliefs:
 The knowledge & experience of poor and marginalized have value and not to be dismissed
as irrelevant or wrong,
 Poor and marginalized have the right to resources traditionally defined by them.
EVOLUTION OF PRA:-
Five streams which stand out as sources and parallels to PRA are, in alphabetical order:
 Activist participatory research.
 Agro-ecosystem analysis.
 Applied anthropology.
 Field research on farming systems.
WHY PRA:-
In its earlier version of PRA it emerged as a response to two major concerns of rural social
research not adequately satisfied by conventional methods.
 To develop local perspective by becoming more responsive to local people and local situations
 To evolve a methodology which could provide timely and cost effective information
BENEFITS OF PRAMETHODS:-
Empowerment of the local people
 Securing active involvement of the community and appreciation of local knowledge,
encouraging/enabling the expression and utilization of local diversity while building on ITK.
 Creating a culture of open learning with each other and with community members other.
 Setting research priorities.
 Setting participatory extension program.
 Policy review
SCOPE OF PRA;-
PRA is used:

 To ascertain needs.
 To establish priorities for development activities.
 Within the scope of feasibility studies.
 During the implementation phase of projects.
 Within the scope of monitoring and evaluation of projects.
 For studies of specific topics.
 For focusing formal surveys on essential aspects, and identifying conflicting group
interests.
Areas of application:-
 Natural resource management
 Agriculture
 Poverty alleviation/women in development programmes
 Health and nutrition
 Preliminary and primary education
 Village and district-level planning
 Institutional and policy analysis.
Key Principles:-
 Participation – local people serve as partners in data collection and analysis
 Flexibility- not a standardized methodology
 Off-setting biases – anti poverty biases are consciously avoided, more listening less
lecturing
 Teamwork – everyone is involved
 Diversity – attempts made to identify and analyse contradictions and exceptions
 “Optimal Ignorance” – leave out unessential details
 Systematic – to get correct details and conclusions, it is best to cross check
 Local materials - dirt, stones, sticks (or paper), not computers/electronics devices

WELCOME TO
VILLAGE
KANAKPUR
KANAKPUR AT A GLANCE

Village Information:
 Name of village: KANAKPUR
 Gram Panchayat: Medinipur
 Block: Bhawanipatna
 District: Kalahandi
Land Use Pattern:
 Total Geographical Area: 156 acres
 Land Under Cultivation:140 acres
1) Area under paddy : 96 acre
2) Area under sugarcane : 20 acre
3) Area under banana : 8 acre
4) Area under vegetables : 6 acre
5) Area under cotton : 8 acre
6) Area under mango: 2 acre
Farmer’s Category:
 Land less:16
 Marginal Farmer(< 1ha): 11
 Small Farmer(1-2 ha): 11
 Medium Farmer(2-4 ha): 18
 Larger Farmer(>4 ha):12
Literacy percentage (%):
 Total -90%
 Male -100%
 Female -80%
Crops Grown: Paddy, sugar cane, wheat, seasonal vegetables, banana, cotton
Soil: Sandy loam, clay loam soil
Demographic features:

a. 68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.
b. Total no of households:44, (41 kachha house and 3 pakka house).
c. Population-325
Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom
cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.
Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.
Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5 tube wells, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal

TRANSECT WALK
INTRODUCTION :-
 A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological conditions.
 A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the
village area which is undertaken by the team along with the local people to explore
the agro-ecosystem of the village and by observing, asking, listening, looking and
producing a transect diagram.
 A Transect depicts a cross-sectional view of the different agro-ecological zones and
provides a comparative assessment of the Zones on different parameters.
OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE:-
1. Appraisal of natural resources in terms of status, problems & potential.
2. To get an idea about farming practices, cropping pattern, the physical layout
(existing or planned),irrigated facilities etc.
3. To know the agro ecosystem of the village.
4. To get the cross sectional view of the village.
5. Type of issue that might be covered in transect:-
 Food storage
 Community resource
 Difference in households and their assets
 Credit sources
 Agriculture production and constraints
 Livestock management
 Health assets and hazards
 Water resource and hazards
 Village infrastructure
 Land use pattern and seasonal variation
 Livelihood strategies
 Crops and other food production
 Gathered foods and medicine
PROCEDURE:-
BEFORE

We have formed a group of 23 students including 5 numbers of willing villagers. The group
includes 3 numbers of elderly and experienced villagers and the village youths.
Before commencement of the transect walk, we have explained briefly the purpose of the
walk & selected the area under study village resources like irrigation sources, water
catchment area, vegetation, land resources etc.
DURING
We have observed everything in detail and listened carefully.
We have also asked & recorded everything what we saw and listened, sketched and
drawn the maps.
We have walked up to the last boundary & covered all the relevant sides.
AFTER
Carefully documented all the information collected by all team members.
We have prepared final diagrams and sketch from the rough sketches.
We have cross checked and compared the information by meeting other villagers &
Recorded how things differ from one situation to another.

CONCLUSION:-
Through transect walk, the productive and useful resources are identified. Most important
crop is paddy; other important crop are sugarcane, banana ,vegetables and other useful resources
like biogas, livestock etc. The various unused resources are - a large pond & back yard of
household.
Land type
LAND TYPE Medium Low Medium Medium low Upland
SOIL TYPE
Sandy
loam
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam,
clay loam
Sandy loam, clay
loam
CROP
Banana,
rice
Rice, banana,
vegetables
Rice,
sugarcane,
maize, beans
Rice, banana,
sugarcane
Cotton, arhar,
okra, maize
VEGETATION
Mango,
guava,
lemon,
coconut
Mango, cashewnut,
custard apple
Jackfruit,
guava,
moringa,
neem
Kanchan,
mango, custard
apple, palm,
date palm
Jatropha, aonla
HOME STEAD Kacha,
pakka
Kacha,pakka kacha
- -
WATER
FACILITY Well, bore
w ell, w ater
lifting point
Well, pond, tenda Tube w ell,
bore w ell,
tenda
Canal pond LI point
FISHERY -
Rohu, catla, mrigal
- Rohu, mrigal,
kau, catla
-
LIVE STOCK Bullock,
cow , duck
Goat, duck,
poultry,bullock
Cow , bullock - -
OTHER
RESOURCES
Shop,club
house
-
Biogas, solar
panel
-
FYM pit
PROBLEM
-
Water stagnation
- Poor drainage
facility, w ater
stagnation
No irrigation
facility
OPPORTUNITY vermicompost Rice+ fishery
Bund
plantation,
orchard,
livestock,
vegetables
Rice+ fishery+
duckery
Forestry+pulse
cultivation

ACTION PLAN:-
 Waste land creates opportunity for bee keeping & vegetable cultivation.
 Large pond can be utilized for pisciculture.
 Poultry& mushroom cultivation can be taken in the back yard of household.
 Pulse crop can be cultivated.
FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-
Group-1(RAWE2013) Jugala Budhia
Santosh Budhia
Bhuban Budhia
Kuber Budhia
SOCIO-RESOURCE MAP
SOCIO RESOURCE MAPPING: -Development of a map of the village area to understand
the village lay out showing main features like housing, temples, village watershed, forest,
water bodies etc. This helps in studying social structure and availability of social facilities

and also helps to establish the extent and location of these resources and to analyze and
understand them better.
OBJECTIVE: -Socio-resource maps have been used for depicting of various aspects
related to
Topography, terrain and slopes
Forest, vegetation and tree species
Soil-type, fertility, erosion
Various facets of social reality are viz ; social stratification,
demographics, settlement patterns, social infrastructure etc.
PROCEDURE:-
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a social map and explain the
purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to use locally available material in a creative way &
to make the map as representative as possible.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village.
 We have asked the participants to draw a map of the village showing all
households. For orientation it will be helpful to draw roads and significant spots
of the village into the map.
 We have asked the participants to also show institutions, buildings and places
that offer some kind of social service or which are popular spots to meet and
discuss. Example: schools, temples, youth club, gram Panchayats, community
leaders, local shop, health service, places where people frequently meet etc.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any
modifications or additions.
 We have copied the map onto a large sheet of paper with all details including
legends.

CONCLUSION:
From the “socio-resource map”, we identified the presence of land resources
contains cultivated area, habitation area, kata (mahabandh) and kitchen garden area.
Demographic features:
68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.
Total no of households: 44, 41 kachha house and 3 pakka house.
Crop resources: paddy, sugarcane, banana, vegetables etc.
Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom
cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.
Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.
Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5tubles, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal
FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:

Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Jugal budhia
Prahllad budhia
Kuber budhia

CROP MAP
Crop map indicates the cropping area, cropping pattern of the village.
Purpose:
By this map, we can be able to get the knowledge about the main crops,cropping
systems, cropping pattern and cropping areas of the village.
We can also know the cultivated varieties of the different crops.
We can prepare an alternate action plan of the village
PROCEDURE:
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a crop map and explain the
purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on the
drawing sheet.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village as well as the
crop fields.
 We have asked the participants to also show different crops on their respective
fields.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any

Con
clusi
on:-
From
the
abov
e
crop
map
we
have
concl
uded
that
the
majority of the cultivated area is under paddy i.e. 96acres. The second important crop
is sugarcane which is grown in 20acres. Banana cultivation is also followed in a
sizable area of 8 acre. Since last 3 years cotton is grown in uplands covering an area
of 8acers. Vegetable cultivation is also an important enterprise of this village. Farm
women are also involved in kitchen garden in their back yards.
Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Jugal Budhia,
Bharat Chandra Budhia,
Swati Budhia,
Basant Goud
HYDROLOGY MAP
Hydrology map indicates the water resources of the village like pond, river, watershed,
tube well and well etc.

OBJECTIVE
 To know about the various water resources present in the village.
 To know about the permanent water harvesting structure of the village.
 To know about the perennial water resources of the village.
 To know about the availability of water in different parts of the year.
 Further it influences the cropping pattern and crop selection and water use
pattern of the villagers.
PROCEDURE:-
1. We have selected a place for preparing a hydrology map and explained the
purpose of the exercise to the participants.
2. We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on
the drawing sheet.
3. We have asked the participants to draw the various water resources on the
map such that wells, tube wells and canals, hand pumps, shallow bore wells
that offer some kind of irrigation and day to day water use pattern by the
villagers.
4. At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any
CONCLUSION
The village is having 5 nos. of tube well which provides fresh water for household
use, 7 nos. of dug well which provides water for irrigating kitchen gardens and other
household purposes, the village is also having 15 nos. of shallow irrigation point which is
use for irrigation purpose out of which two points are converted into lift irrigation point,
further it is having a pond an area of 7 acres which is used for pisciculture. The total
irrigated area is 99 acres and the village comes under two irrigation projects bhatang
padar dam (micro irrigation project) and pipalnal medium irrigation project which is the
source of their perennial cannel water resource. The shallow tube wells provide water for
40 acres, dug well provides water for 15-20 acres, LI (lift irrigation) point provides water
for 60-70 acres of land respectively. And there is 4 acres land under drip irrigation

.
Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Swati Budhia
Jugal Budhia
Basant Goud,
Satya Pradhan
Pranam Budhia
ENTERPRISE MAP

 Enterprise map is spatial analysis of various productive and unproductive
enterprises by the participant villagers.
 To know the information on various enterprise and their relative positions within the
village entity.
 To identify existing and promising indigenous micro-enterprises with in the village
 To show the evolution of each major enterprise.
 Served as the basis for identifying changes in the production systems.
Conclusion:
Enterprise is two types, one is productive another is unused type. In Kanakpur village
all are productive type of enterprise. These are vermi-compost, shop, compost, rice mill,
biogas plant, solar energy, mushroom cultivation, mango orchard, banana orchard, fishery,
poultry, jaggery, dairy.
Action plan:
 The total area of pond is 7acre. In it they can do fish cultivation commercially and
get benefit around the year.

 They can cultivate mango commercially by applying different modern technology.
Inside the mango and banana orchard inter-culture can be done.
 In dairy farming they can increase the number of cows mainly jersey.
 They can cultivate mushroom with proper scientific method and techniques.
FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:
Group 1(RAWE-2013) Bharat bhusan budhia
Jugal kishore budhia
Basant gauda
Biranchi pradhan
MOBILITY MAP

Mobility map is a PRA method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or
the community.
 The focus is on where people go and for what.
 Other aspects, like the frequency of visits, distance, and the importance of the place visited,
may also be studied and depicted.
 It reflects the people’s perception of movement patterns and the reasons there of.
OBJECTIVES:-
 Understanding the mobility pattern of local people where they go and for what? Increasing
gender sensitivity and awareness by using them for highlighting the difference between the
mobility patterns of men and women.
 Evaluation of the impact of certain interventions in terms of their effects on mobility
patterns.
 Planning for intervention and projects.
INFORMATION ELICITED FROM THE MOBILITY MAP:-
A. Places
B. Purpose
C. Direction
D. Distance
E. Mode
F. Frequency
G. Cost of transport to and from a village
PROCESS:-
 We have selected the person, group or community whose mobility pattern you are
interested in understanding.
 We explained the purpose of the exercise and initiate a discussion on the places they visit.
We then listed down the places. As they close the list, they were asked whether they would
like to add some more or delete any of the places in the list.
 They were asked to write the name of the places on small pieces of paper in bold letters.
They were encouraged to depict the places using symbols or visuals,
 A circle was drawn in the middle of a paper or ground, representing the village/locality and
ask them to locate the pieces of paper with the names of the places they visit around the
circle in such a way that they are properly represented.
 We asked them to link the cards representing the places visited with the circle depicting
their locality by lines. The thickness of the lines could represent a particular feature, such
as, the frequency of the visits.
 We asked them to follow a similar process, for all other places that they visit, one by one.

 They were encouraged to represent other aspects in the form of visuals, symbols or in
writing.
- Purpose of visiting the places
- Importance of the places visited
- Distance of the places
- Mode of transport
- Frequency of visits
- Whether alone or with someone
 They were asked whether they would like to make any alterations once the diagram is
ready.
 We requested them to explain the map and their learning from it.
 They were asked to explain the diagram in detail. Interview the diagram to clarify your
doubts by asking probing questions.
 We listened carefully to their discussion and take any necessary notes.
 The diagram is copied onto paper with all the details.
CONCLUSION:-
The mobility map indicates that the villagers of Kanakpur mainly go to Bhawanipatna,
Medinipur,Manoharpur, Kusumsila, Sujanpur, Sripur and Kesinga for their requirements like
marketing, communication, entertainment, farming, medical facilities, etc. But Bhawanipatna
seems to be the most frequent place of visit for their requirements. for transportation the most
common modes are bicycles and motor bikes.

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS
GROUP-I (RAWE2013-14) Shyam Kumar Budhia
Sana Gouda

VENN DIAGRAM
DEFINITION: - The diagram which shows the relationship of various institutions, organizations,
programmes or individuals with each other & with the village as perceived by the villagers is called
as Venn diagram.
PURPOSE:
 To identify groups, institutes operating in the community & show their interactions.
 To discover the importance on decision making in community.
 To show the accessibility of the institutes.
The exercise is carried out by the help of villagers with use of different sizes of circle of
paper which indicates the relative importance or accessibility of a particular institution or
individual to that particular village.
According to the villagers, various groups &institutions those mostly influence them and their
activity are –
a) Primary school
b) Primary Health Centre
c) Kissan mandi
d) Block office
e) Gram panchayat
f) Police station
g) Bank
h) Temple
i) Post office
j) Local market
k) K.V.K.
l) Veterinary office
m) Anganwadi
n) R.I. Office
o) Youth club
p) Co-operative store
q) College
r) District health Centre

KANAKPURPRIMARY
SCHOOL
MARKET
BLOCK
OFFICE HOSPITAL
POLICE
STATION
KISSAN
MANDI
GRAM
PANCHAYAT
KVK
ANGANWADI
BANK
POST
OFFICE
VENN DIAGRAM
Village – Kanakpur
Gram Panchayat -Medinipur
Block – Bhawanipatna
District - Kalahandi

From the above venn diagram we have concluded that, kisan mandi, KVK,
School, Angan wadi, Gram panchayat, block office are more important and easily
accessible. Police station and post office are less important and less accessible. They
depend on the nearby market as well as for their health on hospital located in
Bhawanipatna but are not easily accessible. Though Youth club is an important place but
its activities are not remarkable.
FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS:
Group -1(RAWE-2013-14) Prahalad Budhia
Sukru Majhi
Meghanad Budhia
Biswamber Biswal

RESOURCE FLOW ANALYSIS
The resource flow diagram is a schematic drawing of the resource inflow into the village
and resource out flow from the village. The diagram shows the flow of resources from the original
source to the final output and visualizes the use and control of the resources.
INFLOW OUTFLOW
K
A
N
A
K
P
U
R
AA
1.Seeds
10.Pesticide
9.Grocery
8.Cattle feed
7.Medicine
6.Fuel
5.Capital
4.Labour
3.Fertilizer
2.Implements
11. grocery
10.Banana
9.Fish
8.Chicken,Duck,Goat
7.Milk(cow)
90()
6.Groundnut
5.Sugarcane
4. Vegetables
3.Labour
2.Jaggery
1.Paddy
11.Mushroom

CONCLUSION:-
Resource inflow & outflow of Kanakpur village indicates that the seeds mainly cotton,
paddy, grocery, fuel are procured from outside.
Whereas jaggery, sugarcane, vegetables, mushrooms, paddy, fish, milk, & labour etc. are
going from the village. The villagers for their day to day needs depend on the grocery shop present
in the village.
FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS
Group-I(RAWE2013-14) Padulochan Budhiya
Murali Budhiya
Markanda Majhi

TIME LINE
DEFINITION:-
A timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in a
chronological order.
OBJECTIVES:-
 To learn from the community what they consider being important past events.
 To understand from the community the historical perspective on current issues.
 To generate discussions on changes with respect to issues you are interested in e.g.
education, health, food security, gender relations, economic conditions, etc.,
 To develop a rapport with the villagers, since a discussion about the past of the village
can be a good non-threatening and enjoyable starting point.
PROCESS
BEFORE:-
 At first the climate for a participatory discussion was set.
 Elderly people and knowledgeable villagers are encouraged to join the discussion as far as
possible.
 Sheets of paper and sketch pen were carried with us.
DURING :-
 Discussion initiated and questions were asked to the older informants at first. And they
were asked to recapitulate the major events and changes that took place over the years.
Some of them were asked to write down in chronological order.
 Information was recorded.
AFTER:-
 The changes were compared.
 The trends were identified.

KEY EVENTS
 1870 -the village was established.
 1879- Village temple (Grama Devati) was constructed.
 1913-plantationof mango orchard.
 1952 -school was established.
 1957- Panchayat election was started.
 1972-Irrigation facility was introduced and people of the village first time used radio
 1980- Katta (Maha Bandha) was constructed.
 1984- A Govt. scheme was started under DRDA.
 1985- Village club (Dadhi Bavhan Krushak club) was established and people first
time came to know the use of cycle.
 1986 -Bore well was dug.
 1990 - A person of village became graduate.
 1992- Supply of electricitywas started; establishment of rice mill and people came to
know the use of motor cycle.
 1994- People for the first time in linkage with KVK and for the first time used
television.
 1995 -Anganwadi was established.
 1998- People first constructed pakka house and used transplanter and power tiller.
 2000- Picsiculture was started in katta.
 2002-People first used tractor and establishment of kirana store and jerseycow was
introduced.
 2003- A farmer from village was awarded by OUAT as best farmer in Odisha.
 2005- People first used mobile.
 2007- Establishment of broiler farm and used DTH.
 2010- SRI method was adopted under NFSM.
CONCLUSION

By knowing the various events occurred in different years, it can be concluded that
kanakpur is developed village as jersey cow, mobile phone, agricultural implement irrigation
facility and broiler and SRI method was introduced in early phase of adaptation as compared to
whole. New technology can be spread easily with some intervention.
FACILITATOR: - PARTICIPANTS:-
GROUP: 1 (RAWE-2013) Loknath Budhia
Bhuban mohan budhia

TREND ANALYSIS
Trend analysis is a popular PRA method used to explore temporal dimensions with
a focus on change. It captures and trends related to certain variables over different spans
of time.
 It can provide a good idea of the quantitative changes over time in different
aspects of village life, such as yields, population, livestock population, the number
of trees, area under cultivation, rainfall, etc.
Procedure:
 We explained to them the purpose of the exercise.
 We tried to encourage the local people to depict interested aspects for trend
analysis.
 We also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across which the trends could
be studied. The participants are encouraged to depict the selected landmark years
on cards preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.
 The participants were asked to make the matrix on the ground, using chalk. They
represented from left to right the landmark years and from top to bottom various
aspects like density of trees, grass, wild animals, etc.
 They were then asked to depict the situation today in the relevant cell using
symbols, visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc., as the case may be, leave the choice to
the participants. We moved to the next time landmark and so on.
Objectives:-
 To learn from the community as to how they perceive change over time in various
areas/aspects of their lives.
 To integrate significant changes in the village profile.
 To discuss village problems and any increase or decrease in the severity of the
problems over the years rather that asking direct questions.
Trend analysis of KANAKPUR

CONCLUSION:-
S.L
.NO
PARTICULATES 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
1 POPULATION      

2 CULTIVATED
LAND
3 FOREST AREA
4 PADDY YIELD
5 JAGGERY
6 LIVESTOCK
7 PESTS & DISEASES ¥ ¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥
8 LITERACY # ## ### #### ##### ######
9 IRRIGATION ◊◊ ◊◊◊ ◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊
10 FISHERY
(POPULATION)
11 VEGETABLE
CULTIVATION
12 FRUIT
CULTIVATION
ȸȸ ȸȸȸ ȸȸȸȸ ȸȸȸ
ȸȸ
ȸȸȸ
ȸȸȸ
ȸȸȸȸȸȸȸ
ȸ
13 POULTRY
POPULATION
14 TRANSPORTATION Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю

We have found from the analysis that there is an increase in area of cultivated
lands whereas the area under forestry is constantly decreasing. There is also an increase
in population and the literacy rate in the village; this indicates that they are assuring
education for the children. People are adopting various livestock approaches & fishery to
enhance the socio-economic status. The severity of pests and diseases has also been
increased with the increased use of fertilizer and pesticides. The decreased trend in
jaggery production is due to selling of canes in the market as there is increasing demand
of juice in people. There is increase in area under vegetables and banana cultivation.
GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Sukur Majhi
Dayanidhi Buddhia
Meghanad Buddhia

MATRIX RANKING
Helps in understanding people’s choices and priorities in a particular situation and their
reasons for it
 Helps in determining the compatibility of certain items in a given environment of overall
perspective
PROCEDURE:
 We identified the topic then a discussion was initiated with the individuals or group and
clearly explained them the purpose of the exercise.
 In next step we generated criteria for assessment and discussed them with the participants
and decided upon a few important ones.
 Then we sketched a matrix with the items/options top to bottom and criteria left to right.
The comparisons were made criteria-wise and not item-wise.
 Then, we ranked and scored against all of the items according to the criteria chosen.
 Then it was repeated until all of the criteria ranked and scored.
 Then these were recorded properly.

MATRIX RANKING FOR RICE VARIETY
PARAMETERS SWARNA KANAK
SWARNA
RANI MTU-1001 MTU-1010 POOJA RGL
YIELD @@@@@
@
@@@@@
@@@
@@@
@@@
@@@@@
@@@@
@@@@@@ @@@
@@
@@@@@@
@@@@
STRAW ###### ###### ####
##
######## ###### #####
#####
#######
HEIGHT $$$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$
$$
$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$
$$$$$
$$$$$$
MARKET
DEMAND
********* ********* ******
***
********** ********* ******** ********
DISEASE &
PEST
RESISTANCE
©©©©©© ©©©©©
©
©©©
©©©
©©©©©©
©©©
©©©©©©©
©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©©©©
COOKING
QUALITY
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
TASTE ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉
PARBOILED
RICE
ƱƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
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Ʊ
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ƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ ƱƱ
ARUA ○○○○○○ ○○○○○○ ○○○○
○
○○○○○○○
○
○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○
○○
○○○○○○○○○
○
WATER RICE †††††††† †††††††
††
††††
††
†††††††† †††††††† †††††
†††††
††††††††††
AREA ••••• ••••••••• •••• •••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• ••••••
TOTAL 74 92 77 91 87 88 90
RANKING 7th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 4th 3rd

CONCLUSION:-
 Matrix ranking of paddy variety shows that KANAK SWARNA variety is the most
popular paddy variety due to its yield, cooking quality and taste in spite of more
disease pest attack
 Use of chemical pesticide with bio pesticide to check disease & pest
 A new innovation swarna sub -1 should be popularized to have a better yield
from low land area
MATRIX RANKING FOR VEGETABLES
PARAMETERS RIDGE
GOURD
BITTER
GOURD
COWP
EA
CUCUM
BER
BOTTLE
GOURD
PUMPK
IN
BEANS TOMATO BRINJA
L
OKR
A
AREA ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊
PRODUCTION ○○○○○○
○○
○○○○ ○○○ ○○○○○○
○○○○
○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○○○
○
○○○○○○
○○○○
○○○
○○○
PRODUCTIVITY ††††††
††††
††††††
††
†††††
††
††††††
††††
†††††††
††
††††††
††††
†††††† †††††††
†
††††††
†††
†††
†††
DISEASE &
PEST
RESISTANCE
••••• •••• •••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••• •••• •••••••• •••••• •••••
••
MARKETING
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©
©©©
©
©©©©©
©©©
©©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©
©©©©
©©©©
©©
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©
©©
©©
©©
©©
©
NON
PERISHABILITY
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ƱƱƱƱ
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ƱƱ
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ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱ
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PROFIT
$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$$$$ $$$$$$
$
$$$$$$
$$$$
$$$$$$$
$$
$$$$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
TOTAL 56 39 36 54 50 53 43 57 62 51
RANKING 3rd 9th 10th 4th 7th 5th 8th 2nd 1st 6th

CONCLUSION:-
 Matrix ranking of vegetables shows that brinjal followed by tomato is preferred by the
farmers
 Demonstration must be carried on for large scale cultivation of popular varieties of other
marketable vegetable.
MATRIX RANKING FOR FRUITS

PARAMETERS/VARIETY
MANGO BANANA PAPAY
A
CUSTAR
D APPLE
COCONUT
PRODUCTION
¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥
MARKET DEMAND
$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$
DISEASE AND PEST
RESISTANCE
++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++
CONSUMPTION ©©©©© ©©©©© ©©© ©© ©©©©
PROFIT ¤¤ ¤¤¤¤¤ ¤¤ ¤ ¤¤¤
NON-PERISHABILITY ØØ ØØ ØØØ ØØØ ØØØØØ
TOTAL 18 26 16 15 21
RANK III I IV V II
SCORE-
1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD
CONCLUSION-

 Matrix ranking of fruits shows that banana followed by coconut is preferred by farmers.
 Training and demonstration must be carried out for large scale cultivation of other fruits
along with banana and coconut.
MATRIX RANKING FOR BANANA VARIETIES
SCALE- 1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD
CONCLUSION-
 Matrix ranking of banana varieties shows that G9 followed by Batisa is preferred by the
farmers.
 Training & Demonstration may be carried out for a large scale cultivation of banana
varieties
GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Mr. Sukur Majhi
Mr. Dayanidhi Buddhia
Mr. Meghanad Buddhia
SEASONALITY ANALYSIS

Seasonality is an important and useful exercise to determine seasonal patterns in rural
areas as related to rainfall, farming practices, employment etc. In seasonality an attempt is made
to determine the seasonal calendar as understood and practiced by the villagers.
PURPOSE:
To get an insight into the seasonal variations in a number of parameters relevant in farmer’s lives
e.g. work, employment, income, and availability of food, fuel, fodders, health, migration and
transport facilities.
SEASONAL DIAGRAM OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE
SL.
NO
PARAMETERS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 Rainfall - _ 1 2 9 10 10 9 8 6 2 -
2 Rice cultivation 7 7 7 3 - 10 10 9 8 6 4 7
3 Sugarcane
cultivation
8 7 7 3 2 2 1 4 3 5 10 8
4 Fodder availability 2 7 2 3 10 10 10 9 4 7 4 5
5 vegetable
availability
10 9 6 5 7 8 7 6 5 10 10 10
6 Fruit availability 7 3 3 6 9 10 6 5 - 2 3 6
7 Pest and Disease
of rice
5 4 3 1 1 8 9 10 9 6 5 5
8 Pest and Disease
of vegetable
8 6 5 1 1 6 5 6 10 10 10
9 Cotton cultivation - - - - 7 9 10 8 7 5 2
10 Cattle disease 3 1 2 1 1 7 8 10 10 10 5 4
11 Poultry disease 5 4 3 7 7 6 8 7 10 10 10 6
12 Goat disease 8 7 _ 1 _ 7 6 5 4 10 10 9
13 Human disease 5 2 5 1 2 10 10 10 9 8 7 8

14 Male engagement 2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5
15 Female
engagement
2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5
16 Banana cultivation 8 8 6 5 4 7 7 1 2 8 9 10
17 Monthly income 7 7 7 3 1 10 10 9 8 7 4 7

S
Paddy
sugarcane
Banana
( SEASONALITY OF PADDY SUGARCANE AND BANANA )
( SEASONALITY OF MALE& FEMALE ENGAGEMENT AND INCOME OF FARM
FAMILY)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
jan feb march apr may june july aug sept oct nov dec
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
MALE ENGAGEMENT
FEMALE ENGAGEMENT
INCOME

( SEASONALITY OF HUMAN , POULTRY & CATTLE DISEASES )
CONCLUSION: -
The seasonal diagram reveals that the farmers are doing cultivation round the year but
kharif season is the busiest time of the farmer. The major crops are paddy, banana, sugarcane and
vegetables. Paddy crop is grown in both Kharif and Rabi season. The farmers are engaged
themselves throughout the year. They get their income during June- August& Nov.- Feb. Most of
the human diseases and cattle diseases are frequently occurred during the month June-August.
Fodder availability for domestic animals is only limited to May –Aug months. Insect pest and
disease infestation is more during the months of Aug-Dec.
Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi
Jhili Budhia
Deepabali Budhia
Amrut Budhia
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
HUMAN DISEASE
POULTRY DISEASE
CATTLE DISEASE

DAILY WORK PROFILE
Daily routine depicts how villagers (men and women) spend a day of 24 hours along with
the kind of activities and time allotted for the activities .Daily routine can be taken for men and
women and both the categories of farmers and farm labourers.
PURPOSE:
To get an account of time spent by farmers and labourers, men and women for various
activities in day of 24 hours.
Data on wage earning, rest and recreation hours.
Data on leisure time which can be utilized by development workers.
DAILY WORK PROFILE OF WOMEN
37.50%
12.50%12.50%
12.50%
25.00%
rest and lesiure
personal care
farming activity
livestock activity
household activity
REST AND LEISURE:
2PM-3PM= REST( Gathering)
9PM-19PM= WATCHING TV
10 PM-5AM=NIGHT SLEEP
PERSONAL CARE:
6AM-7AM =MORNING
ACTIVITY
1PM-2PM=LUNCH
8PM-9PM =DINNER

CONCLUSION:
HOUSE HOLD WORK:
9AM-11AM =COOKING
11AM-1PM =WASHING OF
CLOTHS
6PM-8PM= COOKING
FARM ACTIVITIES:
7AM-8AM= FIELD WORK
3PM-5PM =FIELD WORK
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY
5AM-6AM=CLEANING OF
COWSHEP AND FEEDING TO
COW
8AM-9AM=EXTRACTION OF
MILK AND MARKETING OF
MILK
5PM-6AM=EXTRACTION OF
MILK

The life of farm women is very tiring as compared to men. The daily work profile of farm women
shows that they contribute most of their time for caring their family members, care of livestocks &
farm activities. So they are facing a lot of drudgery during their day to day activities. Their
contribution towards income is very negligible.
ACTION PLAN:
Enterprises like mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry etc. can be taken up.
Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi
Jhili Budhia
Deepabali Budhia
Amrut Budhia

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF MEN
REST &LEISURE:
1PM-2PM-REST
6PM-7PM-GATHERING
7PM-9PM-WATCHING TV
10PM-6AM-NIGHT SLEEP
PERSONAL CARE;
6AM-7AM-MORNING ACTIVITY
12NOON-1PM-LUNCH
9PM-10PM-DINNER
FARMING ACTIVITY:
8AM-12NOON= CROP CULTIVATION
2PM-5PM =FIELD WORK
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY;
7AM-8AM-TAKING CARE OF CATTLE
HOUSE HOLD WORK;
5PM-6PM-MARKETING AND OTHER ACTIVITY
50%
12.50%
29.16%
4.16% 4.16%
rest and lesiure
personal care
farming activity
livestock activity
household work
50%
12.5%
29.16%
4.16%
4.16%

CONCLUSION:
The daily work profile of male shows that the men spend most of their time in rest and leisure
followed farming activities.
ACTION PLAN:
They can be made to take up enterprises like poultry farming, pisciculture weaving of fishing net
and mushroom cultivation during their leisure time.
FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-
GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya
RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya
Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

WEALTH RANKING
It is a technique to find out how people from the village itself would rank the different families as
rich, poor & very poor.Wealth ranking refers to placing people on the different steps of the social
ladder according to their own criteria.
The purpose here is to find out the people of the village who belong to rich, medium
and poor categories as perceived by the villagers themselves. Agricultural development must take
in to account differences in wealth among farmers in order to determine priorities for research and
to develop interventions and technical packages that are relevant to and adoptable by majority of
the farmers.
By using wealth ranking revealed that more focus needs to be given for enhancing productivity of
farms of the poor and very poor through more profitable and effective technologies.
PROCESS :
Step 1: We have collected the list of all households from the village panchayat office. Then We
have cross checked by having a transact walk along with key informants of the village to ensure
that all households were given numbers in same form or other. The name of the head of each
household was written against each house number.
Step 2: After collection of name of the head of each household were written in each piece paper
separately.
Step 3: Then we asked the key informant to sort out the various piece of into different wealth
categories as they think were present in the village .
Step 4: Then we prepared a table on paper & recorded the response of the key informants.
Step 5: After sorting by the key informants than we asked them to list out the wealth criteria for
each wealth category like land holding, income, house type, transport etc and the difference
between the categories.
Criteria for Wealth ranking

Category No. of families
Very rich:
Land: More than 12 acres
Income: More than Rs.20,000 per month
House: Pucca house
Livestock: 6
Income & yield: surplus
Implements: Tractor, power tiller,thresher
Material possession: TV, refrigerator,mobile
Source of Income: Farming,hiring of implements,service
Lending ability: More
5
Rich:
Land: More than 8 acres
Income: Between Rs.15,000 –Rs.20000 per month
House: Pucca & tile house
Livestock: 8
Income & yield: less than very rich
Implements: Power tiller, thresher (Tractor in lease)
Material possession: TV, mobile
Source of income: Farming,business
Lending ability: less
7
Medium :
Land: 3-8 acres
Income: About 8,000 per month
House: Tile & kaccha house
Livestock: 4-5
Income & yield: sufficient
Implements: Tractor, power tiller in lease
Material possession: TV, mobile
Source of income: Farming
Lending ability: Sufficient
18
Poor :
Land: Between 1 -2acre
Income: Around 5,000 per month
House: Kaccha house
Livestock: 8 – 9(Goats)
Income & yield: not sufficient
Implements: No
Material possession: Mobile
Source of Income: farming , wage earning
Lending ability: No
22
Very poor :
Land: Landless,tenantfarmer & wage earner
Income: Less than Rs.3000 per month
House: Kaccha house
16

CONCLUSION :
Majority of the families belong to the poor category (32.35%) followed by medium
category (26.47%). Maximum land holding remains with few rich villagers. Most of the poor and
very poor villagers are landless farmers, tenants or wage earners. Accordingly Anti-Poverty
Programme should be implemented in the village, to improve the qualitative life of the people.
INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
ITK FOR CROP:-
 Neem leaves are used to control pulse beetle in blackgram & greengram.
7.35
10.29
26.4732.35
23.52
% family
Very rich
Rich
Medium
poor
Very poor
Livestock: 3 – 4 (Goats)
Income & yield: lending from others
Implements: No
Material possession: No
Lending ability: No

 Karada(Cleistanthus collinus) shoot is used for multiplication of spider which act as
predator of many pests of rice field.
 Ash is used for controlling fruit & shoot borer in brinjal.
 Kerosine is used for controlling case worm in rice.
 For storing paddy after harvest structures like puduga ,gadia are used.
 For storing onion after harvest structure like bhadi is used.
ITK FOR ANIMAL:-
 Foot & mouth diseases in cattle are cured by application of ghee with termite
leaving soil and mahula(Madhuca indica) flower paste in the affected parts.
 Fatua disease in cattle is cured by application henna leaves.
 Foot diseases in cattle and goat can be controlled by use of karada bark.
ITK FOR HUMAN:-
 Mustard oil ,tulsi and honey are used for curing of cold.
 For curing of malaria, gangasiuli(Nyctanthes sp.) leaves are used.
 Neem leaves are used as mosquito repellant.
 For wound healing apamarng(Achyranthes aspera) is used.
 Siali leaves are used as umbrella for protection from rain.
 For recovery from snake bite badichang seeds are used in grinded form.
 For recovery from scorpion bite chakunda leaves are used in grinded form.
 For curing body pain mustard and sesamum oil are used.
 For curing headache castor oil is used.
 For controlling hair fall bichuati(Tragia involucrata) leaves and black pepper are
used.
 Turmeric paste water is used as eye drop for curing eye problem.
 For controlling chickenpox, jhuna (made from teak) ,neem leaves and turmeric are
used.
 Jaggery is used as substitute of sugar for controlling diabetes.
 During delivery ,if baby is not coming easily then roots of tamarind are binded in the
hair of that lady for easy expulsion of baby. After parturition tamarind roots are
removed immediately,otherwise the whole intestine will come out(it is a superstition)
CONCLUSION:-

From the analysis of various ITKs of the villagers, it can be concluded that the villagers
have made a brilliant approach to fulfill their needs by their conventional practices. Their
practices and technology is mainly based on the utilization of available resources.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem is a condition or a situation that the people after study with or without have
decided need changing. Problem is the barrier for achieving goal or objective.Problem
identification means listing of various problems of the village
Objective:
 To list out the problem present in village situation.
 For development of action plan
CRITERIA:-
o Severity of problems.
o Frequency of occurrence.
o Distribution of problem.
Process:
Identification of problem was done by discussing with different group of farmer. All
the problems in area were collected and identified democratically through participation of
village people. The villagers were asked to identify the problem, most felt and of widest
concern affecting major people and should related to family, community and national
situation.
We have identified various problems during our PRA survey. Those problems are listed
below:-
1. Low yield of paddy
 Lack of labour
 Infestation of pest & diseases
 Erratic rainfall
 Lack of knowledge about application of chemicals & fertilizers
 Severe weed infestation in upland and medium land paddy
2. Low yield of banana

 Lack of labour
 unavailability of healthy planting materials of improved variety
 Improper orchard management
 Improper fertilizer application
 Abnormal weather condition
3. Low yield of sugarcane
a. Aberrant weather
b. Labour problem
c. Improper nutrient management
d. Improper water management
e. Infestation of disease and pests
Low yield of vegetables
Tomato and Brinjal:
 In adequate nutrient management
 Unavailability of wilt tolerant HYV
 Heavy weed infestation
 Lack of proper management practices of insect pests
 High incidence of wilt disease
 Indiscriminate use of pesticides
PROBLEM PRIORITIZATION

It is a chart showing different problems affecting a village which have been
prioritized on the basis of ranks that each of them obtain after taking into account
parameters like severity of problems, frequency of their occurrence, relative importance of
each problems & distribution of each of the problems.
Scoring is done according to the parameters like importance, seveority and
frequency with highest score 10.
We prepared the chart below with the help of villagers of “KANAKPUR”.
Sl NO
PROBLEMS
IMPORTANCE
OF
ENTERPRISE
SERIOUSNESS
OF
PROBLEM
FREQUENCYO
F
PROBLEM
TOTAL
SCORE RANK
1 SEVERE INCIDENCE OF
BLIGHT AND BLAST IN
RICE
9 9 8 26 I
2 HIGH INCIDENCE OF
PEST LIKE STEM
BORER,BPH,GUNDHI
BUG IN RICE
8 9 8 25 II
3 MONOCROPPING
OF
PADDY
9 8 7 24 III
4 INDISCRIMINENT USE OF
FERTILISER IN PADDY
9 8 7 24 III
5 SEVERE WEED
INFESTATION IN
MEDIUM LAND IN PADDY
8 8 6 22 IV
6 LESS APPLICATION OF
ORGANIC MANURE IN
PADDY
8 7 7 22 IV
7 SEVERE PEST
INFESTATION DUE TO
IMPROPER PEST
MANAGEMENT IN RICE
7 8 7 22 IV
8 LACK OF AVAILABILITY
OF QUALITY PLANTING
MATERIAL IN
SUGARCANE
8 7 6 21 V

9 REDUCTION IN SOIL
FERTILITY IN S.CANE
7 7 6 20 VI
10 SEVERE WEED
PROBLEM IN
SUGARCANE
7 6 6 19 VII
11 LABOUR PROBLEM IN
AGRICULTURE
9 7 8 24 III
12 LOW YIELD IN
SUGARCANE
RATOONING
6 6 4 16 X
13 LODGING AND
BREAKING OF CANE DUE
TO HIGH SPEED WIND IN
CANE
7 6 4 17 IX
14 IMPROPER
WATERMANAGEMENT IN
SUGARCANE
7 5 6 18 VIII
15 SEVERE RED ROT
DISEASE INFESTATION
IN SUGARCANE
7 6 6 19 VII
16 UNAVAILABILITY OF
QUALITY PLANTING
MATERIAL IN BANANA
9 7 8 24 III
17 SEVERE INFESTATION
OF BUNCHY TOP
DISEASE IN BANANA
8
5 4 17 IX
18 LODGING DUE TO HIGH
WIND IN BANANA
6 5 4 15 XI
19 HIGH INTIAL WEEDING
COST DUE TO MANUAL
WEEDING IN BANANA
5 4 3 12 XIII
20 INADEQUATE SUPPLY
OF IRRIGATION IN
BANANA
6 5 6 17 IX
21 IMPROPER NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT IN
BANANA
8 5 5 18 VIII

22 LOW YIELD IN OKRA DUE
TO YMV IN FESTATION
8 7 6 21 V
23 LOW YIELD IN OKRA DUE
TO FRUIT BORER
ATTACK
6 5 4 15 XI
24 LOW YIELD IN BRINJAL
DUE TO DAMPING
OFF,WILT,BLIGHT
8 5 3 16 X
25 LOW YIELD OF BRINJAL
DUE TO FRUIT AND
SHOOT BORER ATTACK
8 6 4 20 VI
26 LOE YIELD OF TOMATO
DUE TO LEAF CURL
VIRUS
8 5 3 16 X
27 LOW YIELD OF TOMATO
DUE TO FRUIT BORER
ATTACK
8 6 4 20 VI
28 WASTAGE OF SURPLUS
VEGETABLEs DUE TO
IMPROPER STORAGE
STRUCTURE
5 4 4 13 XII
FINGERLINGS/YEARLING
S IN PROPER TIME
6 2 3 11 XIV
30 LACK OF TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
PISCICULTURE
7 4 5 16 X
31 DRUDGERY IN FARM
WOMEN
6 5 5 16 X
32 UNEMLOYMENT OF
RURAL YOUTH
5 4 3 12 XIII
33 LOW YIELD IN MILK BY
DESI COW
6 5 5 16 X
FODDER
8 7 7 22 IV

From the above problem prioritization table we conclude that
Low yield of paddy due to
 high infestationdiseases like blight, and
 Pest like stem borer and BPH
 Intensive monocropping of paddy
 Inadequate supply of fertiliser
Low yield of banana and sugarcane due to
 Lack of quality planting material
 Labour problem
ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF
PADDY
35 HIGH MORTALITY RATE
OF KIDS IN GOAT
6 5 4 15 XI
36 FOOT AND MOUTH
DISEASE OF CATTLE
5 5 4 15 XI
Low yield of paddy

SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTOR:
 Lack of soil testing
 Indiscriminate use of fertilizers
 Lack of technical knowledge
 No crop insurance
 Labour migration
BIO-PHYSICAL FACTOR:
 Water scarcity.
 Erratic rainfall.
 Insect pest& disease attack.
 Improper nutrient management
CONCLUSION:-
From the above discussion, it conclude that low yield of paddy due to
 Indiscriminate use of fertilizer
 Infestation of pest & diseases
.INTERVENTAION:
 Popularization of resistant varieties through training & demonstration.
 Availabilities of credit facility.
 Demonstration for proper & balanced dose of nutrient management.
 Exhibition about advanced farming system & bio control measures.
 Awareness training on diversified farming.
 Emphasis on timely supply of irrigation water

PROBLEM CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF
SUGARCANE
Low yield of
sugarcane
Aberrant
weather
condition
Highwindspeed
Disease infection(red
rot and grassystunt)
Use of
infected
plantingsetts
fromlocal
collection
Infestationof pest(top
borer/shootborer,
termite)
Improperpest
management
practice
Highcost of
plant
protection
chemicals
Improperwater
management
Lack of irrigationin
rabi
Reductionin
soil fertility
No soil testing
Severe weed
infestation
Highspacing
withmoistsoil
Lack of
intercroppin
g
Lessuse of
chemicalsforweed
control
Labour problem
Highlabour
cost
Migrationof labour
Insufficientfund
Nonavailabilityof
loansby banks
Low yieldin
ratooningImproperratoon
management
Highlabourcost
Lack of
knowledge about
modernpractices
Extensiongap
Lack of farmer
awareness

SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTOR;
 Lack of technical knowledge.
 High labour cost.
 Lack of dissemination of extension service.
 Lack of credit facility.
 Poor farmer.
BIO PHYSICAL FACTOR:
 Lack of quality planting material.
 Infestation of disease pest.
 Sever weed infestation
 Aberrant weather condition.
 Lack of irrigation.

CONCLUSION:
From the above decision we came to know the causes of low yield of sugarcane in village
Kanakpur. the major problem among them are quality planting material disease& weed infestation.
INTERVENTION;
 Popularizations of resistantvarieties.
 Credit facility
 Emphasis on supply of irrigation water.
 Training& demonstration on cultivation practices of sugarcane

BANANA
Low yield of banana
Abnormal
weather
condition
Highwindspeed
Scorching
sunlight
Disease problem
(sigatokaleaf spotand
bunchytop
Use of
infected
planting
material
Impropersucker
treatement
Infestationof pests(stem
weevil,termite,aphid)
Improper
applicationof
fertilizers
Lack of
proper
orchard
managemen
t
Lack of
knowledge
aboutplant
protection
chemicals
No applicationof
recommendeddose of
fertiliser
Highcost of fertiliser
Lack of knowledge
Depletionof soil health
Improperdrainage during
rainyseason
Inadequate applicationof
organicmanure
Severe weed
problem
Highinitial
cost of
weeding
Onlymanual
weeding
Highlabourcost
Nonapplicationof
herbicides
Unavailabilityof quality
plantingmaterial
Labour problem
Highlabour
cost
Migrationof
labour Improperdenavellingand
bunchtreatment
Impropercare of
orchard
No propping
No soil testing

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR:
 Migration of labour
 Non-availability of inputs in proper times
 Lack of quality planting material
 Inadequate application of organic manure
 Lack of proper plant protection
BIO-PHYSICAL FACTOR:
 High infestation of diseases like Sigatoka, Bunchy top
 High infestation of pests Stem weevil, aphid
 Inadequate weather
CONCLUSION:
From the above analysis, we have found many reasons for the low yield of
banana out of which lack of quality planting material and severe disease and pest
infestation are very important.
INTERVENTION:
 Popularization of resistant varieties through training and demonstration
 Availability of credit facilities
 Proper balanced nutrient management.

TOMATO

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OFLOW MILK
PRODUCTION

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF IMPROPER
GROWTH OF GOAT
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTOR:-
Improper growth of goat
Improper feeding
Unavailability of fodder
High mortality
of kids
No vaccination
Improper care and
sanitation

 UNAVAILABILITY OF FODDER.
 IMPROPER CARE AND MANAGEMENT
BIOPHYSICAL FACTOR:-
 HIGH MORTALITY
 NO VACCINATION
By the above discussion, the problem obtained from farmers can be solved by training and
demonstration by various institution by KVK, DDA, DDH, DOF, CDVS.
FARMING COMPONENT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION:
The analysis based on individual farm component which is involved in the farming
system is known as farming component analysis .With the help of this tool we can know
what are the crops grown in that village, what are the varieties of respective crops and the
economics of production.
COMPONENT VARIETY/BREED AREA
(Acre)
EXPENDITURE
(Rs./Acre Or Unit)
INCOME
(Rs./Acre Or
Unit)
NET RETURN B:C RATIO
RICE SWARNA, LALAT, PUJA,
KHANDAGIRI, KRANTI,
MTU-1001
96 15000 31250 16250 2.08 :1
SUGARCANE Co-419, Co-1148, Co-
6200
20 25000 50000 25000 2.0 :1
COTTON VARALAXMI, CHIRUTHA,
BANNI
8 22000 65000 43000 2.95 :1
TOMATO DESI (OP VAR.) 2 18000 35000 17000 2.3 :1
BRINJAL DESI LOCAL 2 20000 60000 40000 3 :1
BANANA BANTALA, BATISHA,
GRAND NAINE
8 35000 100000 65000 2.85 :1
POULTRY DESI BROILER 200 (No.) 5000 12000 7000 2.4 :1
DAIRY JERSEY, DESI 57 (J=5,
D=52
17000 + 9000
=26000
70000+25000
=95000
69000 4 :1
FISHERY ROHU, KATLA, MRIGAL 7 8000 30000 22000 3.75 :1
MANGO BANGANPALLI, SINDURI 2 8000 30000 22000 3.56 :1
OKRA ARKA ANAMIKA,
PARVANI KRANTI,
BARSA UPAHAR
2 8000 15000 7000 1.95 :1
CONCLUSION:
From this we have concluded that the area under cultivation of paddy is highest in that
village among other crop components. The major varieties of Rice grown are SWARNA,
LALAT, PUJA, KHANDAGIRI, KRANTI, MTU-1001, RANIDHANA. The B-C ratio is highest in
dairy component. Higher income is generated through Banana cultivation. Lowest income

is generated in Okra cultivation due to frequent disease pest attack. The expected yield of
Sugarcane is not achieved due to unavailability of quality planting material and market
facility.
1ST GROUP (RAWE-2013-14) Prahalad budhia
Sukru majhi
Meghanad budhia
Biswamber biswal
FARMING SYSTEM ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Farming system represents an appropriate combination of farm enterprises viz.
cropping system, livestock, poultry, dairy, piggery to increase the income level of farmers

without deteriorating the soil fertility. We can access what type of farming system adopted
and the no of families involved in each farm component with the help of this vital PRA tool.
FARMING SYSTEM NO. OF FAMILIES
AGRICULTURE 30
AGRICULTURE + ANIMAL HUSBANDARY 23
AGRICULTURE + LABOUR 5
AGRICULTURE + A.H.
+ HORTICULTURE
4
AGRICULTURE + PISCICULTURE 6
CONCLUSION:-
From the above diagram, we have concluded that agricultural crops are taken by the
majority of the farm family. Animal husbandry is also a major component. The major field
crops are rice, sugarcane. In animal husbandry component
FACILITATORS: PARTICIPANTS:
44%
34%
7%
6%
9%
% OF FAMILIES
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE + A.H
AG. + LABOUR
AG.+ A.H. + HORT.
A.G.+ PISCICULTURE

1st Group (RAWE 2013-14) Prahalad budhia
Sukru majhi
Meghanad budhia
Biswamber biswal
SL
NO.
PROBLEM PROPOSED ACTIVITY LINKAGE TO BE CARRIED
OUT BY
YEAR
FOR RICE
1 SEVERE INCIDENCE
OF BLAST AND
BLIGHT
TRAINING/ DEMONSTRATION ON
IDM
KVK KVK/DDA/DOA 1ST
2 HIGH INCIDENCE OF
PESTS LIKE STEM
BORER AND BPH IN
RICE
TRAINING/DEMONSTRATION IPM KVK KVK/ DDA 1ST
3 MONO CROPPING
OF PADDY
TRAINING ON DIVERSIFICATION
WITH VEGETABLES
DEMONSTRATION ON CROP
KVK OFT/ FLT/
TRAINING
1ST
ACTION PLAN

DIVERSIFICATION
4 INDISCRIMINATE
USE OF
FERTILISERS
TRAINING ON SOIL TEST BASED
FERTILISER APPLICATION
KVK KVK/DOA(Under
RKVY)
2ND
5 LESS APPLICATION
OF ORGANIC
MANURES
TRAINING ON GREEN MANURE,
DEMONSTRATION ON
PREPARATION OF NADEP
COMPOST
KVK/DDA KVK/DDA 2ND
6 SEVERE WEED
INFESTATION IN
MEDIUM LAND
FLD AND TRAINING ON IWM KVK KVK 3RD
7 USE OF FARMER’S
OWN SAVED SEEDS
TRAINING OR DEMONSTRATION ON
SEED PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
KVK/ATM
A
AICCIP/KVK 3RD
FOR SUGARCANE
8 SEVERE PEST
INFESTATION IN
SUGARCANE
TRAINING ON IPM KVK KVK/DDA 1st
9 SEVERE WEED
INFESTATION IN
SUGARCANE
TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION
ON IWM
KVK KVK 1st
10 RED ROT IN
SUGARCANE
ON IDM/KVK
KVK/ DDA 1st
11 IMPROPER WATER
MANAGEMENT DUE
TO DRYING OF
CANAL
TRAINING ON USE OF
SUPPLIMENTAL IRRIGATION
SOURCES(DRIP IRRIGATION)
DDA KVK/DDA/DOA 2nd
12
LODGING AND
BREAKING OF
SUGARCANE DUE
TO WIND
TRAINING ON WRAPPING AND
PROPPING OPERATION
KVK KVK/DDA 2nd
13 LOW YIELD IN
SUGARCANE
RATOON
-TRAINING ON PROPER RATOON
MANAGEMENT
-TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION
ON SSI SYSTEM
DDA/KVK KVK/FLT 3rd
14 REDUCTION IN SOIL
FERTILITY
TRAININNG SOIL TEST SAVED
NUTRIENT
KVK KVK/DDA 3rd
15 INSUFFICIENT
KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT HERBICIDES
AND ITS
DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING
ON IWM IN SUGARCANE
DDA/KVK KVK/DDA/ATMA 3rd

APPLICATION
FOR BANANA
16 UNAVAILLABILITY
OF QUALITY
PLANTING
MATERIAL IN
BANANA
TRAINING DEMONSTRATION ON
PROPER MANAGEMENT OF
BANANA SUCKER
DDA/KVK ATMA/KVK/DDA/N
HM
1st
17 SEVERE INCIDENCE
OF BUNCHY TOP
DISEASE IN
BANANA
DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING
ON MANAGEMENT OF INSECTS
VECTOR
KVK KVK/NHM/DDA/AT
MA
1st
18 LODGING OF
BANANA PLANT
ON MANAGEMENT OF BANNANA
ORCHARD DURING EXTREME
CONDITION
DDA KVK/DDA/ATMA/N
HM
2nd
19 HIGH INITIALLY
WEEDING COST
DUE TO MANUAL
WEEDING
INTERCROPPING WITH SHORT
DURATION VEGETABLES AND
FLOWERS LIKE MARIEGOLD AND
TUBEROSE
KVK KVK/DDA/ATMA/D
OA/GKM
3rd
2o IMPROPER
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
TRAINING ON INM IN BANANA KVK/DDA
/DDH
KVK/DOA/ATMA/G
KM
3rd
FOR VEGETABLES
21 LOW YIELD OF
OKRA DUE TO YMV
INFESTATION
TRAINING ON IPM KVK NHM/KVK/ 1st
22 LOW YIELD OF
OKRA DUE TO
FRUIT BORER
INFESTATION
TRAINING ON IPM AND RESISTANT
VARIETY
KVK NHM/KVK/ATMA 2nd
23 LOW YIELD OF
BRINJAL DUE TO
FRUIT AND SHOOT
BORER
TRAINING ON IPM IN BRINJAL KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 1st
24 LOW YIELD OF
BRINJAL DUE TO
MILD DISEASE
TRAINING ON`IDM KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 2nd
25 LOW YIELD OF
TOMATO DUE TO
LEAF CURL
ON MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING
PESTS IN TOMATO
KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 2nd
26 LOW YIELD OF
TOMATO DUE TO
FRUIT BORER
ON BORER IN TOMATO
KVK NHM/KVK/GKM 1st
27 LOSSES DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF STORAGE NHM/DD 1st

ABBRIVIATION:-
ATMA:- Agricultural Technology management Agency
IMPROPER
STORAGE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE AND ZECC H
DOA/DDA/NHM
FOR ANIMAL & BIRD
28 UNAVAILLABILTY OF
CATTLE FEED
FODDER CULTIVATION IN
WASTELAND
KVK DOV 1st
29 LOW YIELD OF MILK
BY DESI COW
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION DOV DOV 1st
30 ANIMAL AND BIRD
DISEASE
VACCINATION CDOV DOV/KVK 2nd
FOR PISCICULTURE
31 LACK OF
TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT
PISCICULTURE
TRAINING ON PISCICULTURE KVK/DOF KVK/DOF 1st
FINGER
LINGS/YEAR LINGS
IN PROPER TIME
DEMONSTRATION ON FINGER LING
PRODUCTION
DOF KVK/DOF 1t
33 HIGH COST OF FISH
FEEDING
DEMONSTRATION ON LOW COST
FISH FEED PRODUCTION,IFS
KVK/DOF
/DDA
KVK/DOF/DDA 2nd
DRUDGERY & UNEMLOYMENT
34 DRUDGERY IN
FARM WOMEN
-TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION
ON MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
-POULTRY IN BACKYARD OF HOME
KVK/DIC/DOA/SH
G/ATMA
1st
35 UNEMPLOYMENT
OF RURAL YOUTH
-ESTABLISHMENT OF
AGROSERVICE CENTRE FOR FARM
MECHANISATION
-OFF SEASON VEGETABLE
SEEDLING CULTIVATION
-MUSSHROOM CULTIVATION
-MAKING OF HANDICRAFTS
POULTRY,GOATERY,HONEYBEE
REARING,DEVELOPMENT OF
IMPROVED
COMPOST,VERMICOMPOSTING
KVK KVK/DOA/NHM/DI
C
1st

DIC:- District Industry Center
AICCIP:- All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project
DOA:- Department of Agriculture
DOSC:- Department of Soil Conservation
DOV:-Department of Veterinary
DOF:- Department of fishery
FLD:- Front line Demonstration
GKM:- Gramena Krishaka Manch
KVK:- Krishi Vigyana Kendra
NFSM:- National Food security mission
NHM:- National Horticultural Mission
OFT:-On Farming Testing
RRTTS:- Regional Research & Technology Transfer Station
RKVY:- Rastriya Krishi Vikash Yojana
PHOTO GALLERY OF VILLAGE TOOLS
TRANSECT WALK IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

TRANSPLANTER USED BY VILLAGE FARMER VILLAGE- MAHABANDHA ( KATTA)
DRAWING OF SOCIO RESOURCE MAP BY VILLAGERS WITH STUDENTS

PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT TOOLS IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT TOOLS IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR
VISIT TO FARMER FIELD IN VILLAGE KANAKPUR

TRAINING
AND DEMONSTRATIONS
1(A)-TRAINING ON CULTIVATION OF
SUMMER RICE

The main objective of summer rice is to increase the fertility of soil & production of rice after
kharif paddy. Generally, the field remains fallow after kharif rice, so the field should be properly
used so that the production, fertility of soil, and income can be increased.
SEED:-Depending on the soil type, climatic condition, insects &pests attack, thesuitable variety
should be selected. About 30kg seed is required for 1acre of land.
EARLY VARIETY MEDIUM VARIETY LATE VARIETY
Parijata(90 Days) Lalat (125Days) Swarna(140Days)
Khandagiri Konarka Padmini
Udayagiri Surendra
To remove the chaffy materials from the seed, 165gm salt solution is made in 1.0 lt of
water. The floating seed and chaffy material is removed from the solution & then seed should be
cleaned properly with fresh water. Then the seed is soaked in hot water for the 2 hours & put in the
polythene or wet gunny bag, so that the seeds can be germinate quickly
NURSERY BED PREPARATION:-400m2
is required to raise the seedling for 1acre of land. The
nursery area should be properly cleaned& the soil should be ploughed to afine tilth. For
400m2
nursery bed, about 40 basket FYM, 12kg SSP, 2kg MOP should be applied during
preparation of field & mixed properly. Then the pre germinated seed is sown in the nursery.
CARE OF NURSERY BED:-The nursery should be kept wet after initial period of sowing. When
the seedlings germinate to a height of 2inches, the field should be provided with standing water.
After 15 Days 4Kg urea should be applied in 400m2
area. To prevent from insect pest, the nursery
should be applied with 120gm Carbofuran & 600gm Phorate before 1 week of transplanting.
FIELD PREPARATION- The land should be properly labeled. Puddling should be done before 2-3
weeks of transplanting. About 2tonnes of FYM, 23 kg P2O5, 15 kg K2O and 12kg N should be
applied in soil and labeled properly.
TRANSPLANTING-Transplanting should be completed within 2nd
week of January. Seedlings
having 4-5 leaves aregood for transplanting.
INTERCULTURAL OPERATION:-2-3 weeding can be done in broadcasting method and 2
weeding in transplanting method respectively. About 24 kg of N should be applied after weeding.
Again about 12 kg of N should be applied after 2weeks of previous application.

IRRIGATION-Though rice needs more water, about 80-140 cm watering should be done. The
critical stages for irrigation in summer rice are tillering, panicle initiation and milking stage. At these
stages irrigation should be done.
PESTS AND DISEASES-The important pests are stem borer, black headed caterpillar, sucking
pests like hoppers, leaf folders and gall midge. The important diseases are blast, sheath rot, BLB,
BLS, tungro, white tip, ufra.
Control-about 12 kg Carbofuran can be applied for control of stem borer, for control of sucking
pests and hoppers about 400ml
Chloropyriphos and800ml
Carbaryl can be applied.For
control of fungal diseases like
blast, sheath rot about 300g
Carbendazim can be applied.
HARVESTING:-Harvesting
should be done when 80% of
panicle areripened.For storage
the grains should be dried
under sunlight to keep grain
moisture at about less than
12%. So that it remains out of
pest attack and the germinating power will not hampered.
YIELD:-About 25-30 q of rice can be obtained from an acre of land
1(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON INSTALLATION OF
PHEROMONE TRAP
What is a pheromone trap?

“A pheromone trapis a device used to attract opposite sex of organisms particularly the
lepidopteran insect moths. In pheromone trap pheromone lure is used to attract the male moths.
A pheromone trap consists of:
 A Funnel with cover
 Funnel having a handle,one ring and long plasticbag.
 Below the cover there is place to fix the lure.
 Cover can easily fit into the funnel.
 The funnel is attached with a long polythene bag with opening at the other end.
 After fixing the lure the trap unit is installed with the help of a 8-10 ft long straight bamboo pole
inside the crop field.
 The open end of the polythene tied with either by rubber band thread.
 The lures should be changed in every 20 days interval.
 The pheromone trap is installed for monitoring of the insect activity as well as for mass trapping of
the male moths.
When and how to use pheromone trap?
 Pheromone trap installation in the field should be initiated depending upon the infestation of
different insect species at different growth stagesof crops.

 Pheromone lures are host specific i.e, only a particular species is attracted to the lure used in the
trap.
 The traps should be placed in the field 5m inside the border row and 40m apart.
 For oneacrethere is requirement of 2 pheromone traps for monitoring and at least 8 traps for mass
trapping .
 The height of pheromone trap should 30 cm above the height of plant.The height should be
increased according to the growth of the plant.
ADVANTAGE:
 Pheromones are species specific have no hazard to non-target population and natural enemies.
 Minute quantities are needed to attract and kill large number of insects ,so they are
economical(0.01 microgram attract 1 billion males)
 They are non-pollutant and ecologically acceptable.
 Easy means to monitor the buildup of pest population.
DISADVANTAGE:
 Pheromones for the entire pest are not yet know.
 Pheromones can attract one sex,the other sex could still be there to do the damage.
Quick results cannot be obtained with pheromones and hence they are not suitable as short term
control measures.

Female sex pheromone identified in the insects:
SL NO. NAME OF THE INSECT PHEROMONE
1 Silkworm, Bombyx mori Bombykol
2 Gypsy moth, Porthesia dispar Gyplure, disparlure
3 Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Gossyplure
4 Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Looplure
5 Tabbaco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Spodolure, litlure
6 Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Helilure
7 Honey bee queen, Apis spp Queen’s substance
8 Cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Grandlure
Delivered By:-
SARITA PRADHAN (3B/10)
PRAMOD KUMAR SABAR (4B/10)
SHITIKANTHA DAS (5B/10)
TEJASWINI NAYAK (6B/10)
2(A)-TRAINING ON KITCHEN GARDEN
INTRODUCTION:
It is a type of garden where the vegetables and short duration fruit crops are grown in backyard
of the residential building to meet the requirement of family round the year.

For a human being per capita consumption of vegetables per day is 400gm.In Odisha although
many peoples take fish and meat in their diet they should take at least 250-300gm fresh
vegetables. So to meet quality fresh vegetables it is advised to grow vegetables in the backyard of
their buildings. This practice is known as kitchen garden.
IMPORTANCE:
 It helps in supply fresh vegetables.
 BY working in garden their health remains good.
 It helps in lowering down the vegetable cost of the family.
 It provides more or less continuous supply of vegetables throughout the year according to their
season.
 It provides family daily with fresh vegetable rich in nutrient and energy.
 Vegetables grown in the kitchen garden are free from insecticides and pesticides pollution.
 The unused materials viz. kitchen left over and water can be efficiently used.
PROCEDURE:
The people who should grow the garden have a good knowledge about the garden otherwise they
should gain some knowledge about that. They must have knowledge about Seasonal cropping,
mixed cropping, cropping pattern, crop calendar, seed sowing, seed transplanting, irrigation,
fertilizer and application of insecticides and harvesting.
The size of the kitchen garden depends upon the availability of land, the no of person for whom
vegetables to be grow. For maintaining the demand of a 5-6 members of a family 200mm2
area is
sufficient. For protecting the garden from cattles, goats and sheeps. So fencing is best for this
purpose.
Following rules to be obeyed for good kitchen garden:
 For gardening the larger plot should be divided in to small plots. The plot should be of 3.5-
2.5m.Drainage channel should be designed between each 2 plot for irrigation.
 The field does not remain fallow in any time of the year.
 Short duration crops like guava, pappya, drumstick are planted in backyard of the house.
 Crops like pumpkin, ridge gourd, cucumber are grown in corner of the garden.
 Mostly used vegetables are given more emphasis.
 Vegetables are grown in line and the distance should less than general growing pattern .
 Vegetables are grown in succession cropping.
 Cropping pattern should be maintained.
 Due to intensive farming fertilizer requirement is more.

 In kitchen garden different types of vegetables mostly hybrid seeds are used.
 The waste materials of the house should be composted in a compost pit. Vermicomposting also
done.
 Generally organic practices are followed.
2(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON LAYOUT OF KITCHEN
GARDEN
AREA CALCULATION OF KITCHEN
(a) Let the total area required for vegetable= 140 sq.m
(b) Total area required for fruits=43 sq.m
(c) Area required for channels, ridges, path, compost pit etc=77 sq.m
Total= 260 sq.m

DIMENSION OF KITCHEN GARDEN
The total area required for kitchen garden for a family of 5 adult is 260 sq.m
Though 260 sq.m = 13m x 20 m
Therefore, let length of kitchen garden will be 20 m and 30 m respectively
CROP ROTATION TO BE FOLLOWED
There are all together 10 nos of plots of size 4mx3m are available in garden.
The crop rotations to be followed in the kitchen garden are given below:
1. Brinjal (July - February) + Okra (March- June)
2. Chilli ( February- June ) + cucumber ( July - October) + Radish ( Nov-January)
3. Onion(October- February) + Brinjal (March- September)
4. Potato(October-January)+ Cowpea( Feb- may)+ Cauliflower (Early) (July- September)
5. French Bean (July-Sep) + Tomato (Sep. - Dec.)+Radish(Jan.-Feb) +Cowpea (March-June)
6. Cabbage (Sep.- Dec.)+ Bottle Gourd( Jan.-April)+ Amaranthus (April-June)+ Basella ( July-Aug)
7. Sweet Potato ( Aug. – Dec.)+ Cucumber (Jan- April)+ Amaranthus (May-June)
+ Basella (June-July)
8. Spinach (October- December)+ Brinjal (Jan.-June)+ okra(June-September)
9. Guar (July- Oct.)+ Carrot ( Nov- Feb)+ Pumpkin( Feb - June)
10. Tomato (July- Oct.)+ Pea( Nov.- Jan.) + Bitter Gourd (February -June)
YIELD OF DIFFERENT CROPS IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN
PLOT NO. VEGETABLES YIELD
1 Brinjal 20kg
Okra 6kg
2 Chilli 6kg
Cucumber 15kg
Radish 20kg
3 Onion 25kg
Brinjal 20kg
4 Potato 20kg
Cow pea 7kg
Cauliflow er(early) 12kg
5 French bean 7kg
Tomato 20kg
Radish 20kg
Cow pea 7kg
6 Cabbage 20kg
Bottle gourd 24kg
Amaranths 7kg
Basella 12kg
7 Sw eet potato 20kg
Cucumber 15kg

Amaranths 7kg
Basella 12kg
8 Spinach 10kg
Brinjal 20kg
Okra 6kg
9 Guar 6kg
Carrot 16kg
Pumpkin 24kg
10 Tomato 20kg
Pea 5kg
Bitter gourd 24kg
Sub-total 453kg
Perennial plot(vegetables)
1.Yam-5 plants 15kg
2.Ridge gourd-4 hills 12kg
3.Drumstick-4 plants 40kg
4.Curry leaf-1 plant -
SUB-TOTAL 67kg
GRAND TOTAL 520kg
Perennial plot(Fruits)
1.Papaya-4 plants 160kg
2.Banana(Ripe)-3plants 51kg
3.Lemon-2 plants 8kg
TOTAL 219Kg
Delivered By:-
HARIPRIYA BAGH (7B/10)
SUGYANI SETHI (8B/10)
JNYANA RANJAN DIGAL(9B/10)
3(A)-TRAINING ON RODENT CONTROL
Rodents (rats) possess a great problem for the farmers either in field or store house. They are
the threat to the household properties, crops as well as to the human health. They transmit plague,
jaundice like diseases. They accounts for about 33% losses of food grains.
Generally, 2 types of rats are seen. They are
1. House rat (Rattus rattus) –seen in house
2. Field rat-(Bandicota benghalensis) – seen in field.

(HOUSE RAT) (FIELD RAT)
Rodent control
Generally 2 methods are used for controlling the rodents.
1- Non-chemical method
2- Chemical method
1-Non chemical method
A.Physical method
a. Construction of rat proof store house
-The store house should be far from the rat habitat.
-It should have sufficient plinth.
-There should not be water logging condition near the store house.
-The floor of store house should be cement concreted.
-The widows should be well bounded by wire net (24 gauge).
b. Creating unfavourable condition for rodents.
Two things are generally essential for multiplication of rats.
1. Food 2.Habitat
In the absence of any of these they are not able to multiply properly. In order to check their
population,
-The rat repellents can be used for this.
-The foods should be kept in a safety place.

B. Mechanical method:
-Use of ultrasonic sound.
-Rat traps like wood box trap, banana leaf trap, metallic trap, bamboo trap etc.
-Glued ribbon can be used.
C. Cultural method:
-Deep ploughing of field to destroy the rat holes.
-Proper cleaning of the store house.
-Flooding irrigation.
D. Biological control:-Salmonella biocontrol agent is used.
2-Chemical method-
Rat poisons are of three types
a. Single dose poison-Zn-phosphide, Berium carbonate, Attu etc.
b. Multi dose poison-Warfarin, Cumachlor, Paival, Difasion, Fumarin, P.S.P, Rhodofairin, Ratafin,
Bromadiolan, Bodyfax etc.
c. Fumigants-Al phosphide, TEPA, METEPA etc. it creates sterility in male rats.

(MOVEMENT OF RAT) (TYPE OF RATS)
(RAT TRAPS)
3(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON APPLICATION OF
MULTIDOSE POISON
Poison bait preparation
Zn phosphide- 6g
Cereal powder – 92g
Edible oil- 2
Total- 100g

1ST
DAY- Add 2g edible oil with 92g cereal powder and divide it into 5 parts. Keep each part on the
way of rat; so as the rat can easily eat it.
2ND
DAY- Again the bait is given without adding poison in it, as because the rat may not eat it by
doubt.
3RD
DAY- After giving 2 pre-baiting at the 3rd
day the poison bait is given. The Zn phosphide poison is
prepared; it is made into a no. of balls and kept at different places.
4TH
DAY- The remaining poison is made underground and the dead rat is collected and dug
underground.
5TH
DAY- Again the poison less bait is repeated.
6TH
DAY- If the rats eat the bait, then again poison less bait is given.
7TH
AND 8TH
DAY-The poison bait is applied at night and the dead rat with remaining poison baits are
dug underground.
PRECAUTION-
1. The children should be kept away from the poison baits.
2. Use globe on hand at the time of application.
3. After application of poison bait, the hand should be washed properly.
DeliveredBy:-

SUBHASHREE MALLIK (10B/10)
DEBA PRASAD PANDA (11B/10)
SAMEER RANJAN MISHRA (12B/10)
4 (A)-TRAINING ON INTER CULTURE OPERATION IN
RICE

Paddy is one of the important cereal crops of India. Maximum production depends on paddy.
The production and productivity of paddy declines upto 44-47% due to weed infestation.To control
weeds a good intercultural operation method should be adopted.The major weeds of paddy field
are:-
Echinochloa crusgalli
E.glaberescens
E.colona
Eleusine indica
Ischaemum rugosum
Cyperus rotundus
Initial 50 DAS is the main period for critical crop weed competition.
Echinochloa colona

In upland:-Initial 40 DAS is critical period for crop weed competition. Generally paddy is sown by
broadcasting method. Apply N2 at 15-20 DAS. Manual weeding can also be done. Hoeing should
be done at 40 day after seedling
emergence. In upland apply alachloror machet
@ 4.5t/ha as pre-emergence herbicide. At
medium and lowland if broadcasting is done
the weed infestation will be more. If proper
control measures aren’t adopted yield
reduction was upto 50-70%. In upland 30% in
irrigated land and 20-27% in transplanted rice
field. Mechanical weeding should be done at
35-45 DAS. Beushaning and khelua
operation practiced at 30 DAS. Top dressing of ½ N2 should be done at that time. Propanil @3kg
a.i/ha or MCPA@0.8kg ai/ha should be applied.
A INTERCULTURE IN SRI:-Hand weeding, cono weeder , Mandua weeder is used for weed
control operation. Weeding should be done at 10-12 DAT for 1st
time and subsequent weeding
should be done at 10-12 days interval.
B.INTERCULTURE IN HYBRID RICE:- 2 weeding at 21 DAT and 35 DAT should be done.Top
dressing of rest 30 kg N2 should be done at that time.Chemical weedicide should be applied.
C. INTERCULTURE IN IMPROVED METHOD:-2 weeding at 3 week after transplanting and
5weeks after transplanting.Apply butachlor 1lt at 4DAT or pretilachlor 600 ml in 20kg
sand/acre.Top dressing of rest N2 should be done at that time. Weed control can be done by 3
methods:-
1.Preventive Method:-Weeds can be controlled by proper crop management practices.By sowing
more seeds weed infestation can be less. Clean cultivation should be practiced.
2.Mechanical Method:-Weeds can be controlled by summer
ploughing, hoeing ,earthing up ,manual weeding, flooding,
smoother crops.Different weeder are now available.
CONO WEEDER

3.Chemical method:-In upland 800 ml butachlor/acre or 250 ml ronstar or 500 ml goal in 400 lt
water should be applied as pre emergence.
1. In medium land 1lt satern/acre or 1330 ml stomp or 500 ml erosion in 400 lit water should be
sprayed.In lowland 1500ml stomp or 1200ml satern in 400 lt water should be sprayed.The can
also be broadcasted with 20 kg sand with little standing water in the field.

4 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON HERBICIDE APPLICATION
IN RICE
Pre-emergence application of herbicide is applied in case of
Direct sown is 0-3 DAS and in
Transplanted condition:-10 DAT
After 4 weeks physical weeding is done. Sometimes safener is used.
APPLICATION TECHNIQUE:- In transplanted condition butachlor @ 1-1.5kg/ha was applied.
Applied as granular-form and broadcasted in flooded condition , settles in soil cuts on germinating
weed. Echinochloa and some broadleaved weeds can be controlled by this.
UPLAND PADDY:-Aqueous spray develop tolerant to bacterial leaf blight. For weed sedges,
application of oxadiargyl and anilphos was done. Oxidizon (500-750g/ha) is a wide spectrum
herbicide in direct sown rice. Combination of 2-3 herbicide , supplement with 1-2 hard inter row
tillage.
NURSERY:- Pyrazosulfuron - 15-20 g/ha
Thiobencarb - 1-1.5 kg/ha
Butachlor - 1-1.5 kg/ha
Butachlor , pretilachlor , suitable safener was mixed in the tank and was applied to germinating
seedling. Pyrazosulfuron and sand was mixed and applied after seeding is effective in nursery.
DeliveredBy:-
SUJAN KUMAR NARENDRA (13B/10)
ASUTOSH PANIGRAHI (14B/10)
ANJALEE PANDA (15B/10

5(A)- TRAINING ON SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION OF
BANANA
Banana is one of the most important Indian fruit. It contains more amount of vitamins (vit a,
B complex, D), carbohydrates (27%), protein (1-2%), phosphorous, calcium and iron then most of
the fruits and vegetables. Raw fruit of banana is eaten as vegetable and ripe fruit is eaten as such.
banana is also used in many of religious events i.e. marriages, festivals etc. banana fruit can be
processed to produce jam, biscuits, chips, ice-creams, cold drinks and many other processed
products. Pseudo stem and male inflorescence of banana can be eaten by making its curry.
Banana leaf is used as plates for eating in many times. Stem of banana can be processed to make
tissue paper and paper. Banana flour is used to prepare many baby foods.2 dozens of banana
each of 100g is sufficient to provide energy (2400 calorie) to a common people.
Soil and climate: banana can be cultivated in all types of soil but organic matter rich deep
alluvial, lateritic soil with good drainage are most suitable for commercial cultivation of banana. It
performs better in soil with pH 5.5-7.0. As banana is a shallow rooted crop it cannot withstand
water stagnation for long time , as it affects the yield of the crop.
Banana is a warm and humid tropical fruit. It needs sufficient rainfall year round. Optimum
temperature for banana cultivation is 20-36°C. it can tolerate a temperature up to 1-40°C but high
wind speed during cool winters and hot summer are enemy of banana plant. An annual rainfall of
1200mm is sufficient for the crop. To prevent the plant from the wind break can be provided.
Variety: in Odisha mainly two types of banana are cultivated.
1. For ripe fruit
a. Yellow fruited
b. Green fruited
2. For raw fruit
Yellow fruited variety: These types of fruit are useful and most preferred by the peoples.
1. Champa, Chakrakeli: plant is tall, can be grown in areas with less rainfall. Resistant to wilt,
bunchy top disease. Bunch weight: 15kg.
2. Rasthali( patakpura silk): it is most preferred variety. Due to more plant height it cannot
tolerate high wind speed. After ripening the fruit attains yellow colour. Fruit is fleshy, sweet
with pleasnt aroma and have good keeping quality hence this variety is most preferred by
the farmers. Bunch weight-10 to 15 kg. This variety is susceptible to wilt disease.

Green fruited variety: these varieties are become popular day by day because these are dwarf
varieties. Eg: robusta (harichhal), Dwarf Cavendish (basrai). These varieties are short heighted
and tolerate high wind speed. These are resistant to wilt but are susceptible to sigatoka and
bunchy to disease. Bunch weight 14-20 kg. Fruits are sweet, tasty with pleasant aroma.
In hills hill banana (birupakshi) can be cultivated suitably.
Propagation: banana is generally propagated by vegetative method. Banana generally consists of
two type of sucker.
1. Sword sucker: Stem is narrower towards the tip and leaves are sword like. These types of
sucker are suitable for commercial propagation of the plant.
2. Water sucker: These suckers are uniformly thick throughout the length and leaves are
wide. This sucker cannot grow properly and are not suitable for commercial method of
propagation.
For commercial plantation of banana tissue culture banana are most suitable. These plant doesn’t
give more yield then the plant propagated by the suckers but are more resistant to disease pest
and matures at a time hence easy to harvest and transport to distant market.
Land preparation: the land is ploughed 2-3 times and medium and tall variety are planted at a
spacing of 2×2m and dwarf variety at 1.5×1.5m by trench or pit method of planting.
Time of planting: tall variety- June, Dwarf variety- Feb.-march. Banana is a fruit which is available
throughout the year. Hence in commercial planting plants are planted 3 times phase by phase
throughout the yr give year round yield.
Sucker treatment: treat the suckers with carbendazim (1g/l) and carbofuran (2g/l) before planting.
Preparation of pit before planting: pit size of 2’×2’×2’ are dug and a mixture of FYM + top soil
+250g biofertiliser+ 250g SSP is filled in the pit. 5-7 weeks after the filling of pit suckers are planted
in pit.
Nutrient management: banana is a heavy feeder crop. Tissue culture banana grow rapidly but it
needs20% more nutrients then banana planted by suckers.
First year: 300g N+ 100g P2O5 + 300 K2O per plant = 650g urea + 625g SSP + 500g MOP
150g after2 month,
250g after4 month,
250 after6 month
of planting
At the time
of planting
250g after2month,
250 g after6 month
of planting.

Second year/ after first harvest: 650g urea + 300g SSP + 500g MOP per plant
Split of urea: 150g after harvest, 250g after 2 month, 250 after 4 month of planting, SSP should be
applied after harvesting 250 g after harvest and 4 months after first application of MOP.
Water management: no need of irrigation in rainy season. In off season it needs 15-20 l of
water/plant. Winter crop should be irrigated in 8-10 days interval while summer crop in 4-5 days
interval. Irrigation of the crop with drip system save 25% of water and give 20-25% more yield.
Intercultural operation and after care:
1. Intercropping: initial 304 months are suitable to grow short duration vegetables i.e.
coriander, radish, chilli, flowers like marigold, tuberose etc. This prevents weeds in the field.
2. Mulching: mulching maintains optimum temperature of the soil as well as conserves
moisture. Besides this mulching decreases weed problem and also increases yield.
Suitable mulching materials are sugarcane baggase, banana leaves, straw, coconut
leaves, dried grasses etc.
3. Desuckering: repeated emergence of sucker is a important problem in banana. Hence
there is a need of periodic removal of the suckers. All other sucker are cut and killed by
applying kerosene except one. During first harvest the sucker should be 3 month old.
4. Removal of the dried leaves timely is necessary
5. Stacking: as bunch comes out plant is lodged due to bunch weight hence should be
stacked with bamboo or any stick of suitable diameter and length.
6. Care of bunch: when the bunch is completely comes out it should be covered with jute bag
or banana leaf properly to prevent the bunch from the scorching sun and pests.
a. Denavelling: removal of male flowers after coming out of female flowers completely
b. 2-3% spray of urea in bunch
c. To prevent the plant from hot wind and scorching sun plant can be sprayed with
water.
7. After harvesting the pseudo stem should be cut layer wise in 10-15 days interval 2-3 times.
8. Earthing up should be done during rainy season to prevent water logging in root zone, and
also provide anchorage to the plant.
Plant protection: Sigatoka leafspot, wilt and bunchy top are important diseases in banana.
Important pest banana stem weevil.
Yield: dwarf variety yield after 8-9 months and tall varieties yield after 11-12 month of planting.
Generally banana takes 90-150 days to mature after emergence of the bunch depending on the
variety. Cool temperature during ripening delays the process of fruit ripening while warm season
hasten the process. For local market bunch should be harvest when it changes colour and for

distant market bunch should be harvested at 75-80% maturity. Depending on the variety banana
gives 50-60 tons per ha.
5(B)-DEMONSTRATION ON PESTICIDE APPLICATION
Introduction

 Pesticide application plays an important role in pest management by directly killing or
supressing the pest population like insects, mites, fungus, bacteria, etc.
 Pesticide includes fungicide, insecticide, weedicide, rodenticide, etc.
 Most of pesticides are applied in liquid formulation (sprays).
 The main purpose is to cover the target species and safety to non-target organism and the
environment.
For liquid application,the desired forms are:
 Concentrated liquid
 Emulsifiable concentrate
 Suspension
 Solution
 Wettable powder
 Water soluble powder
 Foam
 Mist
 Fog
 Aerosols
METHODS
The different methods of liquid application are:
 HIGH VOLUME SPRAY(HVS)
 LOW VOLUME SPRAY(LVS)
 ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAY(ULVS)
 AERIAL SPRAYING
PROCEDURE
For liquid application, various spraying equipments are used.
Different procedure are followed for different methods of spraying fluids, these are
1.HIGH VOLUME SPRAY(HVS)
 Pesticide diluted with water.
 Droplet size :- 300-500 micron.
 Requirement :-500-1000 lt/ha
2.LOW VOLUME SPRAY(LVS)
 It is 8-25 times more concentrated than HVS
 Droplet size :- 70-150 micron
 Requirement :- 12-125 lt/ha
3.ULTRALOW VOLUME SPRAY(ULVS)

 It is available with special nozzles.
 Droplet size :- 20-70 micron
 Requirement :- 0.6-5.6 lt/ha
4.AERIAL SPRAYING
 It is done at low height.
 Done in early hours of day.
PRECAUTION DURING FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE APPLICATION
1. Do not travel along with the food materials.
2. Check whether the chemical is original or duplicate and then purchase it.
3. Before using the chemical try to know about the product and method of its application.
4. Wearing of mask and gloves are a compulsory.
5. Add the appropriate quantity of chemical to water.
6. With the help of a long stick stir the chemical so that it gets mixed up with water.
7. Use funnel while pouring chemical into the sprayer.
8. Spray the chemical along the direction of wind.
9. Do not blow the nozzle with mouth.
10. After using the chemical wash your body with soap.
11. Avoid contact with the wounded portion.
12. Keep away children while applying the pesticides.
13. Keep the food material at a safe distance from pesticides.
14. In case of illness or drowsiness go through primary treatment like mouth to mouth
respiration and immediately consult a doctor.
15. Give the accurate detail of the chemical to the doctor.
16. Destroy the packing material of the chemical.

Delivered By:-
SOURAV PANIGRAHI (16B/10)
TANMAYA MISHRA(17B/10)
GEETIKRISHNANAIK (19B/10)
6 (A)- TRAINING ON DISEASE PROBLEMS IN KHARIF RICE
1.Blast of rice-
This is the most destructive disease in rainfed upland and irrigated rices caused by the
fungus Pyricularia grisea. The fungus produces lesions on leaves, nodes, neck and grains.
Symptoms:
 Spindle-shaped lesions with brown margin and grayish/ashy centre tapering
towards both ends.
 Black necrotic lesions on the node and around the base of the panicles may occur
resulting in breakdown of panicles and formation of chaffy grains.
Management of Rice Blast:
• Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crops.
• Avoid raising seedlings in upland.
• Apply moderate levels of nitrogenous fertilizer in 3-4 splits (80 kg N/ha).
• Weed out other hosts viz; Cynodron sp and Paspalmn sp.
• Grow resistant/tolerant varieties.
• Give need based spray of some effective fungicides or plant products-Carbendazim
50WP (Bavistin) 2g/l of water,Bael leaf extract (25g fresh leaves/1lit. water),Tulsi
leaf extract (25gm fresh young leaves/1lit. water), Neem leaf extract (200g fresh
leaves/1lit. water)
2.Bacterial blight:

It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Symptoms:
 Water soaked lesions move from tip downwards on the edges of leaves.
 Gradually symptoms turn into yellow and straw coloured stripes with wavy margins.
 In early morning in humid areas yellowish, opaque, turbid drops of bacterial ooze
may be seen.
 In Kresek (wilt) phase, leaves roll completely, droop and plants die completely.
Management of Bacterial blight:
 Use disease free seeds.
 Apply moderate level of Nitrogen (80 kg N/ha) in 3 splits.
 Potash application, alternate drying and flooding in the field help in reducing
infection.
 Seed treatment by soaking 10kg seeds x 20 liters’ of water containing 1.5gm
Streptocycline + 20 gm Captan for 8-10 hours.
 Hot water treatment by soaking the seed for 12 hours in hot water at 530 c for 30
minutes.
 Dip roots of the seedlings in solution of plantomycin (0.1%) or Streptocycline
(0.01%) for 30 minutes.
 Spray fresh cow dung extracts (1kg cow dung in 5 liter water).
3.Sheath Blight:
It is caused by the soil borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani.
Symptom:
 Irregular lesions with brownish margin or sheaths at the base of culms, usually near
water level.
 Lesions gradually coalesce together and extend to leaf blades and give the
appearance of snake scales.
 At times white sclerotia of mustard seed size found on infected sheaths.
Management of Sheath blight:
 Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crops.

 Adopt deep summer ploughing so that sclerotia remaining inside the soil are
brought to hot sunlight.
 Grow sheath blight tolerant varieties in endemic areas.
 Give need based spray of effective fungicides- Carbendazim 50 WP (Bavistin 2.5
g/l of water)
4.Brown spot:
It is caused by the fungus Helminthosporium oryzae.
Symptoms:
 Typically ellipsoidal, oval to circular brown colour lesions appear on the coleoptiles,
leaf blade, leaf sheath and glume.
Management of Brown spot:
 Apply balanced macronutrients NPK .
 Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram @ 3g/kg seed.
 Spray the crop with 0.4% Mancozeb or 0.25% Ziram or 0.2% Carbendazim.
5.Sheathrot:
The disease is caused by the fungus Sarocladium oryzae.
Symptoms:
 from sheath prevents panicle exsertion and in severe infection total panicle become
Infection occurs on the upper most leaf sheath generally at late booting stage.
 Spots are oblong to irregular with gray centre and brown margins.
 Severe infection causes poor exertion of panicles and grains.
Management of Sheathrot:
 Treat the seeds with Bavistin @ 2g/kg seed.
 Spray twice at 10 days interval starting from boot leaf stage with Carbendazim or
0.25 Mopsin-M 70 WP
6.False smut:
It is caused by the fungus is Ustilaginoidea virence.
Symptoms:
 The disease is found on the ear heads only.

 Individual grains are transformed initially into large velvety green masses which
later on become black in colour.
Management of False smut
 Use healthy seeds collected from disease free crop.
 Avoid applying Furadon granules in False smut endemic areas.
 Spray 0.15% Carbendazim or 0.25% Captafol or 0.4% Mancozeb or 0.2% Saff
twice at seven days interval at boot leaf stage.

6 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON PROCESS OF SEED
TREATMENT
STEP-1 - Collect a pot of appropriate size according to the amount of seeds.
STEP-2 -Seeds are taken in this pot according to the need.
STEP-3- After that seeds are treated with proper chemicals.
STEP-4- Spray little amount of water on the seeds.
STEP-5- Mix properly with the help of a stick.
STEP-6- Mixture was left constantly for 20-30minutes in shade place.
STEP-7 -At last coated seeds are sown in the field.
Delivered By:-
CHANDAN KUMAR PANIGRAHI (22B/10)
ASHIS DAS (23B/10)
ADYASHA DAS (24B/10)

7 (A)-TRAINING ON
CULTIVATION OF BRINJAL BY SCIENTIFIC METHODS
INTRODUCTION:-
 Brinjal is an important and staple crop in our state.
 It is used as curry and other delicious items along with other vegetables.
 If we consider about its medicinal properties, white brinjal is beneficial for
diabetic patients.
 Its leaves have Vit-C as main constituent and it is helpful for liver disorders.
SOIL & CLIMATE:-
 Sandy or sandy loam or loam soils are proved to be suitable for brinjal cultivation giving
higher yield.
 pH = 5.5-7.
 Warm & humid climates are suitable. Temperature = 13-21o
C.
LAND PREPARATION:-
For better growth and yield, 2-4 ploughings are to be done, followed by harrowing.
2-5 tonns of well decomposed FYM are mixed with soil.
NURSERY BED PREPARATION:-
Brinjal can be cultivated throughout the year i.e. Spring (Aug.-Sept.), Summer
(Dec.-Jan.) & Rainy (April-May).
SEED RATE:-
For 1 acre of land,
Common variety = 100-150g.
Hybrid variety = 60-80g.
 It takes 3 weeks for the seedlings to be ready for transplanting.
 Then hardening is done and planted in main field.
 The size of the seed bed should be 5m. x 1.2m. x 15cm.
 For 1 hecatre of land, 12 seed beds are required.
TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS:-
 For Spring season, it is done in Aug.-Sept.
 For summer season, it is done in Jan- Feb.

 For Rainy season, it is done in May- June.
SPACING:-
60 cm. x 45 cm. is the recommended spacing for getting an optimum plant
population with better intercropping operations.
VARIETIES:-
The recommended higher yielding varieties are Pusa purple long, Pusa samrat,
Pusa purple round, Akrasheel, Arka Kusumkar, Arka siris (green type), Utkal madhuri,
Swarnamani, Swarnashree, Pusa kranti, Blue star, Annamallai (Aphid resistance)
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT:-
 For getting better yield, the application of FYM should be 80-100 q per acre of land.
 The RDF should be, Urea = 87kgs., SSP = 120 kgs. and MOP = 40kgs. applied per
acre.
 1/3rd
of Urea and full dose of SSP & MOP should be applied as basal.
 Rest Urea is applied in 2 splits i.e. 30 DAP and 60 DAP.
 Boron and Molybdenum should be applied as micro nutrients for better quality fruit.
 For better flowering and fruiting, Planofix hormone should be applied.
IRRIGATION:-
 Irrigation should be applied right after planting with the help of Rose cane.
 In winter season water should be applied in 10-12 days interval and in summer, it is
5-6 days.
 The critical stages of irrigation are Flowering and Fruiting stages.
 Drip irrigation has the higher efficiency.
WEED MANAGEMENT:-
 The critical stages of weed infestation are 40-50 DAP.
 Manual weeding should be done 2 times i.e. 30 DAP and 50 DAP.
 For effective weed control, Fluchloralin and NItrofen should be applied as pre-
emergence @1-1.5kg/ha. And for post-emergence, 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg. a.i. /ha.
DISEASES AND PESTS:-
 The important pests are Shoot and fruit borer, Epilachna beetle, Jassids, Aphids,
White fly , Mealy bug etc.
 For controlling sucking pests, systemic insecticides like Phosphamidon,
Imidacloprid, Metasystox, Systox, Rogor should be applied.
 The important diseases are Damping off, Phomopsis blight, Bacterial wilt, Little leaf.

 For controlling damping off, seed treatment should be done with Thiram, Captan
,Bavistin should be done @ 2-3g./kg. of seed.
 For controlling Phomopsis blight, seed treatment should be done with Thiram,
Captan ,Bavistin should be done @ 2-3g./kg. of seed. Blitox-50 should be applied
as foliar spray.
 For controlling bacterial wilt, Streptocyclin applied @500ml./lit.
HARVESTING & YIELD:-
 Brinjal should be harvested as per the market demand.
 It should be picked as fresh and firm.
 Harvesting should be done after 18-20 days of fruit set.
 Any delay in harvesting results in toughening and discolouring.
 Harvesting should be done 40-60 DAP.
 Yield :
Common variety = 100-200q / acre
Hybrid variety = 200-250 q/acre.
(TRAINING PROGRAMME IN VILLAGE)
7 (B)-DEMONSTRATION ON
NURSERY RAISING AND APPLICATION OF BIO-
AGENTS IN BRINJAL
NURSERY:-

A vegetable nursery is a place or an establishment for raising or handling of young
vegetable seedlings until they are ready for more permanent planting.
NURSERYRAISING:-
• A net area of about 225 sq. meter is required to raised seedlings of one
hectare land.
• Generally the nursery bed is prepared in 7.5 m long, 1 m width and 10-15 cm
height.
• Well decomposed FYM is properly mixed to top soil of the bed @3 kg per sq. meter.
• A fertilizer mixture of 0.5 kg NPK of 15:15:15 per bed should be mixed in the soil at
least 10 days before sowing the seeds.
• Normally 400-500 gm seeds for open pollinated variety & 125-150 gm for hybrids
respectively are required for planting of one ha of land.
• For raising good and healthy seedlings treatments of the seeds in the fungicide
Captan, Thiram, Saaf @ 2 gm/kg of seeds is essential.
• Similarly the seed beds are also to be treated with steam or ½ liter of 40%
Formalin per sq. meter of land. Soon after fumigation the beds are covered with
polythene for 24 hours.
• If the fumigation is not done in the nursery bed, solarisation should be done to
minimize the attack of insect pest with the help of transparent polythene.
• The seeds are sown in rows at a distance of 5 cm. and the depth is 1cm. After the
sowing the rows are covered with a thin layer of FYM.
• Thereafter, the beds are irrigated with a rose cane, light watering is required daily
in the evening.
• For controlling termites, soil should be drenched with Chloropyriphos @2ml./lit.
water.
• Watering should be stopped 5-6 days before the lifting of seedlings, for better
establishment of the seedlings in the main field. It is known as HARDENING OF
SEEDLINGS.

APPLICATION OF BIO-AGENTS:-
Why ?
 Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides results in
toxicity of fruits.
 Application of bio-agents is eco-friendly and very cheap method of
controlling pests and diseases effectively.
 It should be applied at the appropriate stages.
 For controlling Fruit and shoot borer, Trichogramma chilonis ( Egg parasite ) should
be applied @20,000 per acre.
 Larval parasitoid like Bracon harvour should be applied.
 Trichoderma viride should be applied @ 20ml./lit. for controlling causal fungus of
damping off.
 Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens should be done as alternative for wilting.
 Use of Bt @ 400-450g./acre effectively controls the Fruit and shoot borer, which is
the major pest of brinjal.
 For controlling fruit and shoot borer, Beauveria bassiana should be applied.
(DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME IN VILLAGE) ( Tricho card )

( Bt ) ( Trichoderma viride )
( TRAINING& DEMONSTRATION ON BRINJAL )

DeliveredBy:-
ASHOK KUMAR PAIKARAY (18B/10)
ASUTOSH SARANGI (20B/10)
RASHMI RANJAN MAHARANA (22B/10)
EXPOSURE
VISITS

LABORATORY
SOIL TESTING LABORATORY
District level soil testing laboratory was established in 1976-77 in kalahandi. From that
period the laboratory done soil testing for 18 blocks that is for both Kalahandi and Nuapada. After
Nuapada is a new district now the lab works for 13 blocks of kalahandi. DDA,Kalahandi is the head
of the laboratory. Total no. of post 22, 14 offcial members of the lab are
 One soil chemist-Sri Birendranath Mishra
 TwoAAO- Sasmita Mishra, Narendra Panda
 Three JRA( Junior research assistants), three lab assistant
Collection of soil sample from rural farmer:-
 Samples come for testing by two way either through govt. Office(Block level) or through NGOs
 Sample collected by farmers, are taken by VAW(Both in Kharif & rabi season)
 Each Panchayat has 1 VAWs.
 Then all the sample are collected from VAWs, than submitted in Block office are coded. (When
farmer collected their sample they pack 150gm of sample in a thick polythene bag with their name
in a paper in side polythene with soil.)
 From block office sample are bringing to laboratory.
 Then drying hammering and sieving are done and powdered samples are taken in with a cups with
code no. and then testing is progress.
Instrument in soil testing laboratory :-
1. pH meter:- It is used to know the pH of soil i.e., acidic / alkaline soil. It is done by making a solution
of 10gm soil+20ml of Distilled water and set in machine and result is obtained.
2. Conductive meter:- It is used to measuresalt concentration.
3. Spectrphotometer:- It is used to measure organic matter and P-concentration in soil.
Price taken for soil testing:-

Test Sample through Govt. Price Sample through NGOs
pH, EC, OC, NPK Rs 5/- per sample Rs15/- Per Sample
Secondary Mineral(Ca, Mg, S) Rs10/- per Sample Rs 50/- Per sample
Micronutrient(Fe, Cu, Zn, B,Mo, Rs150/- Per sample Rs150/- Sample
Time taken for soil testing:-
 For pH testing:- Result can be given within 30 minute.
 For other test like EC, OC, NPK, Secondary mineral, Micronutrient:- Result can be given within
3days.
At last the soil health card is provided to the farmer through the block office.
In Kalahandi, Kesingha, and sadar block dominated with black cotton soil.
Block like Th.Rampur, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna dominated with red soil.

VISIT TO SEED
PROCESSING PLANT

SEED PROCESSING PLANT
It provide quality seeds to farmers in right time and quantity state government of odisha
with collaboration of state seed corporation and state seed certification agency. Various seed
processing plants are working in different districts of odisha.
 Seed processing plant in Kalahandi working only for paddy processing.
 The capacity of plant is 20000 quintal/year having processing capacity of 4 TPH.
 There is no storage facility inside the plant so the processed seed bags shifted to nearby FCI
godown.
 Efficiency of the machine 25-30%.
 The seeds are taken from registered farmer and processed in plant.
 The fee taken by plant officials RS.15/quintal from farmers.
 The farmers have to pay the transfer, unloading and downloading costs.
 The plant also help for seed marketing. The odisha govt. purchase the processed seed from the
plant.
 For 1 quintal of certified seed farmer can get Rs.1850 in 2 phases
1st
phase-1200/-
2nd
phase-650/-
 For 1 quintal of foundation seed 2000/-
 The paddy varieties processed inside the plant are Khandagiri, MTU-1001, MTU-7029(Swarna),
Konark, Lalat, Pratikhya, Pooja.
 After processing seeds are bagged.
Bags are given by seed testing laboratory, Bargarh.
Tags are given by seed certification officer, Balangir.
ABOUT SEED PROCESSING MACHINE-
 The machine is air screen cleaner with feeder, elevator, blower and 3 screens.
 The screens are working based on sieving mechanism according to particle size like pebbles,
chaffs and grains.
 The pure grains,chaffs and pebbles are collected in 3 outlets.

VISIT TO GANAPATI
BIOTECH
VISIT TO GANPATI BIOTECH

It aims at developing the quality planting material production through tissue culture
techniques.
Protocols for production of tissue culture banana –
Method- Micro-propagation
 1 lakh sterility should be maintained.
 Maximum permissible limit is 5%.
The tissue culture is divided into 2 parts i.e. sterilized area and non-sterilized area.
 In non-sterilized area the taps for hand and leg washing are present.
 Media preparation room-The MS media is prepared
 After the media preparation room we entered into the tissue culture lab for which we have
to pass through the sterilizer providing air blow pressure of 115-120/sq. inch pressure.
 Then we wear aprons and gloves.
 Then we went to the inoculation chamber which is sterilized by UV light.
 After this we visited the chemical storage room where stock solution is prepared and other
chemicals are stored. Then bottles are transfer to multiplication room.
 Multiplication room – here 23-250
C is maintained
 Then the bottles are taken to growth room having capacity of 10000 bottles.
 Then they are taken to the grading room and graded to 4 groups like group A-4cm height,
group B-3cm height, group C-1 cm height(rejected)
 Then they are taken to poly house and kept for 21-30 days called as primary hardening.
 They are taken to net house and kept for 21-30 days called secondary hardening.
 In poly house they are kept in pro tray filled with media containing coco peat, sand and soil
in 1:1:1 ratio.
 In net house they are kept in polythene bags and ready for marketing.
 Total capacity is 12-15 lakhs but now they are producing 50000 seedlings/year.
 They are mostly producing G-9 variety of banana for which they are collecting the meristem
tip from Gujurat.
 G-9 variety has identification mark containing brown spots on leaves.

VISIT TO GRAM
VIKASH TH.RAMPUR
GRAM VIKAS

 To provide the villagers improved life style.
 To include 100% household under water and clean program.
 It is started in 1979 and first work on tribal development.
 Biogas plants are taken to hand in 10 districts through this program.
 Gender development and SHG formation.
 Social forestry work.
 Rural Health Environment Project(RHEP)
 Integrated Tribal Development Project(ITDP), girl child education and school opening.
 Gram vikash is supervised by OTELP
 5 Projects in Th.rampur
 Livelihood project-Agriculture and horticulture development-drip irrigation
system,kantabanjhi and ghutiguda-hydrolic ram,mantiguda and ghutiguda
 Agriculture development-polyhouse, vermicompost, yellow pot, biofertilizer use,SRI, line
sowing,intercropping system
 Support to- ICRISAT,Hyderabad-for pulses and oil seeds
 DPI(dipped pipe irrigation) system-5 villages(mandiguda,kantabanjhi,paladumer,
melkundel,pindapadar)
 Microhydro project-electricity from water and irrigation-5 villages(karlapat,
purneaguma,aonthaguda,karnibel,bijapadar)
 300 acre-WARDY-mango and litchi plantation
 Backyard kitchen garden-827 families
GRAM VIKASH

VISIT TO OTELP
(Orissa Tribal Empowerment & Livelihood
Programme)

OTELP
(Orissa Tribal Empowerment & Livelihood Programme)
Programme focuses on empowering the tribal and enabling them to enhance their food
security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through more efficient
natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed management and
more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-farm/non-farm
enterprise development.
Programme Goal
Empowering the tribal and enabling them to enhance their food security, to increase their income
and improve overall quality of their livelihood.
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
 Building capacity of the communities
 Enhance access & productivity of land, water & Forests
 Encourage off farm enterprise
 Ensure food security
 Strengthen institutional capacity of Govt. agencies & others.
 Build on indigenous knowledge and blend with technological innovations
 Encourage development of pro-tribal environment
Strategy
The overall strategy of the Programme focuses on empowering the tribals and enabling them to
enhance their food security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through
more efficient natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed
management and more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-
farm/non-farm enterprise development. A strong emphasis is placed on promoting participatory
processes, building community institutions, fostering self-reliance, and respecting the indigenous
knowledge and values of tribals. The Programme would adopt a flexible, non-prescriptive, process-
oriented approach to enable the stakeholders to determine the scope of Programme activities, their
timing, pace and sequencing

Programme area
The programme area consists of 30 blocks in eight districts and has a total rural population
of 1.4 million belonging to over 390 000 households. Some 61% of the total population is tribal,
and 12% are scheduled castes. In this light, the programme will adopt an ‘inclusive approach’,
targeting all households living in the participating villages and hamlets in the selected micro-
watersheds. To be eligible, a watershed will have to have a population comprising at least 60%
tribals and scheduled castes. Within this framework, the programme will seek to develop
mechanisms to ensure that special attention is paid to marginalized groups, namely women,
children, underemployed youth, primitive tribal groups, hill cultivators, landless and marginal
farmers and scheduled castes. Extensive participatory rural appraisal (PRA) exercises for poverty
mapping, the identification of self-targeted activities and intensive sensitization programmes are
some of the tools that will be used to achieve this goal
Objective
To achieve this, the programme will: (i) build the capacity of marginal groups (landless and
marginal farmers, women), working either with individuals or their grass-roots institutions, so that
they are better able to plan, implement and manage their own development and to negotiate
improved entitlements; (ii) enhance poor tribal people’s access to land, water and forests and
increase the productivity of these resources in environmentally sustainable and socially equitable
ways; (iii) encourage and facilitate off-farm enterprise development focused on the needs of poor
tribal households; (iv) monitor the basic food entitlements of tribal households and ensure their
access to public food supplies; (v) strengthen the institutional capacity of government
organizations, panchayat raj institutions (PRIs – local self government institutions), NGOs, etc.; (vi)
build on indigenous knowledge and values and blend these with technological innovations to
speed up development; and (vii) encourage the development of an enabling, pro-tribal policy
environment.
Components
Capacity-building for empowerment
The main objectives of this component are to: (i) create effective mechanisms for fostering real
community-level decision-making; (ii) strengthen the capabilities of communities and special
interest groups so that they can handle the launching and management of their own development
and even assist other communities to do the same; and(iii) strengthen the capabilities of the
support agencies, both government and non governmental, responsible for assisting the
communities in their development effort

Livelihood enhancement. This component will consist in the following sub-components:
(i) land and water management; (ii) participatory forest management; (iii) production systems
enhancement; and (iv) community infrastructure. The programme will establish a land and water
management fund that will finance watershed development works selected by the communities
with the guidance of technical experts
Agricultural/horticultural development will be promoted through training and demonstrations in
improved cultural practices, improved varieties, changes in cropping sequences and rotation, and
through conversion of shifting cultivation (podu) to settled cultivation on podu sites through mixed
tree and annual crops
Support for policy initiatives. Since the identification of the programme, the government of
Orissa has taken some important steps to address a number of key policy issues. Through its
support for policy initiatives component, therefore, the programme will support the
operationalization of these initiatives by: (i) providing a legal defence fund to assist tribals and
NGOs in pursuit of land alienation/restoration cases; (ii) establishing mobile squads for detection of
cases and enforcement of land restoration; and (iii) funding land surveying.
Development initiatives fund (DIF). The programme makes provision for a DIF to provide the
flexibility to move additional funds to areas of demand as expressed by communities through a
participatory planning process. It will also permit the implementation of other relevant activities that
may become feasible and attractive in the course of programme implementation.
Programme management. Under this component, the programme will finance (i) operating
expenses for the programme support unit at the state level and the ITDAs; (ii) staff training costs;
(iii) orientation and annual review workshops, including stakeholder workshops; (iv) setting-up of a
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system including process documentation; (v) development of
appropriate communications methodologies taking account of local languages and folklore; and (vi)
documentation of indigenous knowledge, focusing particularly on natural resource management.
Food handling. This component will cover the cost of transport, storage and distribution of the
World Food Programme (WFP) food assistance and the monitoring of its use.
Organization and Management and M&E
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) at the central level and the Scheduled Tribes and
Scheduled Castes Development Department (ST/SCDD) at the state level will be nodal agencies
forthe programme.

At the state level, the programme will have a three-tier management structure as follows: (i)
the SHGs and VDCs as the main implementing agencies at the grass-roots level; (ii) the ITDAs at
the district level; and (iii) a PSU within the ST/SCDD at the state level. Each block will generally be
assigned to a facilitating NGO charged with providing support to SHGs and VDCs for capacity-
building, micro-planning and supervision.
At the community level, the palli sabha (village assembly) at the natural village level will
generally be the basic unit for planning, implementing and monitoring programme activities. Two
thirds of the members of the VDC will be drawn from the office bearers of the SHGs/use
groups/committees, with the remainder selected by the palli sabha to include two members of
PRIs.
In some watersheds, there may be a need for cross-community committees to manage
shared resources or collective activities. A team of village volunteers will provide technical services
to community members and will interface with the support agencies.
At the district level, existing ITDAs, one per programme district, will be strengthened to
coordinate implementation of the programme. Their operational flexibility and autonomy as
registered societies will be restored and their management broadened by including non-
governmental members on the managing body. The restoration of ITDA autonomy will include
empowering the ITDAs to operate bank accounts, establish their own financial and personnel
rules, and enter into contracts with NGOs and other service providers. ITDAs will contract NGOs to
assist the programme villages in social mobilization, capacity-building and participatory planning.
NGOs will engage village animators. The responsibilities of the facilitating NGO will be spelled out
in a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to be entered into between the ITDA and NGO, in a
form and substance approved by IFAD/DFID. In the event that ITDA and the PSU determine that
competent facilitating
NGOs are not available to act as programme partners for social mobilization, the PSU will
submit a proposal to IFAD/DFID for approval to allow the ITDA to be directly involved in initiating
community empowerment and capacity-building activities. The facilitating NGOs will be supported
by resource NGOs, other private-sector providers and/or the line departments for training and
technical and other support.
At the state level, a programme steering committee (PSC) will be established, chaired by
the chief secretary (or alternate) with representation of the KBK administrator,8 key line
departments, the Watershed Mission, independent development experts, the National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development, the Small Industries Development Bank of India, NGOs and
research institutes, with the commissioner (ST/SC), as member secretary, to provide overall policy
guidance to the programme. Similarly, the PSU within ST/SCDD will be headed by a full-time

programme director, responsible to the commissioner/secretary, ST/SC. The PSU will have a small
team of full-time professional staff.
The programme will be monitored and evaluated from the perspective of input, output and
impact. A specialist M&E agency will be contracted to design the management information system.
Emphasis will be placed on participatory M&E to assist the communities in monitoring their
own progress, evaluating performance and identifying implementation issues. Similarly, qualified
service providers will be recruited to carry out periodic impact assessments, thematic and
diagnostic studies, nutrition surveys and environmental monitoring.
The Orissa tribal empowerment & livelihood programme
Is being implemented by Scheduled tribe and scheduled caste development department of govt of
Orissa with financial assistance from the DFID, IFAD &WFP.
Programme cost and sources of fund
Sl no Sources of fund percentage
1 IFAD loan 22
2 DFID assistance 44
3 WFP(by way of food assistance) 14
4 State Govt 11
We have visited the following villages of thualmul Rampur block by the guidance of SMS
(agriculture), ITDA, Kalahandi on 13/12/2013
1) Semelpadar-taken by prayash cooperative(women SHGs) .vegetable nursery and chilli,field pea
radish crops fields were seen
2)Mantriguda-tubere crops and turmeric and hydram for irrigation.
3)Dakakota-WADI,Drip irrigation and intercropping
4)Mardiguda-Origin of Indrabati and vegetable crops
5)Kumadobahal Gram Vikash Campus-Spices and vegetable crops
Also in the above villages other components are taken for over all developments like
i. Land and water management
ii. Agriculture and Horticulture development
iii. Livestock and Aqua-culture development
iv. Rural Finance Services(RFS)

v. Community Infrastructure Fund(CIF)
vi. Development Initiative Fund(DIF)
vii. Participatory Forest Management(PFM)
viii. Capacity Building(CB)
ix. Support for policy initiatives

WELCOMETO
EXPERIENTIAL
LEARNING
PROGRAMME

GROUP-I MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
 Mushroom is a conspicuous umbrella shaped Basidiomycetesfungi belongs to the order
Agaricales .
 It consists of a variety of fungus some are edible and some are not.
 Out of edible mushroom paddy straw mushroom, button mushroom, oyster mushroom,
white milky mushroom are commercially cultivated.
 We have done the cultivation of oyster/dhingri mushroom during our ELP programme.
General information about dhingri/ oyster mushroom:
 It is a wood fungus belongs to the genus Pleuratus.
 Fruiting body: Distinctly shell, fan or spatula shaped with different sets of white, cream, grey
or light brown colour depending on the species.
Different cultivated spp:
Pleuratus florida
P. sapidus,
P. sojarkaju( most cultivated spp)
P. ostreatus,
P. flabellatus.
Substrate used for its cultivation:
 Commonly used substrates are paddy straw, wheat straw, cotton wastes, corn cobs.

 Also cultivated in banana pseudo stem, rice husk, saw dust, coconut wastes, sugarcane
baggage, sunflower stalks etc.
Materials required:(FOR ONE BED)
 Clean chopped straw-2Kg
 Spawn bottle-1 no.(200 gm)
 Polythene bag-1 no.(55 cm x 35 cm)
 Wheat seed-200 gm.
 Lime and fungicide (sixer)
 Thread
 Rose cane
 Rakes
 Dark room
Criteria of an ideal dark room
 Dark room should be well ventilated and care should be taken that there is minimum light
penetration during day time.
 Proper sanitation should be maintained in the room during the growing period.
Steps in mushroom bed preparation
 Collection of required amount of straw.
 Collection of straw cutter.
 Proper cleaning of the straw, panicle portion of the straw should be removed.
 The straw was cut into small pieces of size 2-4”.
 Fill the soaking tank with clean water.
 Mixing of lime1kg/100l and Carbendazim@ 1g/l to the water
 Wash cutted straw in clean water and soak for 12-14 hrs in water.

 After 12 hrs soaked straw should shade dried to a suitable moisture content(65 %).
 200 gm. of wheat seed boiled for 15 minutes in clean water and dried under shade for
draining the water for 15 minutes.
 Holes are made previously in polythene to drain out the excess water, for aeration and
diffusion of heat, generated inside.
 The spawn and boiled wheat grains are divided into 4 parts.
Layering of bed/ preparation of bed
 1st
layer: 5-6” straw+ 1st
part of spawn + 1st
part of boiled wheat
 2nd
layer: 3-4” straw+ 2nd
part of spawn + 2nd
 3rd
layer: 3-4” straw+ 3rd
part of spawn + 3rd
 4th
layer: 3-4” straw+ 4th
part of spawn + 4th
 5th
layer: only 2” of straw covered over the fourth layer
 Keep the beds in dark and cool place for 15 days and then see whether the mycellial
development has completed or not.
 If mycelium development is completed then remove the polythene bag. By this period the
mass of straw is converted to a cake. Keep the whole cake in racks in mushroom house.
 Then after light spraying of water is done over the beds .Sprouting will come out within a
week to 15 days which is harvested after proper development of the fruits.
 Nearly 500 gm. of mushroom can be harvested from a bed at a time. After harvest keep the
bed undisturbed and spray water every day.
Again after 10-13 days another flush will come out which may be harvested, likewise 3-4 harvest
are done. A bed can yield more than 1.5 Kg of mushroom
PRECAUTION:-
1. Sterilization of mushroom chambers for commercial cultivation ,by spraying formalin water(50 part
water and 1 part Formalin)
2. Hands should be washed thoroughly while working.
3. Do not take shoes inside the mushroom house.
4. Before bed making the straw may also be sterilized by dipping the straw in a solution of Bavistin or
Palantomycin @ 1 gm/ltr.of water.

5. Boiling or steaming of straw is also a good practice for killing the contaminants.
6. To maintain humidity in room 2-3 inch sand layers should be given on the floor. Optimum
temperature required is 25-280
C with relative humidity more than 80 %.This mushroom can even
grow better in 16-23 0
C. To lower down the temp. and to keep the room humid gunny bags or
straw seeds may be hanged on walls over which water is sprinkled to provide humidity and cooling
effect.
7. Harvesting is done with a clean hand smoothly or can be cut with a blade so that the mycellial mat
will not be disturbed.
8. Everything should be done in neat and clean manner so that the contamination can be checked.
COST OF CULTIVATION PER BED:
SL NO. ITEM QUANTITY COST(RS)
1 PADDY STRAW 2KG 6.00
2 SPAWN (1 BOTTTLE) 2OO g 15.00
3 POLYETHENE BAG 1NO 3.00
4 LABOUR CHARGES 8.00
5 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS
EXPENDITURE
5.00
TOTAL 37.00
BENEFIT COST RATIO (per bed)
RETURN
 COST OF CULTIVATION: Rs. 37.00
 YIELD PER BED: 1.5kg
 COST OF TOTAL PRODUCE @ RS 80/kg = Rs. 120.00
 GROSS RETURN: Rs:120.00
 PROFIT: 120-37= 83
 B.C. RATIO= GROSS RETURN/COST OF CULTIVATION
=120/37=3.24:1
VALUE ADDITION IN MUSHROOM

 Mushroom is a highly perishable product and it is eaten by people after processing/
cooking.
 Mushroom is a delicious food item and it can be eaten after frying, by making its curry or as
mushroom pakoda.
 Dhingri mushroom is mostly preferred by people as its pakoda.
 For long term storage mushroom can be converted to pickle or can be stored as dried
mushroom flakes.

( ACTIVITIES DURING ELP )
GROUP-IINURSERY MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION OF
VEGETABLE SEEDSLINGS
INTRODUCTION
Nursery is a place where plants are reared until they are ready for final transplanting in the
field. Almost all vegetables crops are propagated by seeds, except a few like sweet potatoes,
asparagus, garlic, potato, which does better if propagated vegetatively. Among the vegetable crops
which are propagated by seeds, most of them like cucurbits, beans, peas, radish, turnip, carrots
and leafy vegetables are sown directly in the fields. Other vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower,
tomato, onion, chilli etc. are first sown in nursery-beds where seedlings are raised and then
transplanted.
What is a nursery?
A nursery could be considered as a location where plants are cared for during the early
stages of growth, providing optimum conditions for germination and subsequent growth, until they
are strong enough to be planted out in their permanent place.
TYPES OF NURSERY: It is of two types temporary and permanent.
Temporary Type nursery: Temporary type of nursery is raised in open especially under shelter
position of tree or even in totally open condition in which no provision of permanently walled-bed is
made.

Permanent Type Nursery: These type nurseries are generally permanently walled and often
provided with overhead covering against rain and frost. In this nursery bed there is permanent
provision of disinfection or sterilization of soil.
TYPES OF NURSERY BED:
There are three types of nursery bed: 1) Flat nursery bed
2) Raised bed
3) Sunken bed
1) Flat nursery bed:
 It is prepared: 1) During spring – summer when there is no fear of rain 2) In the area where
the soil is light sandy to sandy loam where there is no problem of water stagnation.
 The field is divided into small size plots. Ridges are prepared around each bed which
facilitates the cultural practices. In between two rows of beds, central irrigation channel is
prepared which each bed is connected.
2) Raised nursery bed:
 This type of nursery bed is common in
practice which is specially useful for
raising seedlings during rainy season
when stagnation of water becomes
problematic and causes damping-off
diseases.
 Raised bed of 10 to 15 cm height from
ground level is prepared.
 In between two rows, a space of 50 to 60
cm is left so as to carry out cultural
practices easily.
3) Sunken nursery bed:
 This type of bed is useful and prepared mostly during winter season.
 This type of nursery is prepared 10 to 15 cm downward from the soil surface.
 The air blows across the soil and the seedling in sunken nursery is not hit by the cool
breeze of air.
 Furthermore, covering of sunken bed with polythelyne sheets becomes easy which
required for protecting the seedlings from cool air.
RAISED BED

BENEFITS OF RAISING NURSERY:
 The area being small and compact, it is convenient and easy to grow large number of
seedlings as per unit area,
 Managing favourable growing conditions become easy and feasible.
 In small area, it becomes easy to manipulate growing conditions towards optimum
even when outdoor raising of plant is not possible.
 Ensure easy and cheap availability of plants.
 It is the only way to obtain desirable type of plants.
 Nursery provides an opportunity to select healthy, uniform and proper seedling and, in
those vegetables which respond to transplanting.
 Helps in better utilization of land.
 The area being easily managed management of diseases and pests become easy.
 By raising seedlings prior to their normal season, off-season cultivation of vegetable is
possible.
 Ensures optimum utilization of labour, water, nutrients and other inputs.
 As there is better germination due to properly managed conditions, nursery raising
helps in calculating seed requirement.
COMPONENTS OF ANURSERY
1. SELECTION OF LOCATION & SITE :
 The following considerations are made while selecting location and site for
successful raising of nursery plants:
 Select the site under open and protected condition.
 Avoid the site near and under influence of buildings.
 Shady site are not ideal for nursery raising.
 Raised area is preferred for nursery as it facilitates drainage of water and
avoids water stagnation.
 Select the site near the source of irrigation.
 The location should be well connected with roads to have an easy access to
market.
2.SEED AND SOWING :
 Seed is the backbone of a good crop.
 It should be sound, healthy, true to the type & high yielding.
 Seed should be purchased from agencies like NSC, SSC, farms & nursery of Govt,
SAU.

BED PREPARATION:
 Bed preparation facilitates the ease in the cultivation operations like sowing and
transplanting and later in the intercultural operations.
 The width of a bed should not be more than 1m and the length 3 m. This width facilitates
weeding and watering without trampling the bed.
 The bed is kept raised about 15 cm high so as to provide proper drainage of excess water
and the level of the bed surface is also made slightly raised in the centre with a little slope
on the two sides.
SEED TREATMENT:Three types of seed treatment are used to control diseases :
 Disinfection: Disinfectants eliminate organisms within the seed itself. Treatments of this
kind include hot water, formaldehyde and aerated steam. For hot water treatments, dry
seeds are immersed in hot water at 490
C to 570
C temperatures for 15 to 30 minutes. E.g.
– Hot water treatments is effective for seed borne diseases of vegetables like black leg and
black rot of cabbage, alternaria blight of Cole crops and onion. In aerated steam treatment
seeds are treated in special machines in which steam and air are mixed and seeds are
treated at 460
C to 570
C temperatures for 10 to 30 minutes.
 Disinfestations: Disinfectants are the chemicals which eliminate organism presents on the
surface of the seed. The filtrates containing 2% calcium hypochlorite is used for the seed
disinfestations. The time of contact of seed and hypochlorite solution is usually 5 to 30
minutes depending upon tolerance of seed.
 Seed Protection: Protectants are chemicals applied to the seeds to protect from soil living
pathogenic fungi. These are also applied as soil drenching chemicals .E.g. - Thiram,
Captan, Bavistin, Vitavax, and Agrosan @ 2-3 g per kg of seed.
SEED TREATMENT WITH FUNGICIDE

SEED TREATMENT METHODS: Two method of seed treatments: Dry/dust method and Slurry
method.
Dry method: In this method, the seeds are taken in a drum. The required quantity of dust is added
in the drum and the drum is rotated vigorously until the dust is adhered over surface of seeds.
Slurry method: In this method, the seeds are immersed in suspension of seed treating chemicals
or combination of insecticides and fungicides.
SOIL TREATMENT
Soil may contain weed seeds, nematodes, fungi and bacteria that may be harmful for plants. To
get rid of these types of harmful micro-organism, treatment of the soil is must. This can be done
through heat, fumigation or soil drenching.
Heat Treatment:
 Treating the soil with high temperature in order to kill all possible harmful micro-organisms
is referred as soil sterilization.
 Pasteurization treatment which kills most of harmful micro-organisms is more preferred
 The moist heat is used for soil heat treatment. It can be directly injected into the soil in
covered bins or benches from perforated pipes placed 15 to 20 cm below the surface.
In heating the soil, which should be moist but not wet, a temperature of 820
C for 30 minutes is
provided.
Fumigation:
o Fumigation is generally done by Formaldehyde and Vapam.
 Formaldehyde is a good fungicide used for fumigating the soil which is effective in killing
micro-organisms and weed seeds. A mixture of 3.8 litre of commercial formalin 38% with
190 litre of water is applied @ 21 to 42 litres per square metre.
 The treated soil should be covered immediately with polythene sheet or any similar material
for 24 hours .After 24 hours, the covering material is removed and the soil is left exposed
for about 2 weeks.
 The soil is well dried and aerated to have a
complete freeness of odour of formalin. After
complete disappearance of fumes, the soil is
used for seed sowing or planting.

 Vapam is a water soluble fumigant .It kills weeds, germinating weed seeds most soil fungi
and nematodes. It is applied by sprinkling on the soil surface, through irrigation system.
1) Soil Drenching:
 Wetting of soil particles till full saturation of soil constituents is called as soil drenching.
It is done to inhibit the growth of soil borne fungi.
 Drenching using Thiram, Captan, etc is very effective.
SOWING:
 The common practice is to broadcast seeds in the nursery-bed but line sowing is
preferred so as to check proper germination and to facilitate weeding, hoeing and plant
protection operations.
 The rows are usually about 5 cm apart. Small seeds are sown mixed with a little sand
and covered with soil. The soil covering should be lighter in heavy soils.
 General rule for sowing seeds is to sow seeds 2-3 times their own thickness deep. If
seeds are sown too deep nutrient reserves will be exhausted before the plant emerges
or emerging plants will be weak or liable to
die, if sown too shallow then it is likely to be
eaten by birds or washed away by water.
 Spacing allows for seed losses. However if
you think the seed losses will be higher
than normal then test the seed viability
beforehand (see germination test above).
 A week before transplanting, the seedlings
may be exposed to full sunshine and
moisture stress to make the seedlings sufficiently hardened for field settings.
REQUIREMENT OF LAND:
 The size of the nursery vary with type of vegetables to be sown .For example 500 sq m.
of land is required to provide seedlings for one hectare.
 The width of nursery should not be exceeding 2 m. The length of nursery bed is kept as
per convenience and requirement.
TIME OF NURSERY RAISING:
 Generally, in India, there are two distinct season of vegetable cultivation: Autumn-Winter
and Spring- Summer .The raising of nursery vary accordingly. For autumn-winter crop , the

nursery is raised during June-July and that for spring-summer crop, it is raised during
November-January
.ESSENTIAL OPERATION IN NURSERY RAISING:
1) MULCHING: It is a extraneous layer of farm waste, residues, wood- chips, saw dust, ash,
polythene or similar material applied on the surface to conserve moisture in the soil. After
sowing seed, about 5 cm thick layer of mulch is applied over the bed. When seed
germinates, the layer of mulch is removed. Mulching helps in:
 Maintaining the surface moisture essential for germination of seed.
 Prevention of damage by birds.
 Minimizing splash damage by water and thus, avoid flow of seed.
 Suppression of weed growth in the bed.
 Maintain congenial temperature in rhizosphere.
(PADDY STRAW MULCHING) (POLYTHENE MULCHING)
2)THINNING: The seeds of majority of the vegetables being small , it becomes difficult to sow
them properly distributed. It results in the over-crowding of seedlings. The practice of removal of
excess seedling to facilitate aeration and better development is termed as thinning.
3) PRICKING: The transferring of young seedling into another bed, pan or tray is termed as
pricking. The operation of pricking is practiced at the stage when the seedling becomes large
enough to handle. It is done with objective of fast and vigorous development of seedling and
minimizing transplantable time.
HARDENING

It is the harsh treatment given to the plant before planting out in the field. The mortality of
seedlings after transplanting is corrected by hardening off treatment. This is a practice of exposing
the plants to full sunlight and withholding irrigation for about 7to 10 days before transplanting so as
to make the plant able to tolerate external growing condition.
Hardening of seedling is nothing but withholding of water from the nursery beds for a few days
before removing them for transplanting.
This is a practice of exposing the plants to full sunlight and withholding the irrigation for
about 5-6 days before transplanting so as to make the plant able to tolerate external growing
condition.
Techniques of Hardening
A hardening off seedling is done by the following ways:
 By withholding the watering 5-6 days before transplanting.
 Lowering the temperature also retards the growth and adds to the hardening process.
 By application of 4000 ppm of NaCl solution with irrigation water.
 By spraying of 2000 ppm of CYCOCEL.
Importance of Hardening
 Hardening improves the quality and modifies the nature of colloid in the plant cells enabling
them to resist the loss of water.
 Hardening increases the percentage of dry matter and retards the plants but decreases the
transpiration per unit area of leaf.
 Hardened plant can withstand better against unfavorable conditions like hot dry winds or
low temperature.
 Hardening of the plants increases of waxy covering on the leaves of cabbage.
ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES USED IN VEGETABLE NURSERY RAISING:
1) Thatch roof
 Beds are raised or basin prepared after the soil is brought to a fine tilth. Over the
basins/beds thatch roof is constructed.
 The thatch roof raises the temperature; protect the seedlings from frost damage (modified
environment).
2) Green house
Depending upon the species, a night temperature of 130
C 150
C is maintained under
greenhouse. A green house in the real sense is a transparent roofed glass or plastic
house.

i) Poly-tunnel
 Raised beds are covered with plastic
material supported by a small sticks or
bamboo splits to form a tunnel.
 This structure raises the
temperature, protect from frost damage and
conserve moisture. It is more efficient than
the thatch roof.
ii) Glass house
 House is constructed out of glass frames
fitted with glass or plastic. Such structures
are provided with adequate ventilation and
may even have temperature-controlling
facilities.
 Seedlings are raised inside the house on
raised beds or plots. Most congenial
conditions can be created for the growth
and development of seedlings.
3) Lath house:
 It is a structure erected primarily to create
shade to raise tender plants and to
protect the plants from high temperature
and light intensity. By controlling light
intensities, the lath house reduces
moisture stress and decreases the water
requirement of plants.
NURSERY RAISING IN ASSIGNED PLOT:-
 Seeds are sown in finely prepared raised
nursery bed(15cm ht.) of 1 m width and 3 m length.
 A sufficient amount of fine and fully decomposed FYM was well mixed in the nursery soil
before sowing @2kg/m2
.
 Before sowing, the nursery bed was thoroughly drenched with chloropyriphos @2ml/lit to
avoid mite attack.

 Straw mulching materials were used to cover the soil after sowing till occurrence of seed
germination.
 200-300 g seed is sufficient to cover one hectare of land with 30,000-45,000 seedlings. In
our assigned plot, seed rate @20-30gm/bed.
 Similarly the seed beds were also to be treated with SAAF @ 3gm/kg of seed.
 The seeds were sown in rows at a distance of 5 cm. After the sowing the rows were
covered with a thin layer of FYM.
 Thereafter, the beds were irrigated with a rose cane, light watering is required.
PLOT NO-1
CROP- Tomato
VARIETY- Pusa Ruby
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 830
PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 18cm
GIRTH – 0.4cm
GERMINATION TIME- 6-7 DAS
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 12DAS
PLOT NO- 2
CROP- Brinjal
VARIETY- Navkiran
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 625
PLANT HEIGHT AT SELLING – 12-15cm
GIRTH – 0.47cm
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 14 DAS
PLOT NO-3
CROP- Chilli
VARIETY- IndamKranti
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 636
GIRTH – 0.28cm
GERMINATION TIME- 10 DAS
PLOT NO-4

CROP- Tomato
VARIETY- Damini 131
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 689
GIRTH – 0.4cm
PLOT NO-5
CROP- Brinjal
VARIETY- Tarini
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 627
GIRTH – 0.43cm
PLOT NO-6
CROP- Chilli
VARIETY- VNR 305
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 685
GIRTH – 0.26cm
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE LEAF- 22 DAS
PLOT NO-7
CROP- Tomato
VARIETY- BT-10 (UtkalKumari)
PLANT DENSITY/m2
- 625
GIRTH – 0.38cm
GERMINATION TIME- 6-7DAS

CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR TOMATO:-
CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR BRINJAL:-
DATE OPERATION
7/11/2013 Allotment of Nursery Bed
9/11/2013 Bed Preparation
Drenching of bed with Chloropyriphos
10/11/2013 Seed treatment with Saaf
Levelling of bed & making of lines
Sowing of seeds in bed
Mulching with polyethylene sheet
16/11/2013 Removal of mulching material
18/11/2013
2
nd
phase seed sowing
20/11/2013 Application of Bavistin for prevention of damping off
01/12/2013 Hardening of seedlings
06/12/2013 Selling of seedlings
DATE OPERATION
7/11/2013 Allotment of Nursery Bed
9/11/2013 Bed Preparation,
Drenching of bed with Chloropyriphos
10/11/2013 Seed treatment with SAAF,
Labelling of bed & making of lines,
Sowing of seeds in bed

CALENDER OF OPERATION FOR CHILLI:-
OPERATION DATE
PLOT ALLOTMENT 07/11/13
FIELD PREPARATION & CHLOROPYRIPHOS DRENCHING 09/11/13
1
ST
SOWING & MULCHING
10/11/13
GERMINATION & REMOVAL OF MULCHING 20/11/13
2
ND
SOWING & MULCHING
21/11/13
GERMINATION OF 2
ND
SOWING & REMOVAL OF MULCHING
03/12/13
DRENCHING WITH CARBENDAZIM 27/11/13 &
05/12/13
MARKETING 10/12/13
11/11/2013 Straw Mulching
16/11/2013 Removal of mulching material
18/11/2013
2
nd
phase seed sowing
20/11/2013 Application of bavistin for prevention of damping off
26/11/2013 Hardening of seedlings
29/11/2013 &
onwards
Selling of seedlings

GROUP-III VERMITECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The Dollar price has risen from Rs 1 during 1948 to Rs 61 in 2013.There are various reasons
behind it. One of them is G.O.I is spending Rs 12000 crore as subsidy to price of fertiliser for
farmers. So to reduce this amount some action plans are needed viz.
 Development of suitable indigenous /low cost technology to reduce fertiliser
consumption.
 Development of location specific nutrient management practices
 Exploring new techniques for sustainability in agriproduction
Vermitechnology isan organically decomposed manure with very low cost that will be cost
effective. It will reduce chemical fertiliser consumption to some extent & will help to enhance
national economy.Out of 2000 species, only 3 species are mainly cultured. They are
Eiseniafoetida, Eudrillus euginae, Perionyx excavatus.
Vermitechnology include mainly 3 options i.e.
 Vermicompost
 Vermiwash
 Vermiculture
WHAT IS VERMICOMPOST?
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using earthworms to create a
heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials & vermicast.
VERMIWASH

Secretion from earthworm bodies is collected as vermiwash. Vermiwash contains growth
hormones, nutrients, which is used as insecticide, biofertilizer ecofriendly.
MATERIALS:
1. Plastic barrel-3 no.s
2. Broken bricks
3. Sand
4. Paddy straw
5. Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)
6. Decomposedvermicompost
PROCEDURE:
Round plastic barrels of diameter 1.5 feet and height 3 feet is taken.The bottoms of barrel are
fitted with tap.Broken bricks are filled in lower 3 inches of the barrel then sand is filled upto 9
inches.All the layers are saturated with water.Then after decomposed vermicompost is filled 8
inches above which the paddy straws are covered.Nearly 200 earthworms are released in the
vermicompost layer.Water is taken in another barrel and hanged over this barrel.Water is allowed
to fall drop by drop on this barrel.The vermiwash is collected after 7 days when the color is like
petrol.
USES OF VERMIWASH:
1. 1 liter vermiwash diluted to 10 litre and spread over tomato plant, which increases the
number of flower 25% higher than the normal plant.
2. Vermiwash spread against mites of chilli, the mites population is reduced to below ETL.
3. The height of tomato plant increased by 10% than that of the normal plant.
We have conducted an experiment by taking 30 tomato plants. Among them 15 seedlings were
sprayed with vermiwash & other 15 were raised without application of vermiwash. It was
observed that the plants sprayed with vermiwash have height of average 15.63cm where as
normal plants have height of 14.06cm.
VERMICULTURE
MATERIALS:
1. Cemented tank
2. Broken bricks
3. Sand
4. PVC pipes

5. Decomposed cow dung
6. Earthworm species
PROCEDURE:
6 ft X 9 ft X 4 ft vermihatchery tanks are taken.The bottom layer is filled with broken bricks
3 inches followed by 3 inches sand layer and saturated with water.The bottom of tank is sloppy
towards one end and PVC pipe was attached to collect excess water outside the tank.Above the
sand layer 10 inches of half decomposed cow dung is spread evenly and moistened with
water.The earthworm species Eisenia foetida is released @ 2 kg/ 50 C.ft in the evening hour.Then
it is covered with gunny bags and sprinkled with water.All the tanks are asbestos roof to protect the
earthworm from sun and rain.After 45 days the earthworm are harvested and found to be multiplied
by 3 times.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUE:
The earthworm along with vermicompost made a cone shape heap on a cemented floor on open
space. When sun rays fall on this heap, the earthwoms move to the bottom layer of the cone.
Therefore half of the vermicompost is kept aside on a gunny bag. The rest of earthworm along with
vermicompost make another heap and process repeated in the next day. In the evening verms in
lower layer of cone collected and stored in earthen pot and given to the farmer.
APPLICATION:
1. Vermicompost @ 2 ton/ha to tomato crop at the time of planting.
2. The tomatoes are with good keeping quality and taste than the plant grown in normal way.
ECONOMICS:
A.Fixed cost-
a) Construction of tank (6 ft X 9 ft X 4 ft) = 5000/-
b) Cost of earthworm (2 kg) = 1000/-
c) Cost of buckets (2 no’s) = 200/-
Total = 6200/-
B.Variable cost-
a) Cow dung (1/2 tractor) = 500/-
b) Gunny bags (12 no’s) = 100/-
c) Labour charge (For filling, watering
and separation)- 10 labour days =1260/-

Total =1860/-
Grand Total= Cost A + Cost B = 6200 + 1860 =8060/-
RETURN:
After 2 months earthworm 6 kg = 3000/-
Vermicompost (2 quintal) = 1000/-
4000/-
For 1 year 6 cycles = 4000 X 6 = 24000/-
PROFIT:
Profit = Total return- Total cost
= Total return – fixed cost- variable cost
= 24000- 6200- (6 X 1860)
= 24000- 6200- 11160
= 6740/- (For 1st
year)
2nd
year onwards-
24000- 11160 = 12840/-
PROBLEMS IN VERMICULTURE:
1. Rat and red ant are enemies of earthworm.
2. Availability of cow dung scarce during planting season.
3. Negative attitude and less interest of people towards these activities.
CASE STUDY
We have done some extension activities in Dumal & Ballijore village which includes
1. Training to farmers in Dumal village.
2. Rally in Dumal village.
3. Road show in Ballijore village.

In Dumal village, we found that most of the farmers practised organic farming in vegetable & field
crops. Villagers are provided with green polythene sheet by Government,they utilised it for
preparing vermicompost. We also noticed that some farmers in amaranthus crops not only use
organic manure but also apply NSKE to control insect pests. Our group students conducted a
training programme about vermitechnology. Teachers helped us in clarifying the doubts of farmers.
Then we visited the field of farmers & their vermibeds. We watched crops like cabbage,
cauliflower, raddish, amaranthus, and paddy at harvested stage.
Then rally in Dumal village, which attracts many people & beneficial for those who are unable to
attain the training programme.
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Rawe final gr 1

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