safety_prevention.ppteducation programer
- 2. Definitions • Mortality- the # of deaths/100,000 • Morbidity- used to express the ratio of sick to well in a community • Infant mortality- # of children per 1000 live births who die before 1st birthday
- 3. Major causes of death during infancy and childhood (these represent death rates for the ages of 1-14 yrs per 100,000) • Accidents • Congenital abnormalities • Cancer • Homicide • Heart disease • Pneumonia & influenza • Suicide • Human immunodeficiency disease
- 4. Improving child health • “health maintenance” • “preventive health”
- 5. Injuries • Injuries are a major cause of death in children. • All children are at risk for injury because of their normal curiosity, impulsiveness, and desire to master new skills.
- 7. INFANT • SIDS • Motor Vehicle • Infections • Dehydration • Respiratory Problems • Child abuse
- 8. TODDLER • Injuries: MVA • Toddler fracture • Poisoning • Foreign Body airway obstruction • Asthma, Croup, Respiratory problems • Vomiting, Dehydration • Child Abuse
- 9. PRESCHOOL • Motor Vehicle -- Bicycle • Trauma • Poisoning • Asthma, Respiratory infections • Drowning • Child Abuse
- 10. SCHOOL AGE • Motor vehicle: pedestrian - vehicle; bike - vehicle • Sports injuries
- 11. ADOLESCENT Trauma Motor Vehicle Knife and gunshot wounds Pregnancy complications Suicide Poisoning Drowning
- 13. Common Safety Problems • Aspiration • MVA • Burns • Drowning • Bodily injury/fractures
- 14. Aspiration • Asphyxiation by foreign material in respiratory tract is leading cause of fatal injury in children under 1 year of age. • Puts everything in mouth • Very interested in body and newly found openings
- 15. Aspiration – Preventive Measures • Carefully inspect toys for potential danger / removable parts. • Keep small objects out of reach, floors free of objects • Do NOT feed hard candy, nuts, food with pits or seeds, circular pieces of hot dogs • Hold infant for feeding, do NOT prop bottle • Use pacifier with one-piece construction and loop handle.
- 16. Motor Vehicle Accident Vehicle – children improperly restrained Pedestrian Walking, running, especially after objects thrown into street Poor perception of speed, lack of experience to foresee danger Able to open doors and gates and get outside Children often unseen because of small size, can be run over by car backing out of drive. Ride toys, bikes in path of danger
- 17. Motor Vehicle Accidents Preventive Measures – Use federally approved car restraints – Supervise child while playing outside. Do not allow playing behind cars. Supervise riding of toys, bikes. – Lock fences, gates, doors – Teach to obey pedestrian safety rules
- 18. Burns Children are inquisitive and will pull pots off stove, plays with matches, inserts objects into wall sockets They can climb - reaches stove, oven, ironing board and iron, cigarettes on table Unaware of sources of heat or fire
- 19. • Because they are curious, children will pull pots off stove, play with matches, insert objects into wall sockets • By learning to climb, the child can reach the stove, oven, ironing board and iron, cigarettes on table…they are unaware of source of heat of fire
- 20. • Prevention: turn pot handles toward back of stove, place guardrails in front of radiators, fireplaces, and stoves. Store lighters and matches in locked container, cover electrical outlets with protective covers, keep electrical cords hidden, check bathwater temp; do not allow child to play with faucet
- 21. Burns - Preventive Measures Turn pot handles toward back of stove, place guardrails in front of radiators, fireplaces, stoves. Store lighters and matches in locked container Cover electrical outlets with protective covers. Keep electrical cords hidden Check bath water. Do not allow child to play with faucet
- 23. Drowning • Child does not recognize danger of H2O • Unaware of inability to breath underwater • No conception of water depth • Has curiosity about water Hypoxia greatest concern
- 25. Drowning – Preventive Measures • Fence around pools , have self-locking gate • Supervise when near water sources • Keep bathroom doors closed and toilet seat down • Teaching swimming and water safety
- 27. Bodily Harm - Fractures Like to climb, run, jump Still developing sense of balance Easily distracted from tasks and hurt self Able to open doors and windows Poor depth perception
- 28. Pediatric fracture • Physical injury • Supracondylar of hummers fracture • Pediatric abuse
- 31. Bodily Harm – Prevention Measures • Keep screens in the windows and locked • Place gates at top and bottom of stairs • Apply non-skid decals in bathtub or shower • Remove unsecured rugs, scatter rugs • Never leave unattended in shopping cart • Avoid giving sharp or pointed objects. • Do not allow lollipops in mouth when running
- 32. Poisoning Ingestion of toxic agents is common during early childhood. Most common in 2 y/o 75% of poisons are ingested, others are by dermal, inhalation, and ocular Reasons for poisoning: Improper storage Learning new tastes /textures, loves to put things in mouth Developing fine motor skills – able to open bottles, jars, cabinets. Climbs onto shelves Cannot read labels
- 33. Sources of Poisoning • Cosmetics, personal care products • Household cleaners: Soaps, polishes • Plants • Drugs • Insecticides • Hydrocarbons -- gasoline
- 34. Therapeutic Interventions A poisoning may or may not require emergency intervention, but all should have medical attention Parents are advised to call the Poison Control Center BEFORE BEFORE initiating any interventions
- 35. Therapeutic Interventions 1. Assess the child – treat the child first, not the poison – Take vital signs– assess ABC’s – Maintain respiratory function – provide ventilatory and oxygen support – Start IV infusion – Draw blood for toxicology screen – Apply cardiac monitor – Initiate measure to reduce effects of shock if applicable.
- 36. Therapeutic Intervention 2. Remove the child from exposure – Empty out mouth of any pills, plants, or other material – Flush eyes with tap water – Flush skin and wash with soap – Bring child of inhalation poison into fresh air
- 37. Therapeutic Intervention 2. Identify the Poison Question the child and witnesses. Try to find out if only single product ingested. Look around environment for clues Do the products ingested breakdown to other substances? Find out amount ingested? Amounts that cause concern 1 ½ - 3 year old = 4.5 ml Adult = 15 ml
- 38. Therapeutic Intervention 4. Remove the Poison and Prevent absorption
- 39. Therapeutic Intervention • Give activated charcoal – Give orally • Available in ready to drink solution • Give in covered cup with a straw so child does not see the black liquid – Give through a gastric tube – Give only after vomiting stops
- 40. Therapeutic Intervention Do NOT NOT induce vomiting if: Patient is lethargic, comatose, seizuring, has an absent gag reflex Patient ingested an unidentified material, a corrosive substance or petroleum product Insert gastric tube and perform gastric lavage with normal saline once airway is protected with a cuffed endotracheal tube Place child in side-lying position to decrease chance of aspiration.
- 41. Lead Poisoning Therapeutic Intervention • Acute care – Gastric lavage followed my magnesium sulfate. • Chronic Care / Chelation therapy – Administer meds that bind with the lead • Calcium disodium edentate (EDTA) -- IV • Dimercaprol (BAL) or D-Penicillamine -- IM • Succimer -- orally – Assess I & O – must have adequate urinary output. Force fluids. – Monitor mineral levels
- 42. Preventive Measures • Make environment lead-free • plywood or linoleum • Educate the parents • Follow up testing for lead levels • Screening all school age children (required in some states)
Editor's Notes
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