Tpm principles and concepts
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Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a Japanese approach that aims to maximize equipment effectiveness through the involvement of all employees. It focuses on minimizing breakdowns, accidents, and defects through a culture of teamwork and continuous improvement. TPM shifts maintenance from being reactive to being proactive through preventative and predictive practices. It helps improve equipment reliability, quality, and productivity while reducing costs.
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Tpm principles and concepts
- 1. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) SMJ 4812 Project Management & Maintenance Engrg. Semester I 2003/2004 1
- 2. Introduction to TPM What is TPM ? Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is both – a philosophy to permeate throughout an operating company touching people of all levels – a collection of techniques and practices aimed at maximizing the effectiveness (best possible return) of business facilities and processes 2
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- 4. It is a Japanese approach for • Creating company culture for maximum efficiency • Striving to prevent losses with minimum cost – Zero breakdowns and failures, Zero accident, and Zero defects etc • The essence of team work (small group activity) focused on condition and performance of facilities to achieve zero loss for improvement • Involvement of all people from top management to operator 4
- 5. History/Origin • TPM first introduced in Japan 20 years ago and rigorously been applied in past 10 years • TPM planning & implementation in Japanese factories supported by JIPM (Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance) • Awarded yearly prizes to various industries: Automotive Metals Chemicals Rubber Food Glass etc. 5
- 6. • Initially implemented in high-to-medium volume production areas • Later successfully applied in: Low-volume production High-to-low volume assembly Development areas Warehouse Whole range of industry 6
- 7. Role of TPM Answers of the following questions are able to tell what role TPM can play within a company: Does TPM replace traditional maintenance techniques ? Why is it so popular and important ? What are its policies and objectives ? How does it fit in with TQM ? What are its steps, activities and components? What are its benefits and results ? 7
- 8. TPM and Traditional Maintenance Reactive maintenance inherently wasteful and ineffective with following disadvantages: • No warning of failure • Possible safety risk • Unscheduled downtime of machinery • Production loss or delay • Possible secondary damage 8
- 9. Need for: • Stand-by machinery • A stand-by maintenance team • A stock of spare parts Costs include: • Post production • Disrupted schedule • Repair cost • Stand-by machinery • Spare parts 9
- 10. Real cost of reactive maintenance is more than the cost of maintenance resources and spare parts Pro-active maintenance (planned, preventive and predictive) more desirable than reactive maintenance 10
- 11. TPM enables or provides: • The traditional maintenance practices to change from reactive to pro-active • A number of mechanisms whereby Breakdowns are analyzed Causes investigated Actions taken to prevent further breakdowns • Preventive maintenance schedule to be made more meaningful 11
- 12. • To ‘free up’ maintenance professionals to: Carry out scheduled and preventive maintenance Gather relevant information as important input to the maintenance system Keep the system up to date To review cost effectiveness • To develop and operate a very effective maintenance system an integral part of manufacturing 12
- 13. Why is TPM so popular and important ? Three main reasons: 1. It guarantees dramatic results (Significant tangible results) • Reduce equipment breakdowns • Minimize idle time and minor stops • Less quality defects and claims • Increase productivity • Reduce manpower and cost • Lower inventory • Reduce accidents 13
- 14. 2. Visibly transform the workplace (plant environment) • Through TPM, a filthy, rusty plant covered in oil and grease, leaking fluids and spilt powders can be reborn as a pleasant and safe working environment • Customers and other visitors are impressed by the change • Confidence on plant’s product increases 14
- 15. 3. Raises the level of workers knowledge and skills As TPM activities begin to yield above concrete results, it helps: • The workers to become motivated • Involvement increases • Improvement suggestions proliferate • People begin to think of TPM as part of the job 15
- 16. TPM Policy and Objectives Policy and objectives: • To maximize overall equipment effectiveness (Zero breakdowns and failures, Zero accident, and Zero defects etc) through total employee involvement • To improve equipment reliability and maintainability as contributors to quality and to raise productivity 16
- 17. TPM Basic policy and objectives (Contd.) • To aim for maximum economy in equipment for its entire life • To cultivate equipment-related expertise and skills among operators • To create a vigorous and enthusiastic work environment 17
- 18. TPM Corporate policy for the following purposes: • To aim for world-class maintenance, manufacturing performance and quality • To plan for corporate growth through business leadership 18
- 19. TPM Corporate policy (Contd.): • To promote greater efficiency through greater flexibility • Revitalize the workshop and make the most of employee talents 19
- 20. Production dept.TPM to Companywide TPM 20
- 21. 12 TPM Development Program Steps Preparation 1. Formally announce the decision to introduce TPM 2. Conduct TPM introductory education and publicity campaign 3. Create TPM promotion organization 21
- 22. Preparation (Contd.) 4. Establish basic TPM policy and goals 5. Draft a master plan for implementing TPM Introduction 6. Kick off TPM initiatives (to cultivate the atmosphere to raise morale, inspiration and dedication) 22
- 23. Implementation 7. Build a corporate constitution designed to maximize the effectiveness of facilities i. Conduct focused improvement activities ii. Establish and deploy autonomous maintenance program iii. Implement planned maintenance program iv. Conduct operation and maintenance skills training 7. Build an early management system for new products and equipment 23
- 24. Implementation (Contd.) 9. Build a quality maintenance system 10. Build an effective administration and support system 11. Develop a system for managing health, safety, and the environment Consolidation 12. Sustain a full TPM implementation and raise levels (Prize) 24
- 25. Five fundamental TPM activities 1. Autonomous maintenance 2. Equipment improvement 3. Quality maintenance 4. MP(Maintenance Prevention) system- building 5. Education and training 25
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- 28. TPM and Total Quality TPM is an essential component of TQM TPM resembles TQM in following aspects: • Total commitment to the program by upper level management • Employee empowered to initiate corrective actions • Changes in employee mind-set towards their job responsibilities 28
- 29. Components of TPM 29
- 30. Practical Components of TPM To be achieved through TPM team: Restore, maintain and continuously improve the existing facilities Role of maintenance Role of operation personnel personnel o Carry out major o Maintain ‘basic’ repairs machinery condition to prevent deterioration 30
- 31. Role of maintenance Role of operation personnel (contd.) personnel (contd.) o Improve weak points and o Monitor machinery eliminate deterioration effectiveness o Plan and carry out o Regularly inspect to preventive maintenance detect problems o Analyze breakdowns and o Carry out simple performance, and carry out improvements / repairs predictive maintenance 31
- 32. Detect and eliminate faults and problems Faults that: Problems that: o Cause breakdowns o slow down the and/or stoppages operator and make life difficult o Slow the process down o Make changeovers difficult o Cause breakdowns and/or stoppages o Slow down the operator and make life difficult 32
- 33. Faults and Problems 33
- 34. Detect and eliminate faults and problems Faults that: Problems that: o Slow the process o Make changeovers down difficult o Cause o Make workplace dirty, inconsistency oily and smelly o Cause rejects o Make the machinery dangerous to operate o Provide safety and setup => lead to hazards injury 34
- 35. Establish, monitor and improve process effectiveness Following six big losses to recognize, measure and reduce: 1. Breakdown losses due to failures and repairs 2. Setup and adjustment losses 1and 2 = availability loss 35
- 36. Six big losses (Contd.): 3. Idling and minor stoppage losses 4. Speed losses 5. Scrap and rework losses 6. Start-up losses 3 and 4 = performance loss 5 and 6 = quality loss 36
- 37. Establish and maintain a clean, neat and tidy workplace (This TPM component describes good house keeping) Translation of 5 Japanese S’s 1. Seiso => Shine / Cleanliness (Thoroughly clean the workplace) Advantages: – Pleasant and safer workplace and improved morale – No wear, corrosion and failure of machinery due to dirt and debris 37
- 38. Seiso Advantages (contd.): – Easy detection of oil leakage and spilage – Psychological effects for improved reactions and performances – Reduced hazards and more visible warning signs 2. Seiri => Sort / Arrangement (Eliminate unnecessary items) Better arrangement for ease of access and use of: – Facilities, tools, fixtures and materials etc. which brings substantial benefits 38
- 39. 3. Seiton => Set In Order / Neatness Efficient and effective storage method – Defined location for storage of every facility required for production process – Encourage people to return the facility after use 4. Shitsuke => Sustain / Discipline (Sustain new status quo ‘everything in its place’) Required to ensured that facilities are: – Returned in proper location after use – Kept clean and tidy – Repaired / replaced if damaged 39
- 40. 5. Seiketsu => Standardize / Order Order and control to be established for: – The above procedures and mechanisms – Introduction of CAN DO activities at early stage – Part of the company culture 40
- 41. Identify and eliminate inherent faults: – Discover inherent faults either in design and manufacturing of machinery or in methods of operation – Try to reduce their effect wherever possible 41
- 42. Identify and eliminate inherent faults (contd.): – Propose a project with a specially skilled small team to focus on inherent faults to improve overall effectiveness which includes: Availability improvement through Changeover and setup reduction Reliability improvement Maintainability improvement 42
- 43. Performance improvement through • Chronic (big) loss analysis and improvement • Process improvement • Operational improvement Quality improvement through • Process capability study and improvement • Poka yoka (mistake proofing) design • Operational stability re-design 43
- 44. Provide maintenance systems to support facilities – Introduce more professional tools and techniques (autonomous maintenance) to establish and restore machinery condition – Maintenance systems and resources are to be designed, implemented and continuously improved – Specialist skills to provide for breakdowns, servicing and improvement of complex controls and mechanisms 44
- 45. Purchase and install facilities that provide best return The selection and purchase of new machinery must be approached: – In a professional and structured way – As an integral part of the overall manufacturing system 45
- 46. The selection and purchase of new machinery must be approached (Contd.): – To conform the TPM philosophy of the company – To meet the present and future need of the business – To achieve world-class competitive performance in manufacturing 46
- 47. Measuring Effectiveness of Facilities The effectiveness of facilities – is its best possible return generated – is calculated as percentage of each group of 6 big losses (discussed earlier) Overall facilities effectiveness (OEE) = %Availability x %Performance x %Quality • Breakdown losses • Idling and minor • Scrap and stoppage losses rework losses • Set-up and adjustment losses • Speed losses • Start-up losses 47
- 48. Loading time – Breakdown & Setup loss %Availability = -----------------------------------------------x 100 Loading time Where loading time = planned production/operation time – breaks – planned maintenance time Quantity produced % Performance = ----------------------------------- x 100 Time run x Capacity/Given time or Time run – Minor stoppages – Reduced speed = -------------------------------------------------------------- x 100 Time run 48
- 49. % Quality = Amount produced –Amount defects –Amount re-processed ---------------------------------------------------------------------x 100 Amount produced or Time run – Defect time – Re-processing time = -------------------------------------------------------------- x 100 Time run 49
- 50. Example 1 A medium volume manufacturing facility with a capacity of producing 2 parts/minute actually produced 800 parts in a planned running 2 shifts of 8 hours each. It had breaks and scheduled maintenance for 40 minutes and also faced 40 minutes breakdowns and 1 hour 20 minutes for changeover and adjustment. Number of rejects and re-works were 10 and 6 parts respectively. Calculate its overall effectiveness Planned production time = 2x8 hrs. = 960 minutes Loading time = 960-40 (breaks & scheduled maintenance) = 920 min. Down-time =40 (Breakdowns) + 80(Changeover & adjustment)= 120 Loading time – Down time 920 - 120 %Availability = --------------------------------x100 = ----------------x100 = 87% Loading time 920 50
- 51. Example 1 (Contd.) Quantity produced 800 %Performance = --------------------------------x100 = -------------x100 = 50% Time run x Capacity/given time (920-120)x2 Amount produced – Amount defects – Amount re-work %Quality = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- x 100 Amount produced 800 – 10 – 6 = -------------------- x 100 = 98% 800 Overall effectiveness (OEE) = 0.87 x 0.5 x 0.98 x 100 = 42.6 % 51
- 52. Example 2 A chemical plant was expected to run for 120 hours/week continuously with production capacity of 2400 metric tones /hour. At the end the week it produced 220,000 tones together with a waste of 3000 tones. It had120 minutes breakdowns and 460 minutes changeover and adjustment. Calculate plant overall effectiveness. Planned production time = 120 hrs/week = 7200 minutes For continuous production, breaks and scheduled maintenance = 0 Therefore, loading time = 7200-0 = 7200 min. Down-time = 120 (Breakdowns) + 460(Changeover & adjustment) = 580 Loading time – Down time 7200 - 580 %Availability = --------------------------------x100 = ----------------x100 = 92% 52 Loading time 7200
- 53. Example 2 (Contd.) Quantity produced 220,000 %Performance = ---------------------------x100 = ------------------x100 = 83% Time run x Capacity (6620)x(2400/60) Amount produced – Amount waste %Quality = ---------------------------------------------x 100 Amount produced 220,000 – 3000 = -------------------- x 100 = 98.6% 220,000 Overall effectiveness = 0.92 x 0.83 x 0.986 x 100 = 75.3 % 53
- 54. Example 3 – Semi-automated Assembly A semi-automated assembly machine, assembles and welds automotive components for a single shift of 7.5 hours, 5 days a week; planned throughput = 150 units/hour; actual output = 2875 units/week. The following losses are encountered during assembly: 1. Incorrect assembly causes the machine to stop and needs re-set on average 5 times/hr. where 1 unit and 2 minutes are lost. (This leads to performance loss due to minor stoppage and also quality loss 2. Worn out electrodes are to be replaced once per week, it takes 1 hour when 30 units are scrapped => availability and quality losses 54
- 55. Example 3 (Contd.) 3. Burst out cooling hose causes a machine breakdown once in a month and replacement takes 5 hours => availability loss 4. Misaligned fixture causes a loss of 220 units/ week => quality loss 5. For different size parts, fixtures to be removed and replaced and electrode position to be adjusted 3 times/week which takes 2.25 hours where 24 units are scrapped each time => availability and quality losses 6. Actuating cylinder sometimes sticks for 30 minutes/ady causing production delay which takes double cycle time => performance loss 7. Application of rust protective spray by operator stopping the machine at the start and end of the day takes 5 minutes each time => minor stoppages thereby performance loss 8. Limit switches corrode once in every 6 weeks stopping the machine and replacement takes 6 hours => availability loss. 55
- 56. Example 3 (Contd.) Calculation of all the losses: Availability losses = 1 x 60 mins (No2) + 5 x 60/4 mins (Av No.3) + 2.25 x 3 x 60 mins (No.5) + 6 x 60/6 mins (Av No.8) = 600 minutes/week Performance losses = 2 mins x 5 x 7.5 x 5(No.1) + 15 mins x 5 (No.6) +5 mins x 2 x 5 (No.7) = 500 minutes / week Quality losses = 1 unit x 5 x 7.5 x 5 (No.1) + 30 units (No.2) + 220 units (No.4) + 24 units x 3 (No.5) = 510 units/week 56
- 57. Example 3 (Contd.) Loading time = 7.5 x 5 x 60 = 2250 minutes/week 2250 - 600 % Availability = -------------- x 100 = 73% 2250 1650 - 500 % Performance = -------------- x 100 = 70% 1650 OR 2875 % Performance = -------------- x 100 = 70% (1650 /60 x 150) 2875 - 510 % Quality = -------------- x 100 = 82% 2875 Overall Machine Effectiveness (OME) = 0.73 x 0.70 x 0.82 x 100 = 42% 57
- 58. Effectogram of Example 3 – Semi-automated Assembly 58
- 59. Tangible and Intangible Benefits of TPM Tangible benefits: o Productivity up due to Sudden breakdowns down Overall facilities effectiveness up o Process defect rate down o Customer compliant/claims down o Products and work-in-process down o Shutdown accidents down o Pollution incidents down o Improvement suggestions up 59
- 60. Tangible benefits (contd.): o Financial losses drop due to reduction in breakdowns o Repair costs drop o Maintenance labour-hours reduce o Energy costs reduce o Company’s manufacturing profit ratio up 60
- 61. Intangible benefits: o Achieving full-self management Operators have ownership of their equipments They look after it by themselves without direction o Eliminating breakdowns and defects o Growing confidence and ‘can-do’ attitude o Making previously dirty and oily workplaces to a unrecognizably clean, bright and lively o Giving better image to the visitors and thereby getting more orders 61
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- 63. Summarized Results of TPM 63
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