The price of water 4.1
- 1. THE PRICE OF WATERPRESENTATION OF: LEAFAR TORRES AND AIDAN GAPIT
- 2. • WATER IS A COLORLESS AND ODORLESS SUBSTANCE FOUND ALL OVER EARTH. WATER IS MADE UP OF BILLIONS OF MOLECULES. EACH MOLECULE IS MADE OF ONE OXYGEN AND TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG COVALENT BOND.
- 3. The total amount of water on a planet, it incl the water on the surface, underground and air. ITS PRESENCE TO ALL SUBSYSTE It occurs as water vapor in atmosphere As important constituent mineral in geosphere Fundamental component of living organism biosphere
- 5. EVAPORATION OCCURS WHEN THE PHYSICAL STATE OF WATER IS CHANGED FROM A LIQUID STATE TO GASEOUS STATE. ABOUT 600 CALORIES OF ENERGY FOR EACH GRAM OF WATER DURING THE CHANGE OF STATE.
- 6. A process by which water vapor changes it’s physical state from vapor to airborne such as dew, fog and clouds. The most active particles that form clouds is sea salts.
- 7. Is the process that occurs when any and all forms of water particles from atmosphere fall and reach the ground. There are two types of precipitating; coalescence process and ice-crystal process.
- 8. As water drops reach a critical size, the drop is exposed to gravity and fictional drag. A falling drop leaves a turbulent wake behind which allows smaller drops to fall faster and to be overtaken to join and combined with the lead drop. It occurs when ice develops in the cold clouds or in cloud formation high in the atmosphere where freezing temperatures occurs. The crystal grow to a critical size and drop as snow or ice pallets.
- 9. It refers to precipitation that does not reach the ground (soil), but instead intercepted by the leaves, branches. Technically the water is being stored temporarily.
- 10. Physical process involving movement of water through the boundary area where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil.
- 11. Movement of water through the soil and it’s layers by gravity and capillary forces. Stores water in the Earth’s crust. Essentially ground water is always in motion.
- 12. Biological process that occurs mostly in the day. The absorption of water into plant roots. Water inside the plants are being transfer through numerous leaves opening.
- 14. Earth’s Water budget -it is the total amount of water in the planet, generally it remains constant through time. Water moves and changes in form, but it is neither created nor destroyed. Only a very small percentage of water volcanic eruptions and meteors from space is added to the hydrologic system. Most of the water on Earth have been cycling through the Hydrologic system for billion of years.
- 16. According to the United Nations World Water Development 2005 Report: 97.5 % of Earth’s total water is the largest reservoir which is the ocean that mostly a saline water. This has a major implication in humans since humans depend on freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use. 2.5 % of Earth’s total water is the fresh water, it is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water and also it is vital to life and yet it is a finite resource. Glaciers (68.7 %) Groundwater (30.1 %0 Permafrost (0.8 %)
- 17. 0.4 % Surface and atmospheric water, it’s the total freshwater supply or less than 0.02 % of the total water on Earth. Freshwater lakes (67.4%) Soil moisture (12.2%) Atmosphere (9.5%) Wetlands (8.5%) Rivers (1.6%) Plants and animals (0.8%)
- 18. Residence time - It is the average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir. In large, reservoirs, the residence time of water is longer. It is defined as the amount of water in a reservoir divided by either the rate of addition of water to the reservoir or the rate of loss from it. Although the total amount of water remains constant, the volume of water present in each reservoir varies and their volumes affect the other repertoires. The melting of glaciers and ice caps in the Polar Region reduces the amount of water in these reservoir, but it also leads to the increase in the volume on water in the ocean.
- 20. Saltwater Reservoir -a geological term that refers to naturally occurring solutions containing large concentrations of dissolved, inorganic ions. In addition, this term is often used as an adjective in biology, usually to refer to marine organisms, as in saltwater fish. An ocean is a vast body of saline water, There is only one global ocean and it covers 71% of Earth. Principal Resources of the Elements dissolved in seawater are: Weathering – the in situ disintegration of geologic materials, releases soluble materials such as sodium, potassium and sulphur. Volcanic eruptions – both on land and submarine, contribute compounds through volcanic gases and hot springs.
- 22. 5 Oceans of the World 1. The Pacific Ocean - is the largest ocean covering more than 30% of the Earth. This is close to half of the water on Earth. It touches the west coast border of the Americas along with east Asia and Australia. The equator divides the Pacific Ocean into two separate parts – North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. Pacific means “peaceful” in Latin. It has the deepest trenches with an average depth of 3800m.
- 23. 2. The Atlantic Ocean is situated between the Americas and European/African continents. Atlantic Ocean is the second largest and saltiest ocean in the world. It resembles an S-shape between the Americas, Europe and Africa. “Atlantic” originated from the Greek god “Atlas” who carried the sky for eternity. The ocean bottom is composed of mid-Atlantic Ridge.
- 24. 3. Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean surrounding a densely populated region. It contains additional 20% of water on Earth’s surface. It is bounded by 4 tectonics plate boundaries and may include an additional plate boundary. It is the geologically youngest of the 5 oceans with spreading ridges at divergent plate boundaries.
- 25. 4. In 2000, the Southern Ocean is the newest ocean recognized by the International Hydrographic Organization. It borders Antarctica in its entirety. In terms of size, it’s the fourth largest at 20,327,000 square kilometres. It extends out to 60 degrees South latitude. Despite the Southern Ocean being unexplored, about 80% of all oceans in the world are unexplored. There’s still a lot of work to do for ocean exploration.
- 26. 5. Arctic Ocean is the world’s smallest and shallowest ocean of all 5 oceans. Further to this, it is the coldest and least salty ocean. Despite the IHO recognizing it as the “Arctic Ocean”, some oceanographers still call it the “Arctic Sea”. The Arctic Ocean is the most diverse in terms of fish species. It has a wide variety of marine species including whales, jellyfish, etc. But because of its frigid temperatures, it has little plant life. This makes it one of the most fragile ecosystems on the planet.
- 27. The salinity of seawater is maintained within a narrow range by the processes in the hydrologic cycle. Evaporation removes water, making the remaining solution saltier. Precipitation adds water, causing dilution. Inflow from river and groundwater also makes the sea less salty. When sea water freezers, salt is excluded because of its structure, making unfrozen seawater saltier. Three Major Zones in the Ocean Surface Layer – it consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface to a depth of 100m. It is also known as the sunlight zone because this is where most of the visible light exists. Epipelagic Zone Mesopelagic Zone
- 28. Thermocline – second layer, the temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth. At high latitudes the thermocline reaches the surface and extends up to 1500m. It is a thin but distinct layer in a large body of fluid in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below. In the ocean, the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below. Deep Zone - it is the lowest layer in the ocean located below the thermocline, the temperature is uniformly low. Eighty percent of the water in the ocean is in the deep zone.
- 29. Temperature in the Ocean Zone Decreases with Depth
- 30. The waters in the different layers of the oceans are constantly moving. The surface of the ocean is affected by currents caused by prevailing winds. In the deep zone, there is a thermohaline circulation driven by density differences, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). It is propelled by the sinking of cold, salty, and dense water in the Polar Regions, and rising of the warm, less salty water of the Tropics.
- 31. Freshwater Reservoir Freshwater on the land surface is a vital part of the water cycle for everyday human life. On the landscape, freshwater is stored in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and creeks and streams. Most of the water people use everyday comes from these sources of water on the land surface. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, stream. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solid. Fresh water is not the same as potable (or drinking water).
- 32. Glaciers – a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow. A persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. Ice sheet - also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice . Permafrost – it is a soil, rock, or sediments that is frozen more than two consecutive years. It comprises about 0.8% of the total freshwater resource.
- 33. Surface Water Reservoirs It includes the streams, lakes, and wetlands where water from rainfall, melting snow, and ice, and groundwater flows. Stream – it is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope towards sea level because of gravity. River –it contributes 1.6% of the total surface and atmospheric water. Tributaries – smaller streams. Drainage basin or watershed – it is the land area in which the water flow into a particular stream. Drainage divide – a line that separates individual drainage basin. Interfluve – a narrow, elongated landform separating individual streams. Overland flow –water moves downhill during a heavy rain.
- 34. Lakes - A lake from Latin ”lacus” is a large body of water (larger and deeper than a pond) within a body of land. As a lake is separated from the ocean, it is not a sea. It stores 67% of the total surface and atmospheric water. - These are large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper surface is exposed to the atmosphere and is essentially flat. Ponds – small and shallow lakes. Dams - are barriers constructed along streams to contain the water flow.
- 35. Wetlands -It refers to the land areas where water covers the surface for a significant period. Wetlands are biologically diverse environments filled with species that they rely on both the land and water for survival. -Wetlands constitute about 8.5% of the total land surface and atmospheric water. -A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is inundated by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
- 36. THREE TYPES OF WETLANDS I. Marsh – a shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans, where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation. The wetland in Candaba, Pampanga is an example of a marsh ecosystem. -A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species.
- 37. II. Swamp – a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low- lying areas besides slow-moving rivers. Oxygen content in the swamp water is typically low, but swamp plants and animals are adapted to these low-oxygen conditions. -Mangrove forests are unique example of swamp ecosystem that tolerates salty conditions.
- 38. III.Estuary – a partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea. - A home for organisms that can tolerate the sharp changes in salinity due to the constant change of salt content. - An example of estuary is the mouth of large rivers such as Pampanga River in Manila Bay. -The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning tide.
- 39. FLOODS - it is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water.It usually occurs when the rate of precipitations is higher that the rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams. VARIETIES OF FLOOD a) Fluvial or river flood – occurs when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to overflow. b) Flash floods – are characterized by intense, high-velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice. c) Coastal flooding – it occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the coasts, usually due to serve weather conditions. d) Pluvial or Surface water flood – occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event
- 40. GROUNDWATER - a freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface. - it is the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on Earth. - it constitutes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet. i. Aquifers – are water-bearing rocks layers, akin to a “sponge” which holds groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and pores between mineral grains. ii. Porosity – total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock. It determines the amount of groundwater that an aquifer can hold. iii. Permeability – it is the ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it. The pore spaces are interconnected throughout the rock allowing the free-flow of groundwater.
- 41. GROUNDWATER PROFILE - Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. - The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. - Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.
- 42. PARTS OF GROUNDWATER PROFILE 1. Unsaturated zone – also known as zone of aeration a zone in which the spaces between the particles are filled mainly with air. 2. Zone of saturation – a layer beneath the zone of aeration, the spaces between the particles are filled with water. 3. Water table – it is the boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation. 4.Capillary fringe – a layer directly above the water table, wherein groundwater seeps up to fill the pore spaces in the zone of aeration via capillary action.
- 43. AQUIFERS, ARTESIAN WELLS, AND SPRINGS Unconfined aquifer - an aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to its natural level. Confined aquifer - the water is trapped and held down by pressure between impermeable rocks called aquiclude. Artesian well – a well located at an elevation, which is below the recharge zone of the confined quifer. enters the ground and replenish the groundwater. Discharge zone – is the area where the groundwater flows out of the aquifer and onto land surface or even in submarine environment. Spring – it is usually appear in places where there is a decrease in permeability of the underlying material, such as presence of an aquiclude below an aquifer.
- 44. LESSON 4.3 WATER AS A RESOURCE
- 45. Activities Affecting the Quality of Water: 1) Population growth, particularly in water-short regions. 2) Movements of large number of people from the countryside to towns and cities. 3) Demands for greater food security and higher living standards 4) Increased competition between different uses of water resources 5) Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands.
- 46. WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution is measured by analysing water samples. Physical, chemical and biological tests can be done. Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans. The infrastructure may include wastewater treatment plants.
- 47. Terminologies: Sedimentation – a process comes from soil erosion or from the decomposition of plants and animals. Acid mine drainage – is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines. Subsidence – is the sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of the ground's surface with little or no horizontal motion. Desalination – it involves the reduction of the mineral content by taking salt out of seawater and brackish water to produce freshwater.
- 48. Preservation of Water Resources 1. Protect the natural environment. 2.Control the quality of water. 3.Protect and preserve the coastline and oceans. 4.Optimise water consumption. 5. Reuse wastewater.
- 49. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER The water in our bodies is essential for life. Without water, we can’t survive. Since the water in our bodies is continually being used or lost, it needs to be continually replaced, and the best fluid to replace it with is water. Water is involved in every bodily function from digestion and circulation through to the control of body temperature and the excretion of waste products. The water in our bodies is continually being used or lost from the body. Some is used or absorbed by the functions it performs and some is lost through sweat, urine and faeces. Water resource management is a very important issue from several angles such as development of water bodies for future, protection of available water bodies from pollution and over exploitation and to prevent disputes.