The lighthouse symbolizes the unreachable and complex nature of perception, representing the characters' struggles to express love and reconcile conflicting images. Lily's artistic journey illustrates the challenges women face against gender norms while seeking to capture the essence of femininity, paralleling Woolf's narrative technique of merging diverse perspectives. Throughout the novel, elements like the sea and various symbols highlight the themes of impermanence, beauty, and the coexistence of life and death.