Sampling Protocols - Municipal Solid Wastes
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Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
Sampling Protocols - Municipal Solid Wastes
- 1. 17CE413 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore [email protected] I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things we could use. – Mother Teresa 1 1.3 – Characteristic of Solid Waste
- 2. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2 ☼ Composition of MSW ☼ Characteristics of MSW Quantification Estimation methods 1.3 – Characteristic of Solid Waste Learning Outcomes
- 3. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3 Video Session 1
- 4. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 4 Video Session 2
- 5. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 5 Composition of MSW Composition studies Manual sorting of waste components into predefined categories Knowledge of individual components important for, Recycling impact, Calculation of physical properties, Combustion characteristics, and Landfill requirements Need to be performed seasonally to define, Equipment needs, Management programs, and Trends for future planning The sampling plan drives the waste composition study
- 6. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 6 Composition of MSW The waste composition varies from country to country, and between different regions of one country. On the whole, there are significant differences between European and Asian countries Source: Solid Waste Management, Volume I, United Nations Environment Programme, 2005.
- 7. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 7 Composition of MSW Global Perspective on General Urban Solid Waste composition
- 8. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 8 Characterisation of MSW Importance of Quantification and Characterisation of MSW • Planning day to day collection, transportation and disposal • Estimating resource requirement • Developing solid waste management system • Designing treatment and disposal facility • Future planning of solid waste management system
- 9. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 9 Characterisation of MSW Characterisation is not just sample analysis
- 10. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 10 Characterisation of MSW (Quantification) Objectives o To estimate existing waste quantities from different sources of waste generation o To estimate waste generation rate o To estimate future quantities of waste for the planning period Methodology o Actual weighing of waste quantities o Knowing the population and waste generation rate o Knowing volume and density of waste
- 11. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 11 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterisation Methodology Collect around 100 kg of well mixed waste sample Obtain about 12.5 kg of sample by conning and quartering method Segregate each ingredient from the sample and weigh Express each ingredients as percentage Mix all compostable material Take about 500 gm of well mixed compostable material Estimate moisture content by oven drying at 105oC Grind oven dried sample for further chemical analysis
- 12. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 12 Characteristics of MSW (Estimation methods) a) Specific weight b) Moisture content c) Particle Size distribution d) Field capacity e) Permeability f) Calorific value a) Proximate analysis b) Fusing point of ash c) Ultimate analysis of MSW d) Energy content of MSW e) Toxicity a) Biodegradability b) Organic fraction Physical Chemical Biological
- 13. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 13 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Moisture Content Moisture content of solid wastes is usually expressed as the weight of moisture per unit weight of wet material. Wet weight – weight of sample including water, kg Dry weight – weight of sample after drying at 105oC, kg
- 14. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 14 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Moisture Content • A typical range of moisture contents is 20 – 45% in waste in arid climate and in wet seasons having large precipitation. • Values greater than 45% are however not uncommon. • Increase in MC, increases the weight, cost of collection and transport of MSW respectively. • MC is a critical determinant in economical feasibility of waste treatment & processing (incineration methods) • MC – Higher in lower income countries
- 15. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 15 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Calorific value Calorific value is the amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of a substance, expressed as kcal/kg. Determined experimentally using Bomb Calorimeter in which the heat generated at a constant temperature of 25OC from the combustion of a dry sample is measured.
- 16. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 16 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Calorific value »A sample of known weight is placed into the bomb and the two halves are screwed shut. »Oxygen under pressure is then injected into the bomb and then the bomb is placed in an adiabatic water bath with wires leading from the bomb to a source of electric current. »Material in the bomb is combusted by a spark from the wires, heats the bomb, which in turn heats the water. »Temperature is measured and recorded as a function of time.
- 17. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 17 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Calorific value »Heat energy is calculated in calories as the temperature increase of water times the mass of the water plus bomb. »Knowing the weight of sample, its heat value can be computed. »Each calorimeter must be standardized using a material (benzoic acid) for which the heat of combustion is known precisely to get the heat capacity (Cv) of the calorimeter.
- 18. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 18 Characterisation of MSW (Estimation methods) Physical characterization Calorific value »Heat capacity of (CV) of the calorimeter (Cal/oC) CV = (U. Mb) / (∆T) U = Heat of combustion of benzoic acid (6318 Cal/g) Mb = Mass of benzoic acid pellet ∆T = Rise in temperature from thermogram » Heat value of unknown material, = (CV.∆T)/M M = Mass of the unknown material (g)
- 19. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 19 Characterisitcs of MSW Source: Worrell et al., Solid Waste Engineering, Second edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.
- 20. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 20 Characterisitcs of MSW Source: Worrell et al., Solid Waste Engineering, Second edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.
- 21. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 21 Characterisitcs of MSW Source: Worrell et al., Solid Waste Engineering, Second edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.
- 22. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 22 Assessment Time Review Question Estimate the moisture content, Density and Energy content of a solid waste sample that has following components. Use suitable data from the given list of components and its respective mass percentage. (1) Food waste - 14%; (2) Paper - 40%; (3) Cardboard - 9%; (4) Plastics - 9%; (5) Yard wastes - 12%; (6) Wood - 5%; (6) Tin cans - 6%
- 23. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 23 Characterisitcs of MSW Source: Worrell et al., Solid Waste Engineering, Second edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.