The History of Editing
- 1. Unit 16: Film and Video Editing Techniques Jacob Fryer
- 2. The role of the Editor
- 3. Editing The Editor is one of the most important roles in film making. Without the editor, the film is nothing more than pieces of a jigsaw. Film Editing involves selecting shots, arranging and modifying them. This is done to clarify an reform their form and content. To construct a sequence, moving images and sounds are selected. They are trimmed or expanded to a curtain length and positioned in the correct order to. Each stage of continuity is important, therefore must be maintained. What’s an editor?
- 4. Of course, we know that editing has not always been so high tech. Editing was extremely primitive Arguably the oldest motion pictures around: Roundhay Garden Scene (1888) The world's earliest surviving motion- picture film, showing actual consecutive action is called Roundhay Garden Scene. It's a short film directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince. Primitive editing
- 5. AnalogueandDigitalEditing Analogue editing was used before editing on a computer. The film, when completed was cut down and pasted into order. It then went through a machine called a moviola or K.E.M. Digital editing involves using a computer. This is a much faster process and more efficient for film. Many programs can be used. Footage is put on what is called a timeline and is then cut and pasted into an order and then the effects are added. A moviola K.E.M machine As you’ve guessed…A modern day computer The movie ‘Hollywood Harry’ was the first movie made using digital editing.
- 6. FilmEditing Technology Non Linear Editing systems- In digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access any frame in a digital video clip. This enables the editor to easily include fades, transitions, and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing. Moviola- Invented by Iwan Serruriere in 1924. It is a device that allows the editor to view film during the editing process. It was the first machine used in motion picture editing. Flat beds- A type of machine used in motion picture. The picture and sound rolls are loaded onto separated motorized disks called ‘plates’. Each set of plates moves forwards and backwards, locked together to maintain synchronization between the picture and the sound.
- 7. The180Degreerule The 180 Degree Rule states that two characters in a scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If you don't follow the 180 Degree Rule, or break it intentionally, it disrupts the scene disorients the audience. When you break the 180 line, a person who was originally facing left in a scene is all of the sudden facing right.
- 8. A timeline of editing technology
- 9. Key Techniques of editing
- 10. Timelineof Editing Of course, computers have not been in existence for a long time and therefore editing has not always been so ‘easy’. Back in the late 19th century, early motion picture was shown to be one locked-down shot. You could say that this is not editing as such which is completely correct. There was no story. Footage of everyday movement was shown. People walking, horses and cart passing etc. However, in 1898, British film pioneer Robert W. Paul released a film called ‘Come Along Do!’ which was one of the first films ever to have more than one shot. Believe it or not, Robert was an electrician!
- 11. MontageEditing Sergei Eisenstein was the inventor of montage editing. Montage editing is the use of short shots that are edited into a narrative sequence. This is an extremely popular use of editing still used today in order to advance the narrative of a story. The picture shows the same person, same facial expression but three different shots of narrative. One being a bowl of soup meaning he is hungry. The second image is showing a young girl in a coffin; He is sad. The third image is of a lady laying on a chair; he looks at her lustfully. It is clever what Sergei has done here.
- 12. Development in Continuity editing Continuity, a style of editing developed during the early period of the European and American movie business. For example, ‘The birth of a nation’ by D.W Griffiths contained extensive use of continuity editing. There was more of a story which became a hit in the movie world. A narrative in a film, different camera angles used, mise en scene… Continuity editing is a style constructed as a continuous or advanced flow of action and emotions in a film. It denotes the camera movement of 180 degree rule, shot reverse shot and establishing shots.
- 13. ClassicHollywood MontageEditing The editing process was familiarized to the extent that the general viewing public did not notice any editing sequences at all. The 180 degree rule meant that the first character is on the left facing right and the second character is on the right facing left; you should keep the camera positioned so the characters stay facing the same direction. Classic Hollywood Montage Editing
- 14. Developmentof Alternative Editingmethods The French New wave( Or French Novelle Vague), the style of a number of highly individualistic French film directors of the late 1950s to 1960s. New wave directors included Louis Malle, Alain Resnais and Jean-Luc Godard. Most of these directors were associated with film magazine, ‘Cahiers du cinema’ which was made popular in the 50s. Films by new wave directors were the first movies to feature ‘jump cats’, a cut in film editing where two shots two shots in a sequence are taken from camera positions that differ very slightly. This form of editing allows the audience to feel the effect of jumping forwards in time. One example of this is in the film Breathless made in 1960. These jump cuts used in his film allow a jerky and disconnected effect. Louis Malle Alain Resnais The French Movement
- 15. Important people in the history of editing
- 16. Developmentin Continuity editing Soviet Montage Editing Lev Kuleshov, a large influence in the world of editing. The soviet Montage movement began in 1924. A total of 29 films were made in this style. Lev Kuleshov was a director an film theorist who discovered an effect, (now named in honour of him) whilst making a movie(s). The picture shows the same person, same facial expression but three different shots of narrative. One being a bowl of soup meaning he is hungry. The second image is showing a young girl in a coffin; He is sad. The third image is of a lady laying on a chair; he looks at her lustfully. The audience who watched the film believed each of his facial expressions were different each time the man appeared. A movie called ‘Battleship Potemkin’ revolutionised film displaying propaganda based upon sailors who were rebellious. The audience felt a great emotional response feeling hatred to the overlords of the sailors. Sergei Eisenstein edited the film in such a way, he could control the thoughts of his viewers. He successfully manipulated his audience through the power of
- 17. TheLumière Brothers The Lumière brothers had invented their own device combining camera with printer an projector. The name Auguste and Louise came up with is Cinematographe. This in contrast to Edison’s ‘peepshow’ kinetoscope allowed simultaneous viewing by multiple groups. They were granted a Patent for their invention on the date of February 13, 1895. The device used a film speed of 16 frames per second meaning the clatter and grinding sounds were reduced. Also, the amount of film used was reduced. The device was much lighter at a weight of 5kg and was hand cranked. The Lumière Brothers
- 18. EdwinS.Porter Edwin S. Porter began his career at the Vitascope marketing company in 1895. He worked there as an electrical engineer. He showed great interest in film making through the talent of Georges Melies and he even attempted to create his own camera Edwin returned to Edison’s company in 1900. Instead of continuing with his engineering, he started work as a producer and director at Edison's 21st Street Skylight studio.
- 19. TheLumière Brothers D. W Griffiths In 1908 D.W Griffiths created the film “For Love of Gold” which featured the first ever continuity cut when a scene cut. Griffiths discovered the emotions through different camera angles and pace of editing and that it wasn’t all down to the actors. Griffiths was given credit for the narrative of a film has came to be today. Griffiths produced the first American feature film where the close up technique is used. In 1915, Griffiths released “The Birth of a Nation” which is based on the novel “The Clansman”. The film included a variety of camera techniques such as long shots, still shots, cross cutting and panning shots. These techniques are widely used today to create films. He was the first individual to use the close-up.
- 20. Eric Von Stroheim Henry Ephron In 1924, Editing had allowed colour to be introduced. This was done by colouring the individual shots by hand. This was only shown in some scenes in motion picture. By 1950s, film was in full colour. Advanced features like parallel editing (A.K.A cross cutting)and flashbacks were used frequently in movies. The first film in colour was called, ‘Cupid Angling’, released in 1918. The wizard of OZ, released in 1939 was popular as it was based upon a dream. It showed high advanced parallel editing. The arguably best edited film is the movie raging Bull (1980). The movie was edited by Thelma Schoonmaker
- 21. Nolo Mashita, a famous editor who attended South and City college Birmingham, England.
- 22. Old Movie Clips In the following slides, a few motion pictures are going to be shown