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Reform and utopian movements
- 1. Reform Movements and Utopian Societies
- 2. Questions for today: How did 19 th -century Americans seek to improve their society? How were their efforts at odds with one another? Outline 1) Growing Middle Class 2) Second Great Awakening 3) Middle-class reform: - Temperance - Stop prostitution 4) Utopian communities: New Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm, Mass. Oneida, NY
- 3. 1. Growing Middle Class Work ethic: sober, reliable Cult of Domesticity: Women as moral guardians Separate spheres
- 4. Godey’s Lady’s Book (1850, 1851)
- 5. 2. Second Great Awakening Charles B. Finney, Evangelical preacher Perfectionism Conformity through reform Only moral standard: Protestant middle class
- 6. 3. Middle Class Reform: Temperance Movement Alcoholism causes domestic violence Techniques of revivalism
- 7. “ The Temperance “The Drunkard’s Home” (1850) Home”
- 8. The Bottle (1848)
- 10. Successes of Temperance Movement: Reduced alcohol consumption Helped fight violence against women Women engaged in public activity
- 11. Crusade against Prostitution Female Moral Reform Society Attacked the sexual double standard Homes of Refuge Causes: poverty and male demand
- 13. 1820-1860: wide range of experiments Liberal: reform can reduce the worst aspects of capitalism (poverty) Radical: capitalism has flaws that reform cannot fix. A new society is needed.
- 14. New Harmony, Indiana, 1825-1827 Robert Owen Frances Wright
- 15. New Harmony, Indiana Cooperation, not competition Full racial equality No marriage. “Free love” Make birth control and divorce available
- 16. Brook Farm, Mass., 1841-1846 Both intellectual and manual labor Transcendentalism: Reality above everyday lives Individualism
- 17. Ralph Waldo Emerson Mystical unity of nature An original relation to the universe Self-reliance (not organized religion)
- 18. Henry David Thoreau “ To live deliberately” Individualism: a different drummer What is a life well lived?
- 19. Oneida Community, NY, 1848-1881 John Humphrey Noyes Perfectionism Complex marriages Outside the law Strict rules about sex
- 21. Oneida: mansion
- 23. Noyes in later years
- 25. A vast array of proposals Middle-class values: self-discipline, work Self-determination (free love, no racism) Complete individualism Authoritarian structures Competing assumptions about human nature