Research presentations and statistics for computer science.pptx
1.
1. Introduction VIMBAI
MAPFUMOM242003
What is Research?
Research is the systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources to establish facts, develop theories, and
reach new conclusions.
Key Characteristics:
Systematic and methodical process
Evidence-based inquiry
Contributes to knowledge
Follows established protocols
Replicable and verifiable
Addresses specific questions or problems
2.
1.2 What isResearch?
#Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose
The Research Journey
• Identifying the research problem
• Reviewing existing literature
• Specifying the purpose
• Determining approach and methodology
• Designing the study
• Selecting appropriate methods
• Collecting and analyzing data
• Interpreting findings
• Reporting and sharing results
• The quality of your research output depends on the integrity of
each step in this process
3.
1.3 What isResearch
Approaches?
Research approaches represent our fundamental philosophical
orientation toward knowledge creation. These paradigms
guide how we view reality and what counts as valid evidence.
Quantitative Approach:
The quantitative methods are designed to address rational
questions which are shaped considering the variables of the
study. The main aim is to achieve explanations and predictions
which can be generalized to other people, events, and places.
#Example: Survey measuring the relationship between leadership
style and employee productivity across 500 organizations
4.
Quantitative Approach:
There aredifferent strategies to use in the data
collection section such as conducting surveys and
experimental methods . The important point to
consider is that the instruments need to be structured
and validated to provide a precise measurement
possibility to gain reliable
quantitative data
Quantitative Research Approaches includes:
• Survey Research Descriptive Research
• Experimental Research
• Correlational Research
• Causal-Comparative Research
5.
Experimental Research
The treatmentof an intervention can be investigated through an
experimental research approach to achieve the result of the
treatment on the under-study group. These approaches include
three types of designs:
• Pre-experimental design: a non-random selected control
group or an independent variable that does not vary
• True experimental design: high control possibility on the
system and highly valid results
The common main steps for experimental methods include:
1) Identifying the participants and variables
2) Identifying the materials and instruments
3) Illustrating the design of the research using figures and
appropriate notions
6.
1.3.1 Research Approaches
QualitativeApproach:
• Socially constructed reality
• Rich textual data and interpretation
• Inductive reasoning
• Contextual understanding
#Example: In-depth interviews exploring how
healthcare workers make meaning of their
experiences during a pandemic
7.
Advantages and Disadvantagesof Qualitative and Quantitative
Methods
Type of Research Advantages Disadvantages
Qualitative The possibility of achieving
in-detail and in-depth
information regarding
feelings, events, etc.
Lack of concentration on
contextual sensitivities
concentrated more on
experiences and meanings
Obtaining the real meanings
of the actions.
Being based on
phenomenological methods.
Discovering individuals’
experiences in different
situations historically
Low credibility is an important
limit in some
fields such as policy makers
Quantitative The possibility of
generalizing results
Time-consuming sampling
processes
The possibility of sharing
and replicating the
documentation of methods
and frameworks
Facing limits of deep and in-
detail explanation
The findings represent the Failing to describe the way social
8.
1.4 Research Approaches
MixedMethods Approach:
Mixed-method methods simply employ a combination of
both qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the
purpose of the study and the nature of the research
question aiming to provide a better understanding of the
subject. However, the focus can be on both methods
equally or on one of the methods considering the selected
integration process
#Example: Combining surveys on student satisfaction with
focus groups to understand the underlying reasons for
satisfaction ratings
9.
Case Sudy
The mainfocus of case studies is to gain an in-depth exploration of
about people, processes, events, and programs. This
methodological approach can be applied in different fields ranging
from political to medical research The structure of a case study
stems from the issues, contexts, problems, and even the learning
lessons from the events. These achieved patterns or lessons
learned can
be associated with specific theories. Researchers apply multiple
data collection methods in this approach. For this purpose, the
combination of direct observations, archival documents, artifacts,
different visual or audio sources, and also interviews can be applied.
However, it is important to regard the necessity of employing on-site
collection methods which provide a direct interacting opportunity
for researchers.
10.
1.5 Research Methodologies
Methodologiesprovide the overarching strategy that
connects your philosophical stance to specific
methods:
Survey Methodology:
• Systematic data collection from samples
• Standardized questions
• Population representation
• Statistical inference
#Example: National polling to understand voter
preferences before an election
11.
Research Methodologies
Ethnographic Methodology:
•Cultural immersion
• Prolonged engagement
• Participant observation
• Thick description
#Example: Living within an indigenous
community for one year to understand
traditional healing practices
12.
1.6 Research Design
Leedy(1997:195) defines research design as a plan for a
study, providing the overall framework for collecting data.
MacMillan and Schumacher (2001:166) define it as a plan
for selecting subjects, research sites, and data collection
procedures to answer the research question(s). They
further indicate that the goal of a sound research design is
to provide
results that are judged to be credible. For Durrheim
(2004:29), research design is a strategic
framework for action that serves as a bridge between
research questions and the execution,
or implementation of the research strategy
13.
1.7 Research Design
LongitudinalDesign:
Follows subjects over extended periods
Tracks changes and development
Better suited for understanding causality and processes
Example: Following a cohort of children from kindergarten through
high school to track academic development
Experimental Design:
True experiments with randomization
Quasi-experiments with comparison groups
Pre-experimental designs with limited controls
Example :Clinical trial testing a new medication against a placebo
with random assignment
14.
Correlational Design:
• Examinesrelationships without manipulation
• Quantifies association strength
• Cannot definitively establish causation
Example:Examining the relationship between hours spent exercising
and stress levels
Descriptive Design:
• Portrays phenomena accurately
• Can be qualitative or quantitative
• Foundation for further inquiry
Example:Documenting the current practices of urban farmers in
metropolitan areas
Research Design
15.
Research Methods
Methods arethe specific techniques and procedures used to
collect and analyze data:
Data Collection Methods:
• Surveys and questionnaires
• Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)
• Observations (participant and non-participant)
• Focus groups
• Document analysis
• Physiological measurements
• Digital analytics
Example: Online questionnaire measuring customer satisfaction with
a product
