Sociolinguistic The ethnography of speaking and the structure of conversation
- 1. Fatimatuz Zahratun Nisa’ Hayyik Ni’matuz Zainah Murwati Amalina Mutabi’ah Lailatul Chusna
- 2. According to sociolinguists, study of language must go beyond the sentences, beyond language and bring in social context. Speech acts only acquire their real meaning when they are studied in a social context. Sentence Speech event
- 3. 1. Ways of speaking 2. Speech communities 3. Native term of talk
- 4. Any communicative use of language or speech event is constituted by 7 factors: 1. speaker-writer 2. hearer-reader 3. message 4. topic 5. channel 6. setting 7. code
- 5. speaker Aclergyman (khatib in Arabic) hearer Participant (Hadlirin in Arabic) message the actual words, sounds & sentences topic Religious context channel Direct voice by loudspeaker setting mosque code The language may understood
- 6. Because so much earlier linguistis analysis was based on the written language, it is undestandable that the sentence should have been considered as the important unit to study. But sentences are less useful in the study of speech
- 7. How do we know that telephone conversations are rule governed? In England – recite their telephone number Telephone operators in offices – tell the name of their company In some countries it is considered impolite to ask to speak to someone else before initiating a series of polite social interchanges with the person answering.
- 8. The question of who speaks is one of intriguing aspects of conversational exchange - In a classroom: Teacher-student - In a parliament or trials - Informal conversations – power, status
- 9. Politeness consists of this recognition of the listener and his or her rights in the situation. Requests are mitigated by being made indirectly Example: 1. (Could you possibly pass me the salt?) 2. or as statement (I think that is the salt beside your plate) 3. or by adding formulas like “Please” or “if you would be so kind”
- 10. In Arabic: mabruk Allah ybarik fik (may God bless you) American English Thank you You are welcome
- 11. The most common kinds of politeness formulas are involved with greetings. Each social group has its own set of rules about who should be greeted, who should greet first, and what is an appropriate form of greeting. Hi! Hello! How are you! Salam aleykum!
- 12. The choice of second person pronoun and the related phenomenon of terms of address in western European languages shows the formalization of politeness and status in a language. In French : Tu – singular pr; Vous – plural pronoun. V form was used to address someone of higher status, who would return to T form. Ex: Servant – master
- 13. While the pattern has been relaxed, it remains impolite to use T to a stranger. Many speakers of Swedish now use T even to strangers. American doctors and dentists use first names , but expect Doctor X in return. In Arabic - addressing friends by the name of their eldest son Um Ahmed, Abu Ahmed
- 14. In England – non-relatives may be addressed with terms of relationship. Uncle John, Auntie Mary