Salinas de Guaranda: Cheese Project
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The document discusses the town of Salinas in Ecuador. It describes how Salinas faced economic hardship in the 1970s but then experienced an economic boom around that time due to industrialization, particularly the cheese and chocolate industries. This led to increased population and prosperity in the town. The population has grown from around 5,500 to nearly 8,000 in recent years. Education has helped reduce family sizes, but families in rural areas still average 8-12 members. Most residents now rely on industry for employment.
Salinas de Guaranda: Cheese Project
- 1. ANNIE TVETEN SANTIAGO SOSA LOUIS DOOK MICHELLE SILVA 11 th GRADE INTERNATIONAL
- 2. Salinas is a town in the province of Bolivar in the country of Ecuador. This town has a fascinating story and is one of the living proofs that industrialization has leaded the town to be a sustained and very hardworking town. Even though they had a lot of potential to have a good life, they didn’t because of lack resources and money and mostly education. Around 1970 ´s this town was facing very serious and dark future but luckily because of good luck and some help they had a huge economic boom that lead the town out of absolute poverty. This town has proven all Ecuadorian citizens that everything is possible because they went from having absolutely nothing to having a good local economy with enough resources so that everyone has a good life. BACKROUND INFORMATION
- 3. GROUP REASERCH QUESTION How has the new cheese industry, including machinery and production process, has affected population trends?
- 4. ENVRONMENTAL SYSTEMS PROCEDURE/ RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS REASERCH QUESTION How has population trends changed in Salinas since there was the economic boom and industrialization is introduced in this town? PEOPLE I TALKED WITH Liscenciado Bolivar Vazcones He was a representative of the micro congress that Salinas is part of the whole canton. Association of mothers of Salinas Women that devote their lives to work, and usually are very old. ASKED QUESTIONS What was the population in 1970?What is the population now?What have been the most important factors of industrial change?Which industries have been the most useful?Where do they see themselves in 10 years?As a Salinas citizen what has been the biggest impact in your point of view?What role do you think that education has in Salinas at the moment?What do you think put this town back in its feet?
- 5. ENVRONMENTAL SYSTEMS PROCEDURE/ RESULTS Salinas is a town with a great development of population during the years. 3 years ago the town had around 5500 but in present time they are almost in 8000. Education has taught them to have less children is best because they can spend more money in each son so that they have a better education and a better life. Families in urban Salinas have around 6 people per family which is still very high but if you can take a look at people who have less access to education and live in the countryside of Salinas, have from 8 to 12 people in the family. The town has much more than 50% of the total population being children and young people. Now because of industries, most of the people have more than one job and 88% of the population lives due to industries that are related with milk, that includes the cheese and chocolate industries. Women in Salinas have 16 hours of work each day that they devote to make money for their families and also take care of daily family duties. Salinas is a great example of hard work and impeccable organization to get done what they need to get done every day. “ aqui todavia estamos sobreviviendo” (Bolivar Vazcones)
- 6. Physics Procedure PHYSICS RESEARCH QUESTION: How is the procedure of the cheese managed with different temperatures? To collect information the guide took us through a tour of the cheese factory and after it was over, we had an interview with the manager of the factory and asked him several question relating the process of cheese making. The different questions asked to the manager were not only related to temperatures involved in the cheese processing but also about enzymes, ingredients and even ways to improve the factory’s production process.
- 7. Physics Results Regarding temperature Farmers milk the cows and the milk leaves the body of the animal at about 36°C. Milk arrives at 6:30 AM at room temperature, which is from around 12 to 15°C. They have to measure the amount of fat in the milk in room temperature, but not in the room temperature of Salinas (12°C) but in the common room temperature which is 25°C, so they have to heat up the milk. Before processing all milk, they have to cool it down by refrigerating it between maximum of 7°C and a minimum of 4°C. They pasteurize milk at 68°C for 15 minutes to kill all bacteria. There are different temperatures and therefore methods of pasteurizing milk; 65°C for 30 minutes, 68°C for 15 minutes and 72°C for 15 seconds, each serving a different purpose. They use the method of pasteurizing milk at 68°C for 15 minutes because they have to eliminate an enzyme called phosphatase, and they don’t use the 72°C method because they don’t have the machine to cool it down immediately.
- 8. Physics Results When pasteurizing the milk, they place it in a double bottom machine that separates the two layers with vapor at 100°C to heat up the milk to 68°C. After pasteurizing the milk, they place it in a double bottom pot to mix the different types of cheeses and to cool it down to 32°C via heat transfer. In the double bottom pot, the first and the second layers are divided by water at around 10°C to cool down the milk and this water is constantly being replaced due to the fact that its temperature increases as it cools down the milk. After this they remove the serum from the curd and then they press the curd to turn it into cheese. Then they put the cheese in salt water at a temperature of 12°C from 6 to 48 hours (depending on the type of cheese) in order to give it more flavor. Finally, they let the cheese mature in wooden shelves for certain amounts of time (depending on the type of cheese). There is energy and heat transfer due to a cold environment surrounding the processing of the cheese, which is the reason why they add an enzyme called rennin to process the cheese more efficiently.
- 9. Physics Analysis and Conclusions When it comes to the different temperatures to manage milk and other ingredients to make cheese, they have to be extremely exact and constant due to how they might affect the milk and therefore the final product; cheese. Certain temperatures, like the one used when pasteurizing milk, can be changed or adapted to the type of product being created and the efficiency wanted. In the case of cheese, milk has to be pasteurized at 68°C for 15 minutes because it can be cooled down immediately after and also because it kills a certain enzyme unwanted in the production of cheese. So, like I said, in the processing of milk to make cheese, temperatures have to be handled carefully because they affect the final product. Overall, this cheese industry manages temperatures with extreme accuracy to create a final product that is tasty and therefore profitable.
- 10. Biology Procedure Biology Research question How are the main diseases of the population of Salinas related to their daily activities? Informants/ people interviewed Patricio Moncayo: Local Veterinarian Jorge Sánchez : engineer in charge of the technical part of the Cheese factory Dr. Manuel Dominguez: Local doctor Camila Rueda: Supervisor of the cheese factory Asked questions which are the most common diseases in men and women? Which are the main diseases in the population? Which medicines do you use to treat the cattle? How these medicines affect human health? The diseases that the cattle obtain can be transmitted to humans? Is there any health center or health program in Salinas?
- 11. Biology Results NO. Men Women Children 1 Urinary tract Diseases Cramps Parasitosis 2 Gastritis Flu Intestinal Infections 3 Anemia Arthritis White Spot 4 Cough Urinary Tract inflammations Cavities 5 Parasitosis Fungi Typhoid 6 Flu Gastritis Fever 7 Back Pains Cholesterol Flu 8 Prostate Osteoporosis Cough 9 Conjunctivitis Anemia Grains/Acne 10 Kidneys ------- Anemia
- 12. Biology Results In Cheese Pasteurization: Heat can destroy pathogens without altering the composition and structure of milk. Poorly processed cheese can cause stomach pain because of the bacteria that were not eliminated in the process Environment Contamination of streams: this has 3 sources of pollution; the first by industrial waste discharged by some factories, located in the parochial head, the second source by sewage in larger populations where there is no sewer system of sewage treatment and the third for littering. These problems can cause Cancer and Skin diseases Cancer.- Is a degenerative disease that causes strange mutations of the cells and that can spread really fast. Skin Diseases.- Among the pollutants that are disposed into water sources as rivers, a wide variety make cause adverse effects in the body in general and specially to the skin. Some pollutants can cause alterations of the skin, irritation, sensitization, infection, and some induce or promote carcinogenic processes in it.
- 13. Biology Results Air pollution: from the burning of rubbish and straw in some areas; Air pollution can cause diseases such as Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Cystic fibrosis and complications of diabetes and heart diseases. Asthma.- asthma is not directly linked to air pollution, but it can only be presented if there is a high level of pollutants in the air such as Sulfur Dioxide that closes the airways of the lungs and makes breathing harder even for healthy people. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.- The levels of this disease are increasing very fast due to air pollution. Is a degenerative disease that gets worse over the time, that makes very difficult to breath and that causes cough. Cystic fibrosis.- Is a hereditary disease that affects the mucous glands of the body including the lungs and that may cause lung infection and breathing problems. Complications of diabetes and heart diseases.- At high levels of air pollution the risks of complications and death increase. Poor solid waste Management: in general the communities do not have programs for waste management; this is burned, buried or thrown into the streams.
- 14. Biology Results Effects of garbage in the air.- When decay or decompose the organic waste from garbage come to release greenhouse gases, among them: • Methane (CH4). From the decomposition of organic matter by bacteria, is generated in landfills, is a product of burning garbage, animal excretion and also from the use of stoves and heaters. • Nitrous oxide (N2O). Released by the excessive use of fertilizers, organic waste present in animals, its evaporation from water contaminated with nitrates and also gets into air by the putrefaction and the burning of organic waste. • Carbon dioxide (CO2). It is the most abundant gas and causes the most damage, as well as their toxicity, remains in the atmosphere about five hundred years. The main sources of generation are: the burning of oil and its derivatives, burning garbage, excessive logging, lack of forest cover and the decomposition of organic matter. These types greenhouse gases help trap the heat generated by sunlight in the atmosphere, in a process known as the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon contributes to climate changes that actually are and may be more drastic than those that occurred in the last hundred years.
- 15. Biology Analysis and Conclusion The main reasons that cause these diseases are due to the water of the community. Not everyone has clean, drinking water, and if water is contaminated, not only will affect the health of the population, it also will show a big impact on their environment. The main diseases listed in the other slides are very similar to the main indexes of the entire population of Ecuador. Their activities as handling chemicals could produce some symptoms and side effects when not handled properly, but do not think is the case in Salinas, as they are very well organized and following some quality standards. these diseases might be presented in extreme cases, for example air pollution, that I mentioned above, it might cause Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Cystic fibrosis and complications of diabetes and heart diseases, but most of these disease that are listed above are only present when there is a high level of contamination and Salinas do not present a significant level of contamination.
- 16. Evaluation of Project Overall, the different sciences applied to the project came together to answer our group research question which was how has the cheese industry, including machinery and production process has affected population? Like in almost everything, there are different sources of error that might affect the results of a project in one way or another and in the case of this one, the sources of error include the collection of data from others that might be incorrect and miscalculations.
- 17. Suggestions for Improvements Some improvements include: Collecting accurate data from the different sources. Checking information with others. If there is any type of calculation, check it several times so that the final results are not affected. Collect more information than necessary just in case. Record any type of interview to have exact questions and answers.
- 18. Applications to the Real World The information and the results from this project can be applied to other real life situation depending on the issue. In terms of the cheese factory, the different methods used can be taken by other businesses to follow an example of an artisanal cheese production process.