Software model

IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010
ISSN (Online): 1694-0814
www.IJCSI.org
94
AComparison Between Five Models Of Software Engineering
Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar1
and A. Govardhan2
1
Ph.D Student of Computer Science & Engineering
Jawahrlal Nehru Technological University
Kuktapally, Hyderabad- 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Professor of Computer Science & Engineering
Principal JNTUH of Engineering College, Jagityal, Karimnagar (Dt), A.P., India
Abstract
This research deals with a vital and important issue in computer
world. It is concerned with the software management processes
that examine the area of software development through the
development models, which are known as software development
life cycle. It represents five of the development models namely,
waterfall, Iteration, V-shaped, spiral and Extreme programming.
These models have advantages and disadvantages as well.
Therefore, the main objective of this research is to represent
different models of software development and make a
comparison between them to show the features and defects of
each model.
Keywords: Software Management Processes, Software
Development, Development Models, Software Development Life
Cycle, Comparison between five models of Software Engineering.
1. Introduction
No one can deny the importance of computer in our life,
especially during the present time. In fact, computer has
become indispensible in today's life as it is used in many
fields of life such as industry, medicine, commerce,
education and even agriculture. It has become an
important element in the industry and technology of
advanced as well as developing countries. Now a days,
organizations become more dependent on computer in
their works as a result of computer technology. Computer
is considered a time- saving device and its progress helps
in executing complex, long, repeated processes in a very
short time with a high speed. In addition to using
computer for work, people use it for fun and
entertainment. Noticeably, the number of companies that
produce software programs for the purpose of facilitating
works of offices, administrations, banks, etc, has
increased recently which results in the difficulty of
enumerating such companies. During the previous four
decades, software has been developed from a tool used for
analyzing information or solving a problem to a product in
itself. However, the early programming stages have
created a number of problems turning software an
obstacle to software development particularly those
relying on computers. Software consists of documents and
programs that contain a collection that has been
established to be a part of software engineering
procedures. Moreover, the aim of software engineering is
to create a suitable work that construct programs of high
quality.
Fig. 1 Explanation of software engineering conception.
Computer Science Client
Theories Computer Function Problems
The Software engineering
Tools and techniques to solve problems

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2. Software Process Models
A software process model is an abstract representation of a
process. It presents a description of a process from some
particular perspective as:
1. Specification.
2. Design.
3. Validation.
4. Evolution.
General Software Process Models are
1. Waterfall model: Separate and distinct phases of
specification and development.
2. Prototype model.
3. Rapid application development model (RAD).
4. Evolutionary development: Specification,
development and validation are interleaved.
5. Incremental model.
6. Iterative model.
7. Spiral model.
8. Component-based software engineering : The system
is assembled from existing components.
There are many variants of these models e.g. formal
development where a waterfall-like process is used, but
the specification is formal that is refined through several
stages to an implementable design[1].
3. Five Models
A Programming process model is an abstract
representation to describe the process from a particular
perspective. There are numbers of general models for
software processes, like: Waterfall model, Evolutionary
development, Formal systems development and Reuse-
based development, etc. This research will view the
following five models :
1. Waterfall model.
2. Iteration model.
3. V-shaped model.
4. Spiral model.
5. Extreme model.
These models are chosen because their features
correspond to most software development programs.
3.1 The Waterfall Model
The waterfall model is the classical model of software
engineering. This model is one of the oldest models and is
widely used in government projects and in many major
companies. As this model emphasizes planning in early
stages, it ensures design flaws before they develop. In
addition, its intensive document and planning make it
work well for projects in which quality control is a major
concern.
The pure waterfall lifecycle consists of several non-
overlapping stages, as shown in the following figure. The
model begins with establishing system requirements and
software requirements and continues with architectural
design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance.
The waterfall model serves as a baseline for many other
lifecycle models.
Fig. 2 Waterfall Model[4].
Fig. 3 Waterfall model[2].
The following list details the steps for using the waterfall
System Requirements
Software Requirements
Architectural Design
Detailed Design
Coding
Testing
Maintenance
Requirements
Definition
System and
Software Design
Implementation
and Unit Testing
Integration and
System Testing
Operation and
Maintenance

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model:
1 System requirements: Establishes the components
for building the system, including the hardware
requirements, software tools, and other necessary
components. Examples include decisions on
hardware, such as plug-in boards (number of
channels, acquisition speed, and so on), and decisions
on external pieces of software, such as databases or
libraries.
2 Software requirements: Establishes the expectations
for software functionality and identifies which system
requirements the software affects. Requirements
analysis includes determining interaction needed with
other applications and databases, performance
requirements, user interface requirements, and so on.
3 Architectural design: Determines the software
framework of a system to meet the specific
requirements. This design defines the major
components and the interaction of those components,
but it does not define the structure of each
component. The external interfaces and tools used in
the project can be determined by the designer.
4 Detailed design: Examines the software components
defined in the architectural design stage and produces
a specification for how each component is
implemented.
5 Coding: Implements the detailed design
specification.
6 Testing: Determines whether the software meets the
specified requirements and finds any errors present in
the code.
7 Maintenance: Addresses problems and enhancement
requests after the software releases.
In some organizations, a change control board maintains
the quality of the product by reviewing each change made
in the maintenance stage. Consider applying the full
waterfall development cycle model when correcting
problems or implementing these enhancement requests.
In each stage, documents that explain the objectives and
describe the requirements for that phase are created. At the
end of each stage, a review to determine whether the
project can proceed to the next stage is held. Your
prototyping can also be incorporated into any stage from
the architectural design and after.
Many people believe that this model cannot be applied to
all situations. For example, with the pure waterfall model,
the requirements must be stated before beginning the
design, and the complete design must be stated before
starting coding. There is no overlap between stages. In
real-world development, however, one can discover issues
during the design or coding stages that point out errors or
gaps in the requirements.
The waterfall method does not prohibit returning to an
earlier phase, for example, returning from the design phase
to the requirements phase. However, this involves costly
rework. Each completed phase requires formal review and
extensive documentation development. Thus, oversights
made in the requirements phase are expensive to correct
later.
Because the actual development comes late in the process,
one does not see results for a long time. This delay can be
disconcerting to management and customers. Many people
also think that the amount of documentation is excessive
and inflexible.
Although the waterfall model has its weaknesses, it is
instructive because it emphasizes important stages of
project development. Even if one does not apply this
model, he must consider each of these stages and its
relationship to his own project [4].
 Advantages :
1. Easy to understand and implement.
2. Widely used and known (in theory!).
3. Reinforces good habits: define-before- design,
design-before-code.
4. Identifies deliverables and milestones.
5. Document driven, URD, SRD, … etc. Published
documentation standards, e.g. PSS-05.
6. Works well on mature products and weak teams.
 Disadvantages :
1. Idealized, doesn’t match reality well.
2. Doesn’t reflect iterative nature of exploratory
development.
3. Unrealistic to expect accurate requirements so
early in project.
4. Software is delivered late in project, delays discovery
of serious errors.
5. Difficult to integrate risk management.
6. Difficult and expensive to make changes to
documents, ”swimming upstream”.
7. Significant administrative overhead, costly for small
teams and projects [6].
 Pure Waterfall
This is the classical system development model. It consists
of discontinuous phases:
1. Concept.
2. Requirements.
3. Architectural design.

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4. Detailed design.
5. Coding and development.
6. Testing and implementation.
Table 1: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Waterfall
Strengths Weaknesses
 Minimizes planning
overhead since it can
be done up front.
 Structure minimizes
wasted effort, so it
works well for
technically weak or
inexperienced staff.
 Inflexible
 Only the final phase
produces a non-
documentation
deliverable.
 Backing up to
address mistakes is
difficult.
 Pure Waterfall Summary
The pure waterfall model performs well for products with
clearly understood requirements or when working with
well understood technical tools, architectures and
infrastructures. Its weaknesses frequently make it
inadvisable when rapid development is needed. In those
cases, modified models may be more effective.
 Modified Waterfall
The modified waterfall uses the same phases as the pure
waterfall, but is not based on a discontinuous basis. This
enables the phases to overlap when needed. The pure
waterfall can also split into subprojects at an appropriate
phase (such as after the architectural design or detailed
design).
Table 2: Strengths & Weaknesses of Modified Waterfall
Strengths Weaknesses
 More flexible than the
pure waterfall model.
 If there is personnel
continuity between the
phases, documentation
can be substantially
reduced.
 Implementation of easy
areas does not need to
wait for the hard ones.
 Milestones are more
ambiguous than the
pure waterfall.
 Activities performed
in parallel are subject
to miscommunication
and mistaken
assumptions.
 Unforeseen
interdependencies can
create problems.
 Modified Waterfall Summary
Risk reduction spirals can be added to the top of the
waterfall to reduce risks prior to the waterfall phases. The
waterfall can be further modified using options such as
prototyping, JADs or CRC sessions or other methods of
requirements gathering done in overlapping phases [5].
3.2 Iterative Development
The problems with the Waterfall Model created a demand
for a new method of developing systems which could
provide faster results, require less up-front information,
and offer greater flexibility. With Iterative Development,
the project is divided into small parts. This allows the
development team to demonstrate results earlier on in the
process and obtain valuable feedback from system users.
Often, each iteration is actually a mini-Waterfall process
with the feedback from one phase providing vital
information for the design of the next phase. In a variation
of this model, the software products, which are produced
at the end of each step (or series of steps), can go into
production immediately as incremental releases.
Fig. 4 Iterative Development.
3.3 V-Shaped Model
Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a
sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase
must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing
is emphasized in this model more than the waterfall
model. The testing procedures are developed early in the
life cycle before any coding is done, during each of the
phases preceding implementation. Requirements begin the
life cycle model just like the waterfall model. Before

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development is started, a system test plan is created. The
test plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified in
requirements gathering.
The high-level design phase focuses on system
architecture and design. An integration test plan is created
in this phase in order to test the pieces of the software
systems ability to work together. However, the low-level
design phase lies where the actual software components
are designed, and unit tests are created in this phase as
well.
The implementation phase is, again, where all coding
takes place. Once coding is complete, the path of
execution continues up the right side of the V where the
test plans developed earlier are now put to use.
 Advantages
1. Simple and easy to use.
2. Each phase has specific deliverables.
3. Higher chance of success over the waterfall model
due to the early development of test plans during the
life cycle.
4. Works well for small projects where requirements are
easily understood.
Fig. 5 V-Model [3]
 Disadvantages
1. Very rigid like the waterfall model.
2. Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and
expensive.
3. Software is developed during the implementation phase,
so no early prototypes of the software are produced.
4. This Model does not provide a clear path for problems
found during testing phases [7].
Fig. 6 V-Shaped Life Cycle Model[7].
3.4 Spiral Model
The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with
more emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral model
has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and
Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through
these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this
model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning
phase, requirements are gathered and risk is
assessed. Each subsequent spiral builds on the baseline
spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning
phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken
to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is
produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is
produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at
the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the
customer to evaluate the output of the project to date
before the project continues to the next spiral.
In the spiral model, the angular component represents
progress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost.
 Advantages
1. High amount of risk analysis.
2. Good for large and mission-critical projects.
3. Software is produced early in the software life cycle.
 Disadvantages
1. Can be a costly model to use.
2. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
3. Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk
analysis phase.
4. Doesn’t work well for smaller projects [7].
Requirements System Test
Planning
System
Testing
High Level
Design
Integration
Test
Planning
Unit Test
Planning
Implementation
Low Level
Design
Unit
Testing
Integration
Testing

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 Spiral model sectors
1. Objective setting :Specific objectives for the phase are
identified.
2. Risk assessment and reduction: Risks are assessed and
activities are put in place to reduce the key risks.
3. Development and validation: A development model
for the system is chosen which can be any of the
general models.
4. Planning: The project is reviewed and the next phase
of the spiral is planned [1].
Fig. 7 Spiral Model of the Software Process[1].
 WinWin Spiral Model
The original spiral model [Boehm 88] began each cycle of
the spiral by performing the next level of elaboration of
the prospective system's objectives, constraints and
alternatives. A primary difficulty in applying the spiral
model has been the lack of explicit process guidance in
determining these objectives, constraints, and alternatives.
The Win-Win Spiral Model [Boehm 94] uses the theory
W (win-win) approach [Boehm 89b] to converge on a
system's next-level objectives, constraints, and
alternatives. This Theory W approach involves identifying
the system's stakeholders and their win conditions, and
using negotiation processes to determine a mutually
satisfactory set of objectives, constraints, and alternatives
for the stakeholders. In particular, as illustrated in the
figure, the nine-step Theory W process translates into the
following spiral model extensions:
1. Determine Objectives: Identify the system life-cycle
stakeholders and their win conditions and establish initial
system boundaries and external interfaces.
2. Determine Constraints: Determine the conditions
under which the system would produce win-lose or lose-
lose outcomes for some stakeholders.
3. Identify and Evaluate Alternatives: Solicit
suggestions from stakeholders, evaluate them with respect
to stakeholders' win conditions, synthesize and negotiate
candidate win-win alternatives, analyze, assess, resolve
win-lose or lose-lose risks, record commitments and areas
to be left flexible in the project's design record and life
cycle plans.
4. Cycle through the Spiral: Elaborate the win conditions
evaluate and screen alternatives, resolve risks, accumulate
appropriate commitments, and develop and execute
downstream plans [8].
3.5 Extreme Programming
An approach to development, based on the development
and delivery of very small increments of functionality. It
relies on constant code improvement, user involvement in
the development team and pair wise programming . It can
be difficult to keep the interest of customers who are
involved in the process. Team members may be unsuited
to the intense involvement that characterizes agile
methods. Prioritizing changes can be difficult where there
are multiple stakeholders. Maintaining simplicity requires
extra work. Contracts may be a problem as with other
approaches to iterative development.
Fig. 8 The XP Release Cycle
 Extreme Programming Practices
Incremental planning: Requirements are recorded on
Story Cards and the Stories to be included in a release are
determined by the time available and their relative priority.
The developers break these stories into development
"Tasks".
Small Releases: The minimal useful set of functionality
that provides business value is developed first. Releases of
the system are frequent and incrementally add
functionality to the first release.

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Simple Design: Enough design is carried out to meet the
current requirements and no more.
Test first development: An automated unit test
framework is used to write tests for a new piece of
functionality before functionality itself is implemented.
Refactoring: All developers are expected to re-factor the
code continuously as soon as possible code improvements
are found. This keeps the code simple and maintainable.
Pair Programming: Developers work in pairs, checking
each other’s work and providing support to do a good job.
Collective Ownership: The pairs of developers work on
all areas of the system, so that no islands of expertise
develop and all the developers own all the code. Anyone
can change anything.
Continuous Integration: As soon as work on a task is
complete, it is integrated into the whole system. After any
such integration, all the unit tests in the system must pass.
Sustainable pace: Large amounts of over-time are not
considered acceptable as the net effect is often to reduce
code quality and medium term productivity.
On-site Customer: A representative of the end-user of the
system (the Customer) should be available full time for the
use of the XP team. In an extreme programming process,
the customer is a member of the development team and is
responsible for bringing system requirements to the team
for implementation.
 XP and agile principles
1. Incremental development is supported through small,
frequent system releases.
2. Customer involvement means full-time customer
engagement with the team.
3. People not process through pair programming,
collective ownership and a process that avoids long
working hours.
4. Change supported through regular system releases.
5. Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring of
code [1].
 Advantages
1. Lightweight methods suit small-medium size projects.
2. Produces good team cohesion.
3. Emphasises final product.
4. Iterative.
5. Test based approach to requirements and quality
assurance.
 Disadvantages
1. Difficult to scale up to large projects where
documentation is essential.
2. Needs experience and skill if not to degenerate into
code-and-fix.
3. Programming pairs is costly.
4. Test case construction is a difficult and specialized
skill [6].
4. Conclusion and Future Work
After completing this research , it is concluded that :
1. There are many existing models for developing
systems for different sizes of projects and
requirements.
2. These models were established between 1970 and
1999.
3. Waterfall model and spiral model are used commonly
in developing systems.
4. Each model has advantages and disadvantages for the
development of systems , so each model tries to
eliminate the disadvantages of the previous model
Finally, some topics can be suggested for future works:
1. Suggesting a model to simulate advantages that are
found in different models to software process
management.
2. Making a comparison between the suggested model
and the previous software processes management
models.
3. Applying the suggested model to many projects to
ensure of its suitability and documentation to explain
its mechanical work.
REFERENCES
[1] Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering", Addison
Wesley, 7th
edition, 2004.
[2] CTG. MFA – 003, "A Survey of System Development
Process Models", Models for Action Project: Developing
Practical Approaches to Electronic Records Management
and Preservation, Center for Technology in Government
University at Albany / Suny,1998 .
[3] Steve Easterbrook, "Software Lifecycles", University
of Toronto Department of Computer Science, 2001.
[4] National Instruments Corporation, "Lifecycle Models",
2006 , http://zone.ni.com.
[5] JJ Kuhl, "Project Lifecycle Models: How They Differ
and When to Use Them" 2002, www.business-
esolutions.com.
[6] Karlm, "Software Lifecycle Models', KTH,2006 .
[7] Rlewallen, "Software Development Life Cycle
Models", 2005 ,http://codebeter.com.
[8] Barry Boehm, "Spiral Development: Experience,
Principles, and Refinements", edited by Wilfred J.
Hansen, 2000 .
Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar was born in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia in 1978. He studied Computer Science at University of
Science and Technology, Yemen from 1997 to 2001. In 2001 he

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received the Bachelor degree. He studied Master of Information
Technology at Arab Academic, Yemen, from 2004 to 2007. Now
he Ph.D. Student 3
rd
year of CSE at Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University (JNTU), Hyderabad, A. P., India. He is
working as Associate Professor in Computer Science &
Engineering College in University Of Science and Technology,
Yemen. His area of interest include Software Engineering, System
Analysis and Design, Databases and Object Oriented
Technologies.
Dr.A.Govardhan: received Ph.D. degree in Computer Science
and Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
in 2003, M.Tech. from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1994 and
B.E. from Osmania University in 1992. He is Working as a
Principal of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Jagitial. He
has published around 108 papers in various national and
international Journals/conferences. His research of interest
includes Databases, Data Warehousing & Mining, Information
Retrieval, Computer Networks, Image Processing, Software
Engineering, Search Engines and Object Oriented Technologies.

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