Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singh

UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
Dr. K. SURESH KUMAR
PRESENTED BY :
BRIJESH PRATAP SINGH
M.Sc. II SEM

Environmental Pollution
 Environmental pollution can be
defined as any undesirable
changes in physical, chemical or
biological characteristics of any
component of the environment
i.e,air,water,soil which can cause
harmful effects on various forms
of life or propriety.
 Pollution: pollution is the effect of
undesirable changes in our
surrounding that have harmful
effects on plant, animals and human
beings.
 Pollution can be natural or man
made.
 Natural pollution comes from
volcanic eruption, emission of
natural gas, soil erosion, UV rays,
cosmic rays etc.
 Most of pollution is man made.

Pollutants: energy or
matter which can cause
pollution is called pollutants.
 Pollutants are generally waste
products or by- products.
 The pollutants of by-products
of man’s actions.
 Types of pollutants-
A. ON THE BASIS OF
DECOMPOSITIN –
(I)Biodegradable pollutants-
which can be easily
decompose by
microorganism.
e.g. Domestic savage, wood
,paper, cloth etc

(II)Non biodegradable pollutants-
which can not easily
decomposed by microorganism.
e.g.
Polythene,DDT,BHC,Malathion
etc.
B. ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN:
(I)Primary Pollutants: which are
directly added in to
environment.
e.g.
CO,SO2,(NOx),CFCs,particulate
matter etc.
(II) Secondary Pollutants: which
are formed by interaction of
primary pollutants.
e.g. PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)and
Ozone gas etc.

Type of pollution:
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Soil pollution
 Noise pollution
 Thermal pollution

Source and effect of pollution: AIR POLLUTION:
 The presence of undesirable materials in the
air such concentration which is harmful to
man and environment.
 The introduction of chemical, particulate
matter, or biological material that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organism or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the
atmosphere.
 AIR POLLUTANTS:
 Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide ,nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, radioactive
compound, pollens, particles of metal,
particulate matters( Aerosol,Dust,and Mist)
,etc are primary pollutants of air.
 Peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN),ozone (O3),
sulphuric acid ,etc

Sources of air pollution:
(I) stationary sources- A stationary source of air pollution refers to an
emission source that does not move, such as -utilities, chemical and manufacturing
industries ,power plants, etc.
(II) Mobile sources- A mobile source of air refers to a source that is capable of
moving under its own power. In general ,mobile sources imply on road
transportation .the source are boats, planes and trains.,
(III) Agricultural sources:
Agricultural operations can generate emission of gases, particulate matter and
chemical compound.
For example, animals produces large amount of manure. Manure emits various gases,
particularly ammonia into the air.
Misapplication of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides can potentially result in aerial
drift of these materials.
(IV) Fossil fuels:
Burning of wood ,charcoal ,petroleum and other fossil fuels cause air pollution by
release of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide etc.
Petroleum consists of mainly hydrocarbons ,sulphur and nitrogen.

Source of air pollution
 (V) Emission of automobiles-
 The major pollutants released
from vehicles like
automobile,locomotives,air
crafts etc.include carbon
mono-oxide, unburnt
hydrocarbon and nitrogen
oxide.
 (VI)Industries:
 Industries like paper and pulp
factories, petroleum
refineris,fertilizers plants,
steel industries and thermal
power plants are the main
source of air pollution

Air pollutants and their effect
 Carbon monoxide(CO): it is colourless and toxic gas produced
when organic materials like natural gas, coal, or wood are
incompletely burnt,vehiculer exhaust are the single largest
source of CO.
 Effect –CO combines with Hb more(200 times) than oxygen and
make a stable compound know as corboxyhemoglobin,which is
reduces O2 carrying capacity Hb. Its 30 ppm conc. Causes
headache, nausea,vomiting,its higher conc. may cause death.
 Carbon dioxide(CO2): combustion of fossil fuels.
 Its conc. increase in the air cause green house effect, raising of
the atmospheric temperature(global warming). This may melt
the polar ice, resulting in rise in level of oceans and flooding of
coastal region.
 Its higher conc. causes headache and nausea.

 Sulphur oxide: combustion of
fossil fuel(coal and petroleum).
SO2 and SO3 reacts with water
to form sulphuric acids ,these
may precipitate as rain or snow
producing acid rain.
 Effects: it cause necrosis and
chlorosis in plants.
 In human it cause irritation of
eye ,bronchitis, bronchial
asthma . it is also responsible for
acid rain, which is corrode
marbles know as stone leprosy.
 Nitrogen oxide: nitrogen oxide are
formed in vehicular exhausts. Are
involved in the production of
secondary air pollutants such as
PAN ,etc
 Effects: necrosis and chlorosis in
plant, irritation of eyes lung oedema
and dilation of arteries in human.
 It is also responsible for acid rain .

 CFCs: jet aeroplane
,refrigerators and AC.
 Effects: in the presence of UV
radiations CFCs dissociates
and produce active chlorine
atoms. One active chlorine
atom can break one lakh
Ozone molecule which is
responsible for ozone
depletion of Ozone layer.
 Hydrocarbons: combustion of
fossil fuels ,marsh gas .
 effects: polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon carcinogenic
which cause cancer.
 in plant cause of premature
yellowing and fall of leaves
and buds.

 Photochemical smog/Los Angeles
smog :
 These are secondary pollutants.
 These are formed by photochemical
reaction between nitrogen oxide and
hydrocarbon in traffic congested
metropolitan cities where high
temperature and solar radiation is
present.
 it was 1st observed in Los Angels in
1940.
 Effects of PAN: cause necrosis in
plants, in human irritation of eye and
respiratory distress.
 Ozone gas(O3): it is secondary
pollutants.
 Formed by the photochemical
reaction between Nox and
hydrocarbons.
 Effects necrosis in plants, bronchial
asthma, sore eye and cataract.

Water pollution:
 Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or
biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities
and making it unsuitable for its designated use.
 Most of the water pollution is man made it may also occur naturally by
addition of soil particles through erosion, animal wastes and leaching
of minerals from rocks.
 The source of water pollution can be defined as-
 Sewage waste water
 Industrial water
 Inorganic pollutants
 Organic pollutants
 Agricultural wastes
 Marine pollution
 Thermal pollution

 Sewage waste water: derived
from home (domestic waste)
and animals or food
processing plants. It includes
human excreata,peper cloth,
soap and detergents etc.
 Industrial waste: it is major
source of water pollution,
waste water discharge from
industries and commercial
bodies, these industries are
chemical, metallurgical, food
processing
industries,textile,paper
industries.
 They discharge several
organic and inorganic
pollutants.
 That prove highly toxic to
living beings.

 Inorganic pollutants: they
includes fine particles of different
metals, chlorides,sulphates,oxide
of iron, cadmium, acids and
alkalies.
 Organic pollutants: they includes
oil, fats, phenols, organic acids
grease and several other organic
compounds.
 Marine pollution: ocean are the
final sink of all natural and
manmade pollutants. Rivers
discharge their pollutants into sea.
 The sewage and garbage of costal
cities are also dumped in to sea.
 The other source includes,
discharge of
oils,grease,detergents and
radioactive wastes from ships.

 Thermal pollution: thermal
pollution of water caused by
the rise of temperature of
water. The main source of
thermal pollution are the
thermal and nuclear power
plants .
 The power generating plants
use water as coolants and
release hot water into original
source.
 As the temperature of water
increases, the solubility of
dissolved gases, such as
oxygen, increases.
 Sudden rise in temperature
kills the fish and other
aquatic animals,

 Agricultural wastes: these includes chiefly the chemicals
used as fertilizers and pesticides used in disease control
,their discharge reaches into water bodies.
 Effects of water pollution:
 Water pollution are not divesting to people but also
animals, fish and birds, polluted water is unsuitable for
drinking,recreation,agricultur and industry.
 It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lacks and rivers.
 More seriously, contaminated water destroy aquatic life and
reduces its reproductive ability.
 Some common water born diseases are typhoid fever,
infective hepatitis,cholera,diorrhea and dysentries,further
more, mosquito born diseases like malaria, dengue have
also been associated with water pollution.

 Accumulation of heavy
metal such as mercury
cause irreversible damage
to the brain and even
death.
 Various industrial effluents
are toxic to bacteria and
other aquatic organism
responsible for bio
purification.
 pesticides and insecticides
which are non
biodegradable, accumulate
in the body of fish and
other aquatic animals and
source of danger to man.

 Unfavourable alteration
of soil by adding or
removal of substances
and factors which
decrease soil
productivity, quality of
plants and ground water
is called soil pollution.
 Any substance that
reduces soil productivity
is called soil-pollutants.
Soil pollution

 Sources :
 Animal excreta, pesticides-
reduces the population and
number of microorganism in
soil. these affect the
composition and fertility of soil.
 Fertilizers ,
 physical disturbances- atomic
explosion deforestation etc.
 Soil waste disposal- domestic
and industrial refuge of building
materials, cause serious soil
pollution.
 Thermal pollution-are raising
the soil temperature.

 Types of soil pollution:
 1) Negative soil pollution:
 Includes overuse of soil and
soil erosion. Erosion is
caused by two factors, water
and air.
 2)positive soil pollution:
 Is caused by-
(I) pesticides, herbicides and
fumigants.
 (II)chemical fertilizers and
 III) air pollutants washed
down from atmosphere
through rain.

 Effects of soil pollution:
 Chemical and pesticides
affects the structure and
fertility of soil by killing
the soil microorganism.
 Pesticides absorbed by
the plants and transfer to
other organisms. In this
way they affects food
chain and food web.

Noise pollution
 According to Nobel
Laureate Robert Koch,
noise pollution is the
worst enemy of health.
 Noise is undesirable and
unwanted sound.
 All sound is not noise.
 Noise has defined as,
“The sound having
undesirable effects on
the recipients.’’

 Decibel(dB) is the unit of
measurement for
environmental noise
pollution.
 A decibel(one-tenth of a
bell) is a physical unit based
on the weakest sound that
can be detected by the
human ear.
 It is named after Alexander
Graham Bell, the inventor of
the telephone.

 Sources of noise pollution

Extreme noise
 At its most extreme ,- instant
and permanent hearing loss
can occur.
 Explosive sound with peak
noise levels of 140 Db or more
can destroy cells in inner ear
and cause permanent
deafness.
 A noise of 85 dB,should be
sustained by a worker for no
more than 8 hours a day. This
is about the same as the noise
level in street with heavy
traffic.

Source and effect of pollution brijesh p singh

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