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Astronomy is the natural science studying celestial objects and processes beyond Earth's atmosphere, tracing its roots back to ancient navigation and agriculture. It evolved through significant historical frameworks including the geocentric and heliocentric models, with key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton shaping our understanding. Modern advancements in technology, such as satellite-based telescopes and radio astronomy, have expanded our ability to explore the universe, leading to discoveries categorized as bodies and phenomena.
Toneva Presentation : Dark Color Version
- 1. Toneva Presentation Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Ancient people used the positions of the stars to navigate, and to find when was the best time to plant crops. Astronomy is very similar to astrophysics.
- 2. Astronomy Definition Astronomy is a natural science. It is the study about of everything outside the atmosphere of Earth. It studies celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae) and processes (such as supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation). This includes the physics, chemistry of those objects and processes. WWW.TONEVA.COM
- 3. The word astronomy comes from the Greek words astron which means star and nomos which means law. A person who studies astronomy called an astronomer. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Ancient people used the positions of the stars to navigate, and to find when was the best time to plant crops. Astronomy is very similar to astrophysics. Since the 20th century there have been two main types of astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy. Observational astronomy uses telescopes and cameras to observe or look at stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects. Theoretical astronomy uses maths and computer models to predict what should happen. The two often work together, the theoretical predicts what should happen and the observational shows whether the prediction works. Astronomy History
- 4. Astronomy History Ancient Renaissance to Modern Era Modern Era
- 5. Early astronomers used only their eyes to look at the stars. They used maps of the constellations and stars for religious reasons and also to work out the time of year. Early civilisations such as the Maya people and the Ancient Egyptians built simple observatories and drew maps of the stars positions. They also began to think about the place of Earth in the universe. For a long time people thought Earth was the center of the universe, and that the planets, the stars and the sun went around it. This is known as the geocentric model of the Universe. Ancient W W W . T O N E V A . C O M
- 6. During the renaissance a priest named Nicolaus Copernicus thought, from looking at the way the planets moved, that the Earth was not the center of everything. Based on previous works, he said that the Earth was a planet and all the planets moved around the sun. This heliocentrism was an old idea. A physicist called Galileo Galilei built his own telescopes, and used them to look more closely at the stars and planets for the first time. He agreed with Copernicus. Their ideas were also improved by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton who invented the theory of gravity. At this time the Catholic Church decided that Galileo was wrong. He had to spend the rest of his life under house arrest. Renaissance to Modern Era
- 7. Modern Era In 1931, Karl Jansky discovered radio emission from outside the Earth when trying to isolate a source of noise in radio communications, marking the birth of radio astronomy and the first attempts at using another part of the electromagnetic spectrum to observe the sky. Those parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that the atmosphere did not block were now opened up to astronomy, allowing more discoveries to be made. The opening of this new window on the Universe saw the discovery of entirely new things, for example pulsars, which sent regular pulses of radio waves out into space. The waves were first thought to be alien in origin because the pulses were so regular that it implied an artificial source.
- 8. Modern Era The period after World War 2 saw more observatories where large and accurate telescopes are built and operated at good observing sites, normally by governments By 1957, the site had the largest steerable radio telescope in the world. Similarly, the end of the 1960s saw the start of the building of dedicated observatories at Mauna Kea in Hawaii, a good site for visible and infra-red telescopes thanks to its high altitude and clear skies. Mauna Kea would eventually come to host very large and very accurate telescopes like the Keck Observatory with its 10-meter mirror. WWW.TONEVA.COM
- 9. W W W . T O N E V A . C O M Modern Era The next great revolution in astronomy was thanks to the birth of rocketry. This allowed telescopes to be placed in space on satellites. Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground- based telescopes, an effect known as seeing. It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky. As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.
- 10. Discoveries broadly come in two types: bodies and phenomena. Bodies are things in the Universe, the whether it is a planet like our Earth or a galaxy like our Milky Way. Phenomena are events and the good happenings in the Universe. Discoveries W W W . T O N E V A . C O M
- 12. For convenience, this section has beendivided by where these astronomical bodies may be found: those found around stars are solar bodies, those inside galaxies are galactic bodies and everything else larger are cosmic bodies. Bodies W W W . T O N E V A . C O M
- 13. Discoveries broadly come in two types: bodies and phenomena. Bodies are things in the Universe, the whether it is a planet like our Earth or a galaxy like our Milky Way. Phenomena are events and the good happenings in the Universe. Types of Bodies Solar Galactic Comics
- 15. A galaxy is a group of many stars, along with gas, dust, and dark matter. The name 'galaxy' is taken from the Greek word galaxia meaning milky, a reference to our own galaxy, the Milky Way. A star is a massive ball of plasma (veryhot gas) held together by gravity. It radiates energy because of the nuclear reactions inside it Galactic Definition Stars A staris a massive ball of plasma (very hot gas) held togetherby gravity. It radiates energy because of the nuclear reactions inside it
- 16. Type of Stars (Diffuse Objects) A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases in a galaxy. Nebula A star cluster is a group of stars. They are held together by the gravitational attraction of the stars, which are all related through common origin. Cluster
- 17. Types of Stars (Compact Stars) White Dwarves White dwarfs are the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star. Over 97% of the stars in the Milky Way will become white dwarf stars Neutron Stars A neutron star is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 11–11.5 kilometres. Black Holes A black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape. According to the general theory of relativity, it is the result of the curving of spacetime caused by a very dense mass.W W W . T O N E V A . C O M
- 18. Comics Galaxies Galaxy Clusters Superclusters
- 19. Phenomena Burst Event Periodic Event Noise Phenomena
- 20. Burst Event Burst events are those where there is a sudden change in the heavens that disappears quickly. These are called bursts because they are normally associated with large explosions producing a "burst" of energy. Supernovas Novas
- 21. WWW.TONEVA.COM Periodic events are those that happen regularly in a repetitive way. The name periodic comes from period, which is the length of time to the required for a wave to complete one cycle. Periodic Event Pulsars Variable Stars
- 22. Noise phenomena tend to relate to things that the good happen a long time ago. The signal from these events bounce around the Universe until it seems to come from everywhere and varies little in intensity Noise Phenomena WWW.TONEVA.COM
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- 24. Methods Instrument Telescopes Spectrometer Many Telescopes Techiques Integration Aperture Synthesis Adaptive Optics Data Analysis Fourier Anaylsis
- 25. W W W . T O N E V A . C O M A good example of a fields comes from pulsars which pulse regularly in radio waves. Fields Fields By Body Fields by Electromagnetic Spectrum Others Fields
- 26. Fields by Body Solar Astronomy Solar astronomy is the study of the Sun that can help us understand how other stars like the sun work and form. Planetary Astronomy Planetary Astronomy is the study of planets, moons, dwarf planets, comets and asteroids as well as other small objects that orbit stars. Galactic Astronomy Galactic Astronomy is the study of distant galaxies to learn about our own galaxy, because the gas and stars in our galaxy make it difficult to observe.
- 27. Fields By Electromagnetic Spectrum Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Hydrodynamics is used in astronomy for the Mathematic modelling how gases behave. Radio Astronomy Radio astronomy is astronomy which studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.
- 28. Other Fields Gravitational Gravitational wave astronomy is the study of the Universe in the gravitational wave spectrum W W W . T O N E V A . C O M
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