Running Kubernetes in Production: A Million Ways to Crash Your Cluster - Container Camp UK
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The document details various incidents and lessons learned from managing Kubernetes clusters at Zalando, highlighting the impact of infrastructure issues, manual operations, and the importance of backup and monitoring. Specific incidents include failures in DNS setup and resource management, latency spikes, and build errors due to incompatible dependencies. The analysis emphasizes implementing automated tests and reliable disaster recovery plans to mitigate disruptions.
![16
INCIDENT #2: RTFM
% etcdctl del -r /registry-kube-1/certificatesigningrequest prefix
help: etcdctl del [options] <key> [range_end]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018-09-07runningkubernetesinproductionamillionwaystocrashyourcluster-containercampuk-180906215323/85/Running-Kubernetes-in-Production-A-Million-Ways-to-Crash-Your-Cluster-Container-Camp-UK-16-320.jpg)
![21
INCIDENT #3: STOP THE BLEEDING
#!/bin/bash
SLEEPTIME=60
while true; do
echo "sleep for $SLEEPTIME seconds"
sleep $SLEEPTIME
timeout 5 curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/nodes > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "all fine, no need to restart etcd member"
continue
else
echo "restarting etcd-member"
systemctl restart etcd-member
fi
done](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018-09-07runningkubernetesinproductionamillionwaystocrashyourcluster-containercampuk-180906215323/85/Running-Kubernetes-in-Production-A-Million-Ways-to-Crash-Your-Cluster-Container-Camp-UK-21-320.jpg)
![22
INCIDENT #3: CONFIRMATION FROM AWS
[...]
We can’t go into the details [...] that resulted the networking problems during
the “non-intrusive maintenance”, as it relates to internal workings of EC2.
We can confirm this only affected the T2 instance types, ...
[...]
We don’t explicitly recommend against running production services on T2
[...]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018-09-07runningkubernetesinproductionamillionwaystocrashyourcluster-containercampuk-180906215323/85/Running-Kubernetes-in-Production-A-Million-Ways-to-Crash-Your-Cluster-Container-Camp-UK-22-320.jpg)
![35
INCIDENT #5: IMPACT
[4:59 PM] Marc: There is a error during build - forbidden: image policy webhook backend denied
one or more images: X-Trusted header "false" for image pierone../ci/cdp-builder:234 ..
[5:01 PM] Alice: Now it does not start the build step at all
[5:02 PM] John: +1
[5:02 PM] John: Failed to create builder pod: …
[5:02 PM] Pedro: +1
[5:04 PM] Damien: +1
[5:19 PM] Anton: We're currently having issues pulling images from our Docker registry which
results in many problems…
...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018-09-07runningkubernetesinproductionamillionwaystocrashyourcluster-containercampuk-180906215323/85/Running-Kubernetes-in-Production-A-Million-Ways-to-Crash-Your-Cluster-Container-Camp-UK-35-320.jpg)
Running Kubernetes in Production: A Million Ways to Crash Your Cluster - Container Camp UK
- 1. A Million Ways to Crash Your Cluster CONTAINER CAMP UK HENNING JACOBS @try_except_ 2018-09-07
- 4. 4 ZALANDO AT A GLANCE ~ 4.5billion EUR revenue 2017 > 200 million visits per month > 15.000 employees in Europe > 70% of visits via mobile devices > 23 million active customers > 300.000 product choices ~ 2.000 brands 15 countries
- 7. 7 INCIDENT #1: CUSTOMER IMPACT
- 8. 8 INCIDENT #1: IAM RETURNING 404
- 9. 9 INCIDENT #1: NUMBER OF PODS
- 10. 10 LIFE OF A REQUEST (INGRESS) DNS my-app.example.org ALB aws-1234-lb.eu-central-1.elb.amazonaws.com SERVICE 10.3.0.216 DEPLOYMENT POD 10.2.0.1 POD 10.2.1.1 POD 10.2.2.1 POD 10.2.3.1 SKIPPER 172.31.1.1:9999 SKIPPER 172.31.2.1:9999 SKIPPER 172.31.3.1:9999 SKIPPER 172.31.4.1:9999 ALIAS Record
- 11. 11 INCIDENT #1: INNOCENT MANIFEST apiVersion: batch/v2alpha1 kind: CronJob metadata: name: "foobar" labels: application: "foobar" spec: schedule: "*/15 9-19 * * Mon-Fri" jobTemplate: spec: template: metadata: labels: application: "foobar" spec: restartPolicy: Never concurrencyPolicy: Forbid successfulJobsHistoryLimit: 1 failedJobsHistoryLimit: 1 containers: ...
- 12. 12 INCIDENT #1: FIXED CRON JOB apiVersion: batch/v2alpha1 kind: CronJob metadata: name: "foobar" labels: application: "foobar" spec: schedule: "7 8-18 * * Mon-Fri" concurrencyPolicy: Forbid successfulJobsHistoryLimit: 1 failedJobsHistoryLimit: 1 jobTemplate: spec: activeDeadlineSeconds: 120 template: metadata: labels: application: "foobar" spec: restartPolicy: Never containers: ...
- 13. 13 INCIDENT #1: LESSONS LEARNED • ALB routes traffic to ALL hosts if all hosts report “unhealthy” • Fix Skipper Ingress to stay “healthy” during API server problems • Fix Skipper Ingress to retain last known set of routes • Use quota for number of pods apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: compute-resources spec: hard: pods: "1500"
- 14. 14 INCIDENT #2: CLUSTER DOWN
- 15. 15 INCIDENT #2: MANUAL OPERATION % etcdctl del -r /registry-kube-1/certificatesigningrequest prefix
- 16. 16 INCIDENT #2: RTFM % etcdctl del -r /registry-kube-1/certificatesigningrequest prefix help: etcdctl del [options] <key> [range_end]
- 17. 17 Junior Engineers are Features, not Bugs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQta4G3ge44
- 19. 19 INCIDENT #2: LESSONS LEARNED • Disaster Recovery Plan? • Backup etcd to S3 • Monitor the snapshots
- 20. 20 INCIDENT #3: LATENCY SPIKES ... Kubernetes worker and master nodes sporadically fail to connect to etcd causing timeouts in the APIserver and disconnects in the pod network. ...
- 21. 21 INCIDENT #3: STOP THE BLEEDING #!/bin/bash SLEEPTIME=60 while true; do echo "sleep for $SLEEPTIME seconds" sleep $SLEEPTIME timeout 5 curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/nodes > /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "all fine, no need to restart etcd member" continue else echo "restarting etcd-member" systemctl restart etcd-member fi done
- 22. 22 INCIDENT #3: CONFIRMATION FROM AWS [...] We can’t go into the details [...] that resulted the networking problems during the “non-intrusive maintenance”, as it relates to internal workings of EC2. We can confirm this only affected the T2 instance types, ... [...] We don’t explicitly recommend against running production services on T2 [...]
- 23. 23 INCIDENT #3: LESSONS LEARNED • It's never the AWS infrastructure until it is • Treat t2 instances with care • Kubernetes components are not necessarily "cloud native" Cloud Native? Declarative, dynamic, resilient, and scalable
- 25. 25 INCIDENT #4: CLUSTER DOWN?
- 26. 26 INCIDENT #4: THE TRIGGER
- 29. 29 CLUSTER LIFECYCLE MANAGER (CLM) github.com/zalando-incubator/cluster-lifecycle-manager
- 30. 30 CLUSTER CHANNELS github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws Channel Description Clusters dev Development and playground clusters. 3 alpha Main infrastructure cluster (important to us). 1 beta Product clusters for the rest of the organization (prod/test). 90+
- 31. 31 E2E TESTS ON EVERY PR github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws
- 32. 32 RUNNING E2E TESTS (BEFORE) Control plane nodenode branch: dev Create Cluster Run e2e tests Delete Cluster Testing dev to alpha upgrade Control plane Control plane
- 33. 33 RUNNING E2E TESTS (NOW) Control plane nodenode Control plane nodenode branch: alpha (base) branch: dev (head) Create Cluster Update Cluster Run e2e tests Delete Cluster Testing dev to alpha upgrade Control plane Control plane
- 34. 34 INCIDENT #4: LESSONS LEARNED • Automated end-to-end tests are pretty good, but not enough • Test the diff/migration automatically • Bootstrap new cluster with the previous configuration • Apply new configuration • Run end-to-end & conformance tests
- 35. 35 INCIDENT #5: IMPACT [4:59 PM] Marc: There is a error during build - forbidden: image policy webhook backend denied one or more images: X-Trusted header "false" for image pierone../ci/cdp-builder:234 .. [5:01 PM] Alice: Now it does not start the build step at all [5:02 PM] John: +1 [5:02 PM] John: Failed to create builder pod: … [5:02 PM] Pedro: +1 [5:04 PM] Damien: +1 [5:19 PM] Anton: We're currently having issues pulling images from our Docker registry which results in many problems… ...
- 37. 37 INCIDENT #5: A VERY INNOCENT PULL REQUEST
- 38. 38 INCIDENT #5: WHAT HAPPENED • Deployment caused rebuild with the latest stable Go version • Library for signature verification was incompatible with Go 1.10, causing all verification checks to fail during runtime. • Lack of unit/smoke tests and alerting for one component • "Near miss": outage could have had large impact
- 39. 39 A MILLION WAYS TO CRASH YOUR CLUSTER? • Switch to latest Docker to fix issues with Docker daemon freezing • Redesign of DNS setup due to high DNS latencies (5s), switch from kube-dns to node-local dnsmasq+CoreDNS • Disabling CPU throttling (CFS quota) to avoid latency issues • Quick fix for timeouts using etcd-proxy: client-go still seems to have issues with timeouts • 502's during cluster updates: race condition during network setup
- 40. 40 MORE TOPICS • Graceful Pod shutdown and race conditions (endpoints, Ingress) • Incompatible Kubernetes changes • CoreOS ContainerLinux "stable" won't boot • Kubernetes EBS volume handling • Docker
- 41. 41 RACE CONDITIONS.. • Switch to the latest Docker version available to fix the issues with Docker daemon freezing • Redesign of DNS setup due to high DNS latencies (5s), switch from kube-dns to CoreDNS • Disabling CPU throttling (CFS quota) to avoid latency issues • Quick fix for timeouts using etcd-proxy, since client-go still seems to have issues with timeouts • 502's during cluster updates: race condition • github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws
- 42. 42 TIMEOUTS TO API SERVER.. github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws
- 44. 44
- 45. 45 OPEN SOURCE Kubernetes on AWS github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws AWS ALB Ingress controller github.com/zalando-incubator/kube-ingress-aws-controller Skipper HTTP Router & Ingress controller github.com/zalando/skipper External DNS github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-dns Postgres Operator github.com/zalando-incubator/postgres-operator Kubernetes Resource Report github.com/hjacobs/kube-resource-report Kubernetes Downscaler github.com/hjacobs/kube-downscaler
- 48. 48 OTHER TALKS • Nordstrom: 101 Ways to Crash Your Cluster - KubeCon 2017 • Monzo: Anatomy of a Production Kubernetes Outage - KubeCon 2018 • Inside Kubernetes Resource Management (QoS) - KubeCon 2018 We need more failure talks!
- 49. QUESTIONS? HENNING JACOBS HEAD OF DEVELOPER PRODUCTIVITY [email protected] @try_except_ Illustrations by @01k