Silviculture iof (silviculture system)

Silvicultural Systems
Silvicultural system may be defined as a method of silvicultural procedure by
which forests are harvested, regenerated and tended.
It is just a technique perfected on the basis of knowledge of silviculture
Its application is governed by the requirements of forest management or to
achieve the objectives of forest management.
The pattern of felling to be adopted in harvesting a mature crop to be
regenerated:
It includes felling of a single tree to clear felling
The pattern of felling depends on:
1.Silvicultural requirement of the species to be regenerated.
2.Intensity of demand of forest products
3.Development of communication and other local conditions
Classification of Silvicultural Systems
Silvicultural systems have been classified in a variety of ways
The most commonly used classification is based primarily on the mode of
regeneration
According to the method of regeneration silvicultural systems are of following
two types
A. High forest systems:
Those silvicultural systems in which the regeneration is normally of seedling
origin, either natural or artificial or a combination of both and the rotation
is generally long.
B. Coppice system:
Those silvicultural systems in which the crop originates mainly from coppice
and the rotation is short.

High Forest Systems
Systems of Concentrated Systems of Diffused Accessory Systems
Regeneration Regeneration
1.Two storeyed
High Forest
2. High forest with
reserve
Clearfelling Shelterwood Systems Selection System
Systems
1. Clearfelling 1. Uniform system 1. Single Tree Selection
System. 2. Group ,, 2. Group Selection
2. The Clear Strip 3. Strip ,,
System 4. Irregular ,,
3. The Alternate 5. Indian Irregular
Strip System. System
Coppice System (Low Forest System)
a. Simple Coppice System.
b. The Coppice of Two Rotation System.
c. The Shelterwood Coppice System.
d. The Coppice with Standards System.
e. The Coppice with Reserves System.
f. The Coppice Selection System.

MAJOR SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS
A.High Forest Systems:
1. The clear felling system:
The clear felling system is defined as a silvicultural system in which equal or
equi- productive areas of mature crop are successively clear-felled in one
operation to be regenerated most frequently, artificially but sometimes
naturally also.
The area to be clear-felled each year in uniformly productive sites is l/n of
the total area allotted to this system.
N = no of years in the rotation and is usually referred to annual coupe.
The coupes to be felled every year are made equi-productive.
Removal or felling of mature crop:
According to definition, the entire crop of the coupe should be felled and
removed in one operation but in practices following variations are observed.
1. Retention of some mature trees as frost protection measures or as an
insurance against failure or as nurse crop to facilitate establishment of
frost tender species.
2. Retention of promising groups of saplings and poles to prevent
unnecessary sacrifice of immature crop of the desired species.
3. Isolated saplings and poles are ordinarily not retained as they may
develop in to wolf trees.
Methods of obtaining regeneration:
The area can be regenerated sometimes naturally but mostly artificially
Artificial regeneration is preferred due to following reasons
1.It is the surest and quickest method of improving crop composition.
2.It facilities introduction of fast growing and high yielding exotics.
3.It provides better financial returns.
4.The regeneration is established sooner, so the area can be opened for
grazing sooner.

Method of Artificial Regeneration:
*Departmental plantation
*Taungia
Departmental Taungia
Leased Taungia
Village Taungia
Method of Natural Regeneration:
*Natural regeneration from seed
*Seeds stored in the area
*Seeds received from outside
*Natural regeneration from advanced growth
Variations in Clear-felling System:
* The clear strip system
* The alternate strip systems
*Clearfelling in patches
*Clearfelling with advanced regeneration
*Clear-felling with retention of shelterwood
Advantages:
1. It is simplest of all high forest system. It does not require a high
degree of skill.
2. As felling is concentrated, the yield per unit area is more and
consequently the cost of felling and extraction is low.
3. Introducing fast growing exotics and regulating composition of new
crop through artificial regeneration is advantageous.
4. It makes the supervision of all operations easy.
5. There is no damage to new crop by felling.
6. If properly tended the even aged crop produced have trees with
cleaner and more cylindrical boles.
7. Entire crop is regenerated in one operation. Its establishment is
quicker there by reducing the cost and rotation.
8. As the regeneration establishes early, the coupe can be opened up for
grazing soon.
9. The distribution of age class is very regular.
10.The success or failure of regeneration is clear by the end of first year
or in few years.

Disadvantages:
1. It is the most artificial system.
2. Soil remain open there is more danger of soil deterioration and erosion
3. The danger of weeds and grass invasion increases.
4. It produces even aged crop, which is less resistant to damage by wind.
5. when the crop is pure it becomes more susceptible to damage by Insects,
plant parasites and pathogens.
6. It sacrifices all immature crops that may still be putting on valuable
increment.
7. Growing space and site factors are not fully utilized.
8. Annual yield is less than uneven aged crops.
9. This system is not suitable on hilly area and slopes.
10.The system is aesthetically very bad.

Seed Tree Method
In this method the stand is clear felled except for a few seed trees, which are
left standing singly or in groups to produce seeds for regeneration
After a new crop is established these seed trees may be removed or left
indefinitely.
The chief distinction from shelter wood system is that the seed trees are
retained only for seed production and not enough to provide shelter.
On the basis of arrangements of seed trees the seed tree methods may be:
Single Tree Method.
Group Tree Method
Strips or Rows Method
Characteristic of Seed Trees.
1. Wind firmness: Trees with tapering boles are more resistant to wind.
2. Seed producing ability: The best trees are members of Dominant crown
class having wide deep crowns and relatively large live crown ratio.
3. Age: Seed tree must be old enough to produce abundant fertile seeds, The
age at which seed bearing begins in closed stand is the safest criteria.
Number and Distribution of Seed Trees: It depends on following factors
*Amount of seed produced/tree
*The no. of seed required
*Seed Dissemination
*Number of viable seed produced (depend on pollination. There will be
low no of viable seed in isolated trees
*Seed germination
*Seedling establishment
Advantage: Ample opportunity for Phenotypic Selection, suitable for Light
demanding species.
Disadvantage: Under stocking, over stocking, damage by forest and
drought.

Shelterwood Systems
Shelterwood system is a silvicultural systems in which the over wood is
removed gradually in two or more successive felling depending on the
progress of regeneration.
The trees, which are no longer capable of increment in value, are removed to
make room for regeneration to come in
The trees, which are growing vigorously, are retained to provide
(a) Shelter
(b)Seed
(c) Rapid diameter increment and value increment
(d)Protection of site against deterioration.
Kinds of Shelterwood system:
The varying patterns of regeneration felling and their distribution in space
and time, results in a variety of shelterwood systems.
1.Uniform shelterwood system:
Regeneration felling is done by making uniform opening
2.Group shelterwood system:
Regeneration felling is done in scattered groups
3.The shelterwood strip system:
Regeneration felling is done in strips
4. Irregular Shelterwood System:
Opening is made irregularly.
Uneven aged crop is produced
There is a compromise between shelterwood group system & selection
system
5.Indian irregular shelterwood system:
Uneven aged crop is produced and immature trees are retained as future crop
It is a compromise between Uniform System and Selection System.
6.One cut shelterwood:
Removal of over wood in one operation if sufficient advance growth is
present

1.Uniform Shelterwood System (Uniform System)
The canopy is uniformly opened up over the whole are of a compartment to
obtain uniform regeneration. It is also called as shelterwood compartment
system or compartment system.
Pattern of felling:
Preparatory felling:
It is a felling made under a high forest system with the object of creating
conditions favorable to seed production and natural regeneration
*Create gaps in the canopy
*Create favorable conditions on the forest floor.
Seeding felling:
It is defined as opening the canopy of a mature stand to provide conditions
securing regeneration from the seed of trees retained
This is the first stage of regeneration felling and the object is to make
opening in the canopy all over the compartment so that favorable conditions
are created for regeneration.
There are two important considerations
1.Selection of trees to be retained:
*Genetically superior trees.
*The number of trees varies according to the silvicultural requirement of
species.
*The shade bearing sp. and those with heavy seed-retain more seed trees
(small opening)
*The light demanding sp. and those with light seed-retain less seed trees
(large opening)
*For the same sp. opening is lighter in the drier areas than in moist areas.
*Seeding felling is done with caution if there is danger of invasion of
grasses and weeds.
*Large no. of seed bearers on southern aspect and less no. of seed bearers
on northern aspect for the same species.
2.The number of seed bearers:
*The number of seed bearers to be retained depends on:
*Seed requirement of the area.
*Amount of light to be admitted (shelter)
*Moisture condition
*Condition of weed growth
*Altitude and aspect.

Examples:
Species No. of seed bearers Approx. Distance
between trees
Pinus roxburghii 12-18 on cooler aspect 24-30m.
20-25 on warmer aspect 20-22m.
Pinus wallichiana 25-30 18-20m.
Cedrus deodara (Deodar) 45-50 14-15m.
Picea smithiana (Spruces) 45-50 14-15m.
Abies pindrow (Fir) 75-87 11-12m

Secondary felling:
It is defined as a regeneration felling carried out between seeding felling and
final felling in order gradually to remove the shelter and admit increasing
light to the regenerated crop
Removal of trees in secondary felling depends on progress of regeneration
and its light requirement. It also helps in the manipulation of mixture of crop.
Final felling:
It is defined as the removal of the last shelter or seed trees after regeneration
has been affected. It is the final stage in regeneration felling when the are is
completely stocked with established regeneration which do not require
shelter.

Periodic Block:
It is necessary to divide the rotation period in to as many parts as the number
by which the rotation is divisible by the time taken to regenerate an area.
Example
If the rotation is 120 years and it takes 30 years to regenerate the area
naturally.
The rotation will be divided into periods. As each of this part is felled
and regenerated in a particular period, it is called a periodic Block.
120/30 = 4 periodic blocks
Allotment of areas to Periodic Block
1. Permanent (Regeneration period is fixed)
FS x P (Number of years in the period)
Area of Periodic Block = -------------------------------------------
R (Rotation)
= 1000 x 30
------------- =250 ha.
a 120
b (a) Self contained
c (b) Scattered (is adapted in India)
2. Floating (Regeneration Period is not fixed)
(Simple Periodic Block)
FS x estimated regeneration period
= -------------------------------------------
Rotation
Area of the felling series
= ------------------------------
No. of periodic block
= 1000/4 or 1000/5

Age Class (Age of crop in years)
Period and At the beginning At the end
Periodic block of the period of period Remarks
I 91-120 1-30 After one rotation
II 61-90 91-120
III 31-60 61-90
IV 1-30 31-60
Each area moves from
one periodic block to
other
Fig: Sequence of Movement of Forest in Various Periodic Blocks
Length of Regeneration Period: It Depends on:
1. Frequency of seed years
2. Light requirement.
3. Other climate factors
4. Soil condition
5. Condition of grass and competing weed growth
6. Incidence of grazing, browsing, and fire
Periodic
block I
Periodic
block II
Periodic
block IV
Periodic
block III

Advantages:
1. Marking and felling of trees of the over wood are simpler than in other
shelterwood systems as well as selection system.
2. In this system the soil is not completely denuded so there is little risk of
soil deterioration and erosion.
3. As the regeneration operations are carried out under the shelter of older
crop, there is little danger of invasion of the area by weeds and grasses.
4. The young crop is protected against adverse climatic factors such as cold,
frost, winds, drought etc.
5. As the regeneration is obtained from seeds obtained from best selected
trees, the new crop is superior.
6. It is a suitable system for the regeneration of both light demander and
shade bearer species. In mixed forest it is suitable to regenerate a
mixture of different species by regulating of light reaching on forest
floor.
7. As the new crop appears before the old one is harvested, the average
length of rotation is shortened.
8. The growing space is more fully utilized as the regeneration grows under
the shelter of older trees.
9. It makes supervision and control of various operations easy.
10.From aesthetic point of view the system is superior to clear felling
system.
Disadvantages:
1. As the over wood is removed in more than one operation there is much
damage to the young crop.
2. In mixed forest with species having different light requirement, the
manipulation of canopy requires skill and knowledge of silvicultural
requirement of species composing the mixture.
3. The isolated seed bearers are susceptible to wind damage.
4. In the species having long intervals between seed years, after seeding
felling there may be invasion by weeds and regeneration may be affected.
5. In species with longer regeneration period, weeding and cleaning has to
be done for longer period and the natural regeneration becomes costly.

The Selection System
The selection system is defined as a silvicultural system in which felling and
regeneration are distributed over the whole of the area and the resultant crop is
so uneven-aged that trees of all ages are found mixed together over every part
of the area. Such a crop is referred to as selection forest or all-aged forest. the
selection system may be of following two types.
*Single tree selection
*Group selection
Ideal selection system: Felling of trees is done annually allover the area of a
forest which is possible when the area is small
Periodic selection system: If the area is large it is not possible to fell the trees
over the entire area annually. Therefore, the area to be worked under selection
system is divided in to coups and felling is confined to one coup every year.
Thus, felling is done in a coup after a certain number of years, which is equal
to the number of coups.
This interval is known as felling cycle, which is defined as the time between
two successive main felling on the same area.
The length of the felling cycle affects the silviculture of species, exploitation
of forest, and the nature of crop produced.
Selection forest or all aged forest:
1. The felling and regeneration are distributed over the whole area.
2. Uneven aged - All aged.
3. Regeneration operations are carried out throughout the life of crop.
Conduct of felling: following categories of trees are generally removed.
(1)Dead, dying, diseased, misshapen or otherwise defective trees interfering
with the growth of better trees.
(2)Trees of undesirable species
(3)Immature trees, which can be removed in judicious thinning carried out
in different age classes.
(4)Mature tree of and above the exploitable diameter which will leave gaps
for regeneration to come in
(5)Maintain proper proportion of diameter classes – Maintain reveres ‘J
‘shaped curve.

Consideration for Application:
(1)Topography
(2)Catchment Areas
(3)Communication
(4)Market Requirement
(5)Silvicultural Considerations
Advantages:
(1)It results in the production of all aged forest. Trees of all ages are mixed
together on each unit of area. Then the growing space and site factors are
fully utilized.
(2)By maintaining continuous leaf cover, the selection systems conserves
soil and moisture to the fullest extent possible.
(3)The selection forest produced is most resistant to injuries by insect pests
and adverse climate factors.
(4)It prevents invasion of grass and weeds.
(5)natural regeneration comes up without difficulty due to abundance of
seed bearers, use of every seed year and the protection afforded to
seedlings.

(6)The forest regenerate itself continuously, without any time limit.
(7)As the lower age class trees grow below the older trees, the selection
system results in producing more growing stock in large size trees per
unit area than the uniform system.
(8)This is best system of producing large size trees.
(9)It produces a forest which is superior biologically (Bio-diversity) as well
as in its aesthetic and scenic value.
Disadvantages:
(1)Considerable skill is required in carrying out marking and felling to
ensure regeneration to come up in the gaps. This requires knowledge of
silviculture of species.
(2)As the mature trees to be removed are scattered, cost of logging and
extraction is high.
(3)Felling, logging and extraction causes damage to the young crop.
(4)Seed is obtained from good as well as bad trees, there is genetic
deterioration of future crop.
(5)There is much damage to regeneration by grazing.
(6)As the area is extensive, strict fire protection is difficult. Thus accidental
fires result in damaging the new crop.
(7)Success or failure of regeneration is difficult to assess.
(8)In a mixed crop with lower % of valuable species, when valuable sp. are
removed there vacancies are filled up by less valuable species.
(9)Maintaining proper proportion of each diameter classes is very difficult
and there will be Misconception of Reverse J shaped curve.
(10)It is difficult to know exact growing stock, normal distribution of tree
sp. and DBH.
(11)Heavy felling.

Coppice Systems
The silvicultural system in which the crop is regenerated mainly from stool
coppice and with short rotation.
Reproduction is obtained from the shoots arising from the adventitious buds
of the stump of felled trees.
Types of coppice system:
On the basis of pattern of felling the coppice system is of various types.
1. Simple coppice system.
2. The coppice of two rotation system.
3. The shelterwood coppice system.
4. The coppice with standard system.
5. The coppice with Reserve System.
6. Coppice Selection System.
Factors affecting natural regeneration by coppice:
1. Species- coppicing power.
2. Age of tree-pole and young trees.
3. Season of coppicing-before spring.
4. Height of stump-15-25 cm.
5. Rotation-short.
6. Silvicultural system-clear-felling.
Simple coppice system:
The simple coppice system is defined as a silvicultural system based on stool
coppice in which the old crop is clear felled completely with no reservation.
Patter of felling in simple coppice system consists in clear felling a fixed
area annually.
Area of coppice coupe = 1/n x total area. Where n is the number of years in
rotation.
Season for coppicing:
1. The best season for coppicing is a little before the growth start in spring
because at this time there is a large reserve food material in roots which
is utilized by the coppice shoots.
2. During the dormancy period. (from Nov. – Feb./March)

Method of felling:
1. the stump should neither be too low/high.
2. The lower the stump, the better it is for coppice shoot.
3. but if the trees are cut very low there is a danger of the stump splitting
and or drying up from top.
4. On the other hand, the higher the stumps, the greater the possibility of
shoots being damaged by wind or animals.
5. Stumps are usually kept, 15-25 cm high. (10 cm for eucalyptus)
Precaution during felling:
1. Stump should not split during felling trees.
2. The bark did not get detach from the wood.
3. Stump should slope slightly in one direction.
Advantage:
1. The system is very simple and does not require any skill in marking.
2. The regeneration is more certain.
3. As coppice shoot grow faster in the beginning the cost of weeding,
cleaning and protection is much less than in case of reproduction by seed.
4. The mean annual increment (MAI) of the coppice crop is much higher
than that obtained under high forest.
5. The net returns on investment are relatively higher primarily due to short
rotation and less investment.
6. Although it is shortsighted system but very suitable for producing
fuelwood and small sized timber to fulfill the immediate need of the
society.
Disadvantage:
1. The system tends to exhaust mineral substances in the soil.
2. This system is not permanent because the trees can not keep on coppicing
indefinitely.
3. The coppice crop is liable to great damage by frost and wind.
4. This is not a very desirable system from aesthetic point of views.
5. Risk of site deterioration (Soil erosion, weed invasion etc.)

Coppice with standards system
It is silvicultural system based on coppice in which over wood of standards,
usually of seedling origin and composed of trees of various ages, is kept
over coppice for a period of multiple coppice rotation and as a permanent
feature of the crop through out its life.
Purpose of standards:
1. Supply of large size timber
2. Protection against frost
3. Enrichment of coppice
4. To provide seedling regeneration
5. Increase in revenue
Thus, 1) Constitution of crop: lower storey (even aged coppice crop), upper
storey (over wood of standards).
2) Rotation: two rotation- one for coppice and one for standard
(multiple of coppice rotation).
Pattern of felling:
All trees except standards are clear felled and selection of standards depends
on
1.Species:
The species of same or different sp. or a mixture of species.
2.Characteristics and quality of standards:
Standards should be as follow
1.most valuable species
2.long, clean bole with light foliage
3.capable of putting on increment and increasing in value
4.wind firm
5.light demanders
3.No. of standards:
Number of standards depend on following
1. Object of mgt.
2. Climatic factors (frost)
3. Silvicultural characteristics of species (light, frost etc.)
- Standards should not occupy more than one third of the canopy
(33%)
- The space allotted to the standards is to be properly distributed
amongst the various age classes.

4. Distribution of standards: Uniformly distributed over the whole area.
If .3% of canopy area is occupied by standards and there are three age class
present than each age class will occupy 0.1% of canopy area. It means more
no. of trees of lower age class.
Advantages:
1. There is greater protection to the soil.
2. Advantage of heavy shelterwood felling and selection system.
3. Standards serve as seed bearers and provide seed.
4. The investment is small and the net return is higher.
5. Aesthetically superior than simple coppice.
Disadvantage:
1. It requires great skill in maintaining correct balance between standards
and coppice and between standards of different age classes.
2. This is a combination of simple coppice system and high forest system
with the advantage of none.
3. It has an exhaustive effect on soil.
4. Felling and extraction cost is higher than high forest system.
Conditions of Application of CWS:
1. Where there is demand of firewood, pole, and timber.
2. Where simple coppice is inhibited due to climatic factors and silvicultural
characteristics of species.
C.W. S. Not suitable for:
1. If required no. of standards of desired species are not available.
2. Poles of valuable species have to be coppiced immaturely which can
produce large timber if thinning is done.
3. It does not provide for retention of other trees for economic, silvicultural
or protective consideration, howsoever important and necessary these
may be.
Example:
Forest Coppice rotation Standard rotation
1. Sal 30 years 60 years
2. Jamun belt 20 or 30 40 or 60
3. Dry deciduous forest 30 90
4. Anogeissus pendula 40 80

Silviculture iof (silviculture system)

Formulation of Silvicultural Systems
A good silvicultural system is a long-term program of treatment designed to
fit a specific set of circumstances
It is not likely to be something that has already been invented and can
simply be selected from schematic description of silvicultural systems given
in books
Formulation of a silvicultural system should start with the analysis of the
natural and socioeconomic factors of the situation
In the first place, a rational silvicultural system for a particular stand should
fit logically in to the over all management plan for the forest of which the
stand is a part
Second, it should represent the best possible amalgam of attempts to satisfy
all the following major considerations.
Considerations:
1.Hormony with goals and characteristics of ownership
2.Provision for regeneration
3.Efficient use of growing space and site productivity
4.Control of damaging agencies
5.Provision for sustained yield
6.Optimum use of capital and growing stock
7.Concentration and efficient arrangements of operations
Resolution of conflicting objectives
However, when these other kinds of people represent the ownership of the
forest public or private, it is they who determine the objectives of
management and policies of use of the forest. The foresters should advise
and tell what the potentialities are, but they should then be content to
execute the policies.

Silvicultural Systems Applicable to Important Species
It is not wise to recommend any particular silvicultural system for a species.
In fact silvicultural systems for a particular forest stand should be
formulated or selected on the basis of important silvicultural characteristics
of the species, forest condition, forest owner’s objective of management,
and several other consideration described earlier. However, looking on the
important silvicultural characteristics and other considerations some of the
important silvicultural systems, which may be applicable for different forests
in various circumstances is prescribed here.
Sal (Shorea robusta):
Silvicultural Characteristics:
1. Strong Light demander
2. Good coppicer (stems up to 20-30cm in diameter)
1. Seedling die back due to frost, drought, fire, and dense overstorey
2. Annual seeder but good seed years after every 2 years
5. Light winged seeds and seeds dispersed by wind
Silvicultural Systems:
1. Selection system (group selection)
2. Irregular shelterwood system
3. Uniform shelterwood system
4. One cut shelterwood system
5. Clearfelling system (plantation by Taungia)
6. Coppice with standards
7. Coppice with reserves
8. Simple coppice
Khair (Acacia catechu):
Silvicultural characteristics:
1. Strong light demander
2. Seedlings are susceptible to severe frost
3. It is very drought resistant
4. It coppices well unless it is under shade of other species
5. Seeds produced in abundance
6. Seeds dispersed by wind and water
7. It requires protection from grazing and browsing

Silvicultural systems:
1. Clearfelling and plantation
2. Simple coppice
4. Seed tree method
Sisso (Dalbargia sissoo):
1. It is strong light demander
2. It is good coppicer
3. Annual seeder and seeds produced abundantly
4. Seeds dispersed by wind and water
5. Older seedlings can tolerate mild frost
6. It should be protected against grazing and browsing
1. Seed tree method
2. Cleaerfelling and plantation by Taungia
3. Two storeyed high forest system
4. Simple coppice
6. Coppice with two rotation system
Khair and Sisso (Acacia catachu and Dalbergia sissoo):
2. Coppice with two rotation
3. Seed tree method
4. Clearfelling and plantation
Chilaune (Schima wallichii):
1. Moderately shade tolerant but later it benefits from full overhead light
2. It is capable of colonizing plantations of other species
3. It is not frost hardy
4. It coppices very well
5. Good seed year are frequent
6. Winged light seeds dispersed by wind

1. Simple coppice
4. Selection coppice
5. Selection System
Katus (Castanopsis species):
1. Moderately shade tolerant
2. It benefits from overhead light in later stage
3. It is frost hardy(C. Hystrix)
4. Young seedlings are frost tender(C. Tribuloides)
5. It coppices well
1. Simple coppice
3. Coppice with standard
5. Selection System
Asna (Terminalia tomentosa):
1. It is light demander
2. Seedlings can withstand moderately side shade but are killed by heavy
shade
3. Seedlings are often killed back by frost
4. The tree is fairly tolerant to fire damage
5. It coppices well(up to 40cm. in diameter)
1. Single tree selection
3. Coppice with reserves
4. Shelterwood system

Oaks (Quercus species):
1. Tolerate shade when young
2. Seedlings are very shade tolerant(Q. incana)
3. Early frost kills seedlings
4. Seedlings frost resistant(Q. lamelosa and Q. semicarpifolia)
5. Growth of older trees is better in the open
6. It coppices well but above 10cm. diameter coppicing power reduces(Q.
floribunda)
7. Seeds (Acorns) are large and have limited distribution by gravity
1. Simple coppice system
5. Uniform shelterwood system
Chirpine (Pinus roxberghii):
2. Seedlings require full overhead light
3. Seedlings are reasonably frost hardy
4. It is very fire resistant species
5. Seedlings over one year old killed by fire will send up new shoots
6. Abundant seed production but good seed years come after every 4-5
years
7. Seeds are light and dispersed by wind
8. Certain ability to coppice when small trees are felled but it is of little
importance
1. Seed tree method
2. Uniform or irrefgular shelterwood system
3. Group selection
4. Clearfelling with advanced regeneration/One cut Shelterwood

Bluepine (Pinus wallichiana):
2. Seedlings are frost hardy
3. Less fire resistant than P. Roxburghii
4. Small seedlings may suffer from drought after and before mansoon
5. Seedlings will persist for some year under moderate shade but for good
development full light is needed
6. It regenerates profusely where conditions are favorable
7. Abundant seed production but good seed years come after every 2-3
years
8. Light seeds and seeds dispersed by wind fairly to large distance up to
200m or more
1. Seed tree method
2. Uniform or irregular shelterwood system
3. Group selection
4. Clear felling with advanced regeneration.
Fir (Abies species):
1. It is highly shade tolerant
2. Prefer cool moist habitat
3. Tolerant to frost and snow
4. Very sensitive to fire
5. Seeds dispersed by wind(winged seeds)
6. Good seed years after every 3-4 years in A. Spectabilis and about 10
years in A. Pindrow
2. Irregular sheterwood system
3. Uniform shelterwood system (75-87 seed trees/ha.)

Spruce (Picea smithiana):
1. Shade bearer
2. Seeds dispersed by wind
3. Young seedlings do not suffer from frost
4. More of a pioneer often associated with blue pine
3. Uniform shelterwood system (45-50 seed trees / ha.)
Deodar (Cedrus deodara):
1. Shade bearer and young seedlings benefit from side shade
2. Winged seeds dispersed by wind
3. Young seedlings do not suffer from frost
4. Very sensitive to fire
5. Good seed years after every 3 years
6. Most of the seeds fall close to the parent tree
7. Profuse regeneration in favorable sites
6. Uniform shelterwood system (45-50 seed trees / ha.)

Choice of silvicultural systems and their application procedure (Thompsom, 1990).
Do the management objectives (user identified)
includes pole or timber production?
YESNO
Are foliage and small
fuel important?
Simple
Coppice
NOYES
High
Forest
Coppice with
Standards

Decision making procedure for choosing a system
In this first stage one can identify the main system for the area. As management
continues this decision may be altered or there may be an inherent trend from one system
to another depending on access and the supply: demand situation for different products.
a) Simple coppice system
Simple coppice
Harvesting Regeneration
Has the canopy
closed
Is the regeneration low?
(< 1 stool in 10m2
)
NO YES NO YES
Only general
treatment
Fell stand
with the
harvest split
Over two
years
Is there a need
to alter the
species
composition
Take measure
for regeneration
These may
include
protection,
opening of gaps
in the canopy,
direct sowing,
and ground
working or
planting
NO YES
No special regeneration
measures required

(b) Coppice with Standard:
Harvesting Regeneration
Is the canopy closed? Is the stocking low?
( <1 stool in 10m2
)
NO
Only general
treatment
Yes
Select standards to occupy a
maximum of 33% canopy
cover. Treat the felled stools as
simple coppice.
No
Yes
Is there a need to
alter the species
composition?
Do you want free access for
user selection of standards?
Yes No
Select by species;
gives irregular
distribution of
standards
Select by species and
spacing; gives
regular distribution
of standards
No special
measures
required
Take
measures for
regeneration
No Yes
Do the standards occupy more
than the chosen canopy closure
percentage
No Yes
General treatment
only
Have the standards
reached final timber
size?
Maintain canopy cover at
chosen percentageNo
Do you want to spread
the yield or keep
reserve ?
Clear-fell the
standards
Fell the
standards in
groups
Yes
NoYes
Coppice with
standards

C. High Forest Systems:
High forest
system
Is the canopy closed? Is the site occupancy low or patchy?
No Yes
No Yes
Only general
treatment
Identify
desired stems
Is there a need to alter the
species composition?
Have about 25% of the stems
reached final timber size?
No Yes
No special
measures required
Take measure for
regeneration
Maintain complete
crown access to
direct light for
desired stems
Is there regeneration
of desired species
Present?
No
Yes
Initiate regeneration
felling
Initiate timber
harvest
No Yes

Silviculture iof (silviculture system)

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