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- 6. 60 61 CINQUEFOIL, CHOKECHERRY, GOLDENROD, ORANGE SNEEZEWEED, MARIGOLD, WILLOW, and a number of other shrubs, grasses, and herbs characteristic of the high mountain meadows of the Southwest. Jerusalem cricket (of a different family from the true crickets) has legs adapted for tunneling in sand.
- 7. animals and how they survive Just as plants depend for their existence on soil, water, and sunlight, so animals, including man, depend on plants. For green plants are the basic food producers in nature, manufacturing carbohydrates, proteins, and other essential compounds from minerals, air, and water, with the help of chlorophyll and the sun’s energy. Animals get their food either by eating green plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants. Microscopic decomposers complete this food chain, breaking down dead plants and animals into substances that once again can be used by plants. Since each link in the chain depends on the other links, it’s not hard to see that a change in one will cause a change in the others. And because animals depend on plants for cover as well as for food, their fortunes are doubly tied to the welfare of plants. Animals and plants share some of the same basic problems— particularly, how to stay within tolerable temperature limits, and how to maintain an adequate supply of water. Plants solve these problems mostly by structural adaptations, animals mostly by behavioral. In the desert, for instance, cold-blooded animals such as snakes and lizards (which have no internal control over body temperature) crawl underground or into shade during the midday heat of summer, and come out to hunt food during the cooler hours. Birds and mammals cool themselves through evaporation of water from their bodies. This makes water conservation doubly critical for them; they too handle it by staying in the shade or going underground during hot times.
- 8. 62 Desert animals get much of their water from the plants and animals they eat, but some species, such as mule deer and Gambel’s quail, require large amounts of drinking water as well. Cold weather poses another problem. Most reptiles and some mammals solve this one by hibernating underground or in rock dens, where temperatures remain moderate throughout the year. Many birds and some mammals migrate to areas where temperatures are warmer and food is more abundant, which may mean going farther south or simply moving down the mountainsides. And insects can survive in a dormant form, as eggs or pupae, though many species remain active during the temperate Sonoran winters. If you want to see animals, then, go where the vegetation is thickest and most varied, and go when temperatures are moderate. During warm seasons in the desert, this means that walking the washes early or late in the day will give you the best chances for seeing wildlife. Coveys of Gambel’s quail explode into the air, peccaries snort through the underbrush, butterflies festoon flowering shrubs, and coyotes stealthily hunt. Invertebrates Insects are generally not bothered by excessive heat, and many species are active during the hottest hours. This is especially true when the plant blossoming season is at its height. Flowers of the mesquite, paloverde, catclaw, saguaro, and other desert plants are “alive” all through the day, as many species of insects seek nectar and pollen or prey on other insects attracted to the blossoms. Insects are fed upon by various species of birds; flycatchers flock to parts of the desert where nectar-yielding flowers are numerous. Because of the absence of extreme cold, the desert climate enables insects to be active throughout much of the year and to support a considerable bird population.
- 9. 63 Despite its fearsome appearance and reputation, you have nothing to fear from the tarantula. Insects play a far more important role in the plant and animal life of the desert than is usually realized. Many desert flowers must be insect pollinated to produce viable seeds. Birds of many kinds depend upon insects for food, and even the seed-eating birds, during the nesting season, rely upon insects to provide the enormous quantities of food and moisture required by their fast-growing nestlings. Many other desert creatures, including certain snakes and lizards and some spiders, depend upon insects for food. The body juices of the insects provide the all-important moisture—which these creatures can get from no other source. Bats, too, are insect eaters, spending the hours of darkness in seemingly aimless and erratic flight while foraging for moths and other night-flying insects that visit the light- colored blossoms of night-blooming plants. Some species of insects may become so numerous that they threaten the very life of the plants on which they live. Pine bark beetles
- 10. annually damage or kill numbers of pinyons and ponderosas in the Rincon Mountains, but have been kept sufficiently under control by their natural enemies so that their ravages have not reached epidemic proportions. Among the common spectacular insects is the TARANTULA HAWK, a large blue-black, red-winged wasp that preys on large spiders. Temporarily paralyzing the spider with its sting, the wasp lays a single egg on its victim, thereby assuring an abundance of living food for its young. The PRAYING MANTIS is another large insect, usually green and inconspicuous among the foliage of desert plants, which it frequents in search of small insects. Ants of many species are active almost everywhere in the desert, harvesting seeds of various plants. Some species construct mazes of underground nest tunnels and deposit the excavated materials on the surface, forming conical, sometimes, craterlike, anthills. The small desert hairy scorpion is the only scorpion in the monument that is dangerous to humans.
- 11. 64 Along with the insects, other arthropods (jointed-leg creatures with exoskeletons) find their home in the desert. The arachnids (eight- legged arthropods) include spiders and scorpions. Of the former, the NORTH AMERICAN TARANTULAS are famous for their large size and formidable appearance, which have given them the wholly undeserved reputation of being dangerous to humans. The really dangerous creatures are the SCORPIONS, whose long, flexible tails bear a poisonous stinger at the tip. Several species are found in the monument; but only the small, straw-colored scorpion has venom known to have been fatal to humans. The other scorpions found in the area can inflict painful stings, but with only localized and rarely serious effects. The Colorado River toad is exceeded in size among U.S. toads only by the giant toad of south Texas (and Mexico). Amphibians
- 12. 65 As might be expected, amphibians are scarce in the monument because of lack of permanent water. The few springs and seeps, however, furnish excellent breeding places for several species of amphibians. Best known among these are the RED-SPOTTED TOAD, LEOPARD FROG, and CANYON TREEFROG, the latter common near Manning Camp. A spectacular desert amphibian and the second largest toad in the United States, is the huge COLORADO RIVER TOAD, sometimes found near residences in the evening when outdoor lights attract swarms of insects. Reptiles Except for small lizards, reptiles are not much in evidence in the monument. Nevertheless, they are present and are important in the various plant-and-animal communities in which they live. Almost all lizards are insectivorous, and along with birds and other insect-eaters help to keep the number of insects within bounds. A notable exception is the GILA (HEE-lah) MONSTER, (See appendix for scientific names of reptiles) largest of the lizards found in the United States. (It is one of the world’s two poisonous lizards, and the only one found in this country.) The gila monster is especially fond of bird eggs, and also eats nestlings and small rodents, obtaining necessary moisture from their body juices. These food habits are quite similar to those of the several species of snakes found in the monument, the majority of which are perfectly harmless to humans.
- 13. 66 The short-horned lizard, more cold-tolerant than the desert horned lizard, ranges from the foothills into the mountain forests of Saguaro. Just as the lizards help to control the insect population, the snakes are important in preventing the buildup of large numbers of rodents that would result in widespread damage to vegetation. Visitors to the monument rarely have the opportunity to observe snakes, since they are in hibernation during winter and remain in the shade or in underground burrows during the hot part of each summer day. Perhaps those most frequently seen are the GOPHER SNAKE and the COACHWHIP. Many desert snakes hunt only at night; others that are normally active during days of moderate temperatures become night hunters during hot weather. Although they are not abundant, there are several kinds of rattlesnakes in the monument, the commonest desert species being the WESTERN DIAMONDBACK and MOHAVE RATTLESNAKES. Except for the small, very rare, and secretive ARIZONA CORAL SNAKE, rattlesnakes are the only poisonous snakes in
- 14. the monument. Snakes, like other living things in the national monument, are protected by law. Don’t be surprised while following a desert footpath to come upon a plodding tortoise. This bona fide desert dweller, the DESERT TORTOISE, is a vegetarian, feeding on cactus, grass, and other low-growing plants. Birds Because of its great variety of habitats, ranging from luxurious desert vegetation to deep mountain forests, Saguaro National Monument provides food and shelter for many species of birds. Some of these reside all year within a single zone, while others move upward in summer, returning to the desert when the mountaintops are covered with snow. Other species pass through the monument in spring and autumn in their annual migrations between Latin America and summer nesting grounds in northern United States or Canada. The following species are those you are most likely to see.
- 15. 67 The Mojave rattlesnake prefers desert, grassland, and open brushland to densely vegetated areas. A common year-round desert resident is the CURVE-BILLED THRASHER, noticeable, noisy, and about the size of a robin. These energetic inhabitants of the cactus forests nest in mesquite clumps and cholla thickets. Their diet—they feed on insects and succulent fruits—makes them comparatively independent of water. The thrashers are delightful songsters. The CACTUS WREN, looking somewhat like a small thrasher, is even noisier. It protects its nest by building in a cactus. This wren lives largely on a diet of insects, but about 17 percent of its food is seeds and fruits. One of the most attractive of the ground birds is the GAMBEL’S QUAIL. Many coveys are found throughout the desert within close range of water. In winter, Gambel’s quail feed mainly on seeds, berries, and plant shoots; in summer they augment this diet with ants, grasshoppers, and other insects. The ROADRUNNER, ungainly clown of the desert, is frequently seen by visitors as it scuttles through the underbrush along the
- 16. 68 margins of sandy washes. Not particular as to food, it is sometimes seen with the tail of a lizard protruding from its beak, and it is known to eat insects and spiders, snakes, young rodents, small birds, seeds, and fruits. Quite capable of flight, the roadrunner prefers to trust to its legs and the security of thickets, but will take to its wings if pursued in the open. You may mistake the curve-billed thrasher’s call, “whit- wheet,” for a human whistle of attention. Two members of the woodpecker family closely associated with the saguaro cactus are the GILA WOODPECKER and GILDED FLICKER. Called carpenter birds because they drill nest holes or pockets in the saguaro stems, both species are of particular interest because of their limited range and specialized habitat. Two other desert birds, sufficiently similar to be confused, are the red, black-faced CARDINAL and the gray-and-red PYRRHULOXIA, both of which have crests. Look
- 17. for these species in the shrubs along washes. Several kinds of doves are found in the desert, including the common MOURNING DOVE and the WHITE-WINGED DOVE. Mourning doves are all-year residents, while the large white-wings drift in from Mexico in May, remaining long enough to raise families and join other animals in harvesting fruits of the saguaro. The gilded flicker drills its nest hole in the saguaro. Seen and heard in the desert all year, the canary-voiced HOUSE FINCH raises its family among cholla and mesquite thickets. The tinkling song of the ROCK WREN is a familiar sound in the desert in winter.
- 18. 69 These gray ground dwellers go farther north or to higher elevations to nest. The PHAINOPEPLA is one of the most noticeable of the desert birds because of its silky crest, glossy black plumage, and habit of perching on the topmost branch of a tree while indulging in flutelike song. A permanent resident of the monument, subsisting on mistletoe berries and other vegetable matter in winter, it has a diet of insects, principally ants, during the rest of the year. Flycatchers are especially abundant and conspicuous during spring and early summer when the blossoms of trees, shrubs, and the larger cactuses attract swarms of insects. Among these birds are SAY’S PHOEBE and ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER. The LESSER NIGHTHAWK lives on a diet of insects, which it catches while on the wing. It is especially noticeable from May to September as it skims the tops of the tallest saguaros in the dusk of evening. The lesser nighthawk also ranges up to the oak woodlands.
- 19. The white-winged dove’s interest in the saguaro is in the nectar and fruit. Predators are an integral part of the bird population, one of the smallest and most active being the LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. This black- and-gray bird gorges itself on beetles and grasshoppers when insects are abundant, turning to lizards, rodents, and small birds at other times. It has the unusual habit of impaling its prey on thorns for future use. The RED-TAILED HAWK is the commonest of the large soaring hawks, which live mainly on rodents and reptiles. It builds its large stick nest in the forks of saguaro arms. Like the shrike and the SPARROW HAWK, the red-tailed hawk is found in grasslands, chaparral, and woodlands as well as in the desert. Because of their nocturnal habits, owls are not often seen by visitors, but they are abundant in
- 20. 70 the monument. In addition to the GREAT HORNED OWL, which like the red-tailed hawk feeds principally on rodents and builds cumbersome nests in saguaro branches, the SCREECH OWL and the tiny ELF OWL are numerous in the cactus community. Screech and elf owls make use of abandoned woodpecker holes in saguaros, not so much for nesting as for dark and comfortable hiding places during daylight hours; they emerge after sunset to hunt insects and small rodents. Best known of the carrion eaters, the TURKEY VULTURE is rarely seen on the ground, but is a common sight, singly or in groups, circling high in the sky.
- 21. The red-tailed hawk builds its nest in the fork of a saguaro and by day ranges over the entire monument in search of prey. The oak-pine-juniper woodland has its set of birds too. One of the noisiest, most quarrelsome, and most mischievous is the MEXICAN JAY, a permanent resident. In summer, it shares this habitat with the night-flying poor-will, which closely resembles the nighthawk but lacks the white wing patches. Shy, secretive, and protectively colored, this bird is rarely seen, but its plaintive call is a familiar twilight sound
- 22. 71 at the middle elevations of the mountains. Here, too, is found the strikingly patterned HARLEQUIN QUAIL, which waits until you are almost upon it before flushing. The RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE prefers brushy slopes and canyons, where it trills its monotonous song from the branch of a skunkbush or scratches noisily and industriously among the fallen leaves beneath an oak. And anywhere from the oak-pine woodland to the top of the Rincons, you are likely to startle the large BAND-TAILED PIGEON from its perch. The pine and fir forests of the higher Rincons are rich in bird life in summer, but only a few species remain the year around. Among the latter is the STELLER’S JAY, which includes insects in its summer diet but feeds mainly on acorns and other vegetable material in winter. The MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE is busy among the branches of the large pines and firs even when snow lies deep on the ground. PIGMY NUTHATCHES—tiny, constantly twittering insect-eaters—also remain all year.
- 23. The great horned owl, a nocturnal counterpart of the red- tailed hawk, nests in the saguaro and feeds primarily on rodents.
- 24. 72 Steller’s jay lives year-round in the pine and fir forests of the higher Rincons. In summer, when insects are plentiful, the mountain forests are alive with birds. The MEXICAN JUNCO, which winters at lower elevations, hides its nest in grass clumps among the firs and aspens. Hummingbirds of several species pause on vibrating wings to suck nectar from blossoms in the meadow at Manning Camp. Brightly colored summer visitors such as the HEPATIC TANAGER and the PAINTED REDSTART search for insects among the pine boughs or
- 25. flash in the sunlight as they flutter across open glades in the forest. The mountaintops, too, have their predators; the COOPER’S HAWK, which nests in wooded canyons, is large enough to lift a pigeon or rabbit, but generally preys on rodents and smaller birds. The largest bird known to inhabit the Rincon Mountains is the TURKEY, which nests and raises its young among the firs and aspens. It descends in winter to the oak-pine woodlands, where it feeds on pinyon nuts, acorns, and grass seeds. Mammals The most frequently seen mammals in the monument are rodents and members of the hare clan. Among the latter group are two rabbits. The DESERT COTTONTAIL is common in the lower levels of the desert, and the EASTERN COTTONTAIL inhabits the mountains to 8,600 feet. Adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions, these animals augment the water they obtain from springs with moisture derived from sap. There are two species of JACKRABBITS (actually hares) in the monument. They remain at the lower levels, where they are a common sight amid the cactuses. Unlike rabbits, which are born naked, blind, and helpless, hares are born with fur, open eyes, and the ability to move about.
- 26. The Yuma (or gray-tailed) antelope ground squirrel, a chipmunk-like rodent of the desert and grassland.
- 27. 73 In the monument, the cliff chipmunk prefers the oak-pine woodland and the coniferous forest. Among the monument rodents the largest are the PORCUPINES. Though rarely seen, they leave characteristic scars on pinyons and ponderosa pines, recording their feeding habits at higher elevations. They are also active in the chaparral belt, and an individual occasionally wanders down into the desert where it eats mesquite beans and samples the bark of ocotillos and other shrubs and trees. Several species of ground squirrels are abundant. At the lower levels, especially among creosotebushes, the ROUNDTAIL GROUND SQUIRREL finds suitable living conditions, while the YUMA ANTELOPE GROUND
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