The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
- 1. Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Rubaiyat, c. 1120 Some interesting Verses from Edward Henry Whinfield's 1883 translation
- 2. Who and What? • Rubaiyat means a collection of quatrains, in this case over a thousand. • Omar Khayyam was a – teacher, specializing in ibn Sina's (Avicenna) Aristotelean philosophy and physiology – mathematician, who wrote important books on algebraic equations (cubic and higher) and geometry (Euclidean and may have contributed to non-Euclidean) – Possibly Sufi mystic; certainly both deeply religious and iconoclastic, possibly agnostic
- 3. Major Themes • Wine • Transience • Predestination • Moral Virtue • Mercy
- 4. Wine
- 5. Wine (41, 160) • Sobriety doth dry up all delight, And drunkenness doth drown my sense outright; There is a middle state, it is my life--- Not altogether drunk, nor sober quite. • When I am dead, take me and grind me small, So that I be a caution unto all, And knead me into clay with wine, and then Use me to stop the wine-jar's mouth withal.
- 6. Wine (10, 11) • Men say the Koran holds all heavenly lore, But on its pages seldom care to pore; The lucid lines engraven on the bowl--- That is the text they dwell on evermore. • Blame not the drunkards, you who wine eschew, Had I but grace, I would abstain like you, And mark me, vaunting zealot, you commit A hundredfold worse sins than drunkards do.
- 7. Wine (186, 216) • A draught of wine would make a mountain dance, Base is the churl who looks at wine askance; Wine is a soul our bodies to inspire, A truce to this vain talk of temperance! • Slaves of vain wisdom and philosophy, Who toil at Being and Nonentity, Parching your brains till they are like dry grapes, Be wise in time, and drink grapejuice like me!
- 8. Wine (248) • Take care you never hold a drinking-bout With an ill-tempered, ill-conditioned lout; He'll make a vile disturbance all night long, And vile apologies next day, no doubt.
- 9. Transience
- 10. Transience (26, 45) • My life lasts but a day or two, and fast Sweeps by, like torrent stream or desert blast, Howbeit, of two days I take no heed--- The day to come, and that already past. • Facts will not change to humor man's caprice, So vaunt not human powers, but hold your peace; Here must we stay, weighed down with grief for this. That we were born so late, so soon decease.
- 11. Transience (51, 82) • I dreamt a sage said, "Wherefore life consume In sleep? Can sleep make pleasure's roses bloom? For gather not with death's twin-brother sleep, Thou wilt have sleep enough within thy tomb! " • Thy body is a tent, where harborage The Sultan spirit takes for one brief age; When he departs, comes the tent-pitcher death, Strikes it, and onward moves, another stage.
- 12. Transience (252) • I saw a busy potter by the way Kneading with might and main a lump of clay; And, lo! the clay cried, "Use me gently, pray; I was a man myself but yesterday!"
- 13. Predestination
- 14. Predestination (35, 42) • 'Twas writ at first, whatever was to be, By pen, unheeding bliss or misery, Yea, writ upon the tablet once for all, To murmur or resist is vanity. • Behold these cups! Can He who deigned to make them, In wanton freak let ruin overtake them, So many shapely feet and hands and heads--- What love drives Him to make, what wrath to break them?
- 15. Predestination (94, 126) • Did He who made me fashion me for hell, Or destine me for heaven? I can not tell. Yet will I not renounce cup, lute, and love, Nor earthly cash for heavenly credit sell. • The Master did himself these vessels frame, Why should he cast them out to scorn and shame? If he has made them well, why should he break them? Yea, though he marred them, they are not to blame.
- 16. Predestination (140, 197) • When Allah yoked the courses of the sun, And launched the Pleiades their race to run, My lot was fixed in fate's high chancery; Then why blame me for wrong that fate has done? • True I drink wine, like every man of sense, For I know Allah will not take offense; Before time was, He knew that I should drink, And who am I to thwart His prescience?
- 17. Predestination (221, 241) • When the great Founder molded me of old, He mixed much baser metal with my gold; Better or fairer I can never be Than I first issued from his heavenly mold. • Why ponder thus the future to foresee, And jade thy brain to vain perplexity? Cast off thy care, leave Allah's plans to him--- He formed them all without consulting thee.
- 18. Predestination (270, 421) • We are but chessmen, destined, it is plain, That great chess-player, Heaven, to entertain; It moves us on life's chess-board to and fro, And then in death's dark box shuts up again. • This is the form Thou gavest me of old, Wherein Thou workest marvels manifold; Can I aspire to be a better man, Or other than I issued from Thy mold?
- 19. Predestination (289, 489) • Grieve not at coming ill, you can't defeat it, And what far-sighted person goes to meet it? Cheer up! bear not about a world of grief, Your fate is fixed, and grieving will not cheat it. • Cheer up! your lot was settled yesterday! Heedless of all that you might do or say, Without so much as "By your leave" they fixed Your lot for all the morrows yesterday!
- 20. Moral Virtue
- 21. Moral Virtue (67, 244) • Drunkards are doomed to hell, so men declare, Believe it not, 'tis but a foolish scare; Heaven will be empty as this hand of mine, If none who love good drink find entrance there. • Heed not the Sunna, nor the law divine; If to the poor his portion you assign, And never injure one, nor yet abuse, I guarantee you heaven, and now some wine!
- 22. Moral Virtue (167, 168) • Be very wary in the soul's domain, And on the world's affairs your lips refrain; Be, as it were, sans tongue, sans ear, sans eye, While tongue, and ears, and eyes you still retain. • Let him rejoice who has a loaf of bread, A little nest wherein to lay his head, Is slave to none, and no man slaves for him--- In truth his lot is wondrous well bested.
- 23. Moral Virtue (228, 238) • On the dread day of final scrutiny Thou wilt be rated by thy quality; Get wisdom and fair qualities to-day, For, as thou art, requited wilt thou be. • Then, when the good reap fruits of labors past, My hapless lot with drunkards will be cast; If good, may I be numbered with the first, If bad, find grace and mercy with the last.
- 24. Moral Virtue (346, 347) • Never from worldly toils have I been free, Never for one short moment glad to be! I served a long apprenticeship to fate, But yet of fortune gained no mastery. • One hand with Koran, one with wine-cup dight, I half incline to wrong, and half to right; The azure-marbled sky looks down on me, A sorry Muslim, yet not heathen quite.
- 25. Moral Virtue (263, 322) • To wise and worthy men your life devote, But from the worthless keep your walk remote; Dare to take poison from a sage's hand, But from a fool refuse an antidote. • Against my lusts I ever war, in vain, I think on my ill deeds with shame and pain; I trust Thou wilt assoil me of my sins, But even so, my shame must still remain.
- 26. Moral Virtue (452, 479) • Give me a skin of wine, a crust of bread, A pittance bare, a book of verse to read; With thee, O love, to share my lowly roof, I would not take the Sultan's realm instead! • So long as I possess two maunds of wine, Bread of the flower of wheat, and mutton chine, And you, O Tulip cheek, to share my hut, Not every Sultan's lot can vie with mine.
- 27. Moral Virtue (287, 473) • Although the creeds number some seventy-three, I hold with none but that of loving Thee; What matter faith, unfaith, obedience, sin? Thou'rt all we need, the rest is vanity. • A Shaikh beheld a harlot, and quoth he, "You seem a slave to drink and lechery"; And she made answer, "What I seem I am, But, Master, are you all you seem to be?"
- 28. Mercy of Allah
- 29. Mercy of Allah (284, 288) • Last night, as I reeled from the tavern door, I saw a sage, who a great wine-jug bore; I said, "O Shaikh, have you no shame?" Said he, "Allah hath boundless mercy in his store." • Tell one by one my scanty virtues o'er; As for my sins, forgive them by the score; Let not my faults kindle Thy wrath to flame; By blest Mohammed's tomb, forgive once more!
- 30. Mercy of Allah(34, 120) • Pagodas, just as mosques, are homes of prayer, 'Tis prayer that church-bells chime unto the air, Yea, Church and Kaaba, Rosary and Cross Are all but diverse tongues of world-wide prayer. • Ten Powers, and nine spheres, eight heavens made He, And planets seven, of six sides, as we see, Five senses, and four elements, three souls, Two worlds, but only one, O man, like thee.
- 31. The Famous, if unreliable, Edward FitzGerald versions
- 32. Edward FitzGerald versions • "The Moving Finger writes: and, having writ, Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it." • "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!"
- 33. Sources • Whinfield translation excerpts from Fordham University Internet History Sourcebook – http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/omarkhayyam- rub2.asp • FitzGerald Translation excerpts from Wikipedia • Background image "Scanned Japanese Paper: White Pattern" by Jonathan Dresner