Flow-through electrode capacitive desalination by Michael Stadermann
- 1. LLNL-PRES-582152 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Michael Stadermann IMAGE
- 2. 1/6th of the world’s population does not have daily access to fresh water Global market for desalination is $10 billion/year and expected to double in the next 5 years Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 2 57% of the U.S experienced drought in 2012
- 3. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 3 Desalted water Salt water Porous electrode UCnhcahragregde dC CDD c eclel ll V ~ 1 V Electric double layer (EDL) Na+ Cl- + - Brine
- 4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 4 • water in electrode does not contribute to desalination • slow (60 mins/ cycle) • high energy cost • low capacity (removes ~1.5 g/L/charge) • entire electrode volume contributes to desalination • faster (10-20x) • lower energy cost (up to 3x) • higher capacity (~4.5 g/L/charge) Flow-between architecture LLNL flow-through electrode architecture
- 5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 5 • hierarchical carbon aerogel (HCAM) • 1-5 μm macropores • 1-2 nm nanopores • robust carbon material • proof of principal performed with a 0.4 ml test cell • confirms projected performance • technical challenge: recovering water from cell with minimal mixing 2 μm
- 6. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 6 •mature technology •high energy efficiency (2.5 kWh/m3) •membranes are fragile pump (75 atm) energy recovery
- 7. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory RO drawbacks FTE-CD advantages LLNL-PRES-582152 7 requires high pressure can be operated gravity fed mechanical energy recovery (expensive) electronic energy recovery (cheap) efficiency drops with size size-independent efficiency fragile polymer membrane robust carbon electrode method limits recovery solubility limits recovery Infrastructure is 1/3rd of the water cost.
- 8. Application Description Target Customers Current Practice Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 Coalbed methane / fracking produced water treatment Energy companies Water is discarded Brackish water desalination Inland municipal water suppliers RO Portable desalination solutions Military, humanitarian organizations RO Household desalination and water hardness removal Consumer RO, ion exchangers 8
- 9. individual components have been demonstrated Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 next steps: • 10 ml/hr benchtop pilot (~$500k, 1 year) • 10 l/hr scale up (~$3M, 1-2 years) 9
- 10. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-582152 10 Leah Rogers [email protected]