Transfer of Learning
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Transfer of learning refers to applying knowledge learned in one context to new situations. It occurs when learners recognize commonalities between concepts, link information in memory, and see value in applying prior learning to new contexts. Examples given include knowledge of French helping with Spanish, driving skills transferring to truck driving, and math preparing students for physics. For transfer to occur, initial learning must involve understanding rather than memorization. Context and motivation also impact transfer. Educators can promote transfer by teaching in meaningful contexts, employing informed instruction, providing practice opportunities, and fostering positive attitudes.
Transfer of Learning
- 1. TRANSFER OF LEARNING Oscar – Anas - Syafiq - Fyda
- 2. Definition • Transfer of learning is the ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to new contexts. • Transfer of learning occurs when the learner – recognizes common features among concepts, skills, or principles; – links the information in memory; and – sees the value of utilizing what was learned in one situation in another.
- 3. Examples • Knowledge of French may help student learn Spanish • Learning to drive a car helps a person to later drive a truck • Learning mathematics prepares students to study physics • Learning to get along with siblings may prepare one for getting along better with others
- 4. Why is it Important? • If there were no transfer, students would need to be taught every act that they would ever perform in any situation • Because the learning situation often differs from the context of application, the goal of training is not accomplished unless transfer occurs. • All new learning involves transfer based on previous learning (Bransford, 41).
- 5. Why is it Important? Cont. • If we did not transfer some of our prior knowledge, then each new learning situation would start from scratch. • Assumption of education: what is taught in a course will be used in relevant situations in other courses, in the workplace and out of school
- 6. Factor That Effect Transfer 1. Initial acquisition of knowledge is necessary for transfer. – Rote learning (memorizing isolated facts) does not tend to facilitate transfer, learning with understanding does – Transfer is affected by degree to which students learn with understanding 2. Context plays a fundamental role. – Knowledge learned that is too tightly bound to context in which it was learned will significantly reduce transfer
- 7. Factor That Effect Transfer. Cont 3. Attempts to cover too much too quickly may hinder transfer. 4. Motivation affects the amount of time people are willing to devote to learning. – People are more motivated when they can see the usefulness of what they are learning
- 8. POSITIVE vs NEGATIVE POSITIVE TRANSFER NEGATIVE TRANSFER • When learning in one • When learning in one context improves context has a negative performance in some impact on performance other context in another context – Speakers of one – Contrasts in language find it easier vocabulary, pronuncia to learn related rather tion, and syntax than unrelated create difficulties second languages – Typically causes problems only in the early stages
- 9. NEAR vs FAR NEAR TRANSFER • transfer between very similar contexts – When a mechanic repairs an engine in a new model of car, but with a design similar to prior models – Much better prospects than far transfer FAR TRANSFER • transfer between contexts that seem alien to one another – A chess player may apply basic strategies to investment practices or policies
- 10. 5 STAGES OF TRANSFER
- 11. 6 LEVEL OF TRANSFER 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Non-specific transer Application Transfer Context Transfer Near Transfer Far Transfer Displacement Transfer
- 12. Strategies for Promoting Transfer Teach subject matter in meaningful contexts • • Employ informed instruction – Students should learn not only how to explain a concept, but also to understand when and why the concept is useful • Teach subject matter in circumstances as similar as possible to those in which it will be employed • Provide chances to practice using the subject matter in situations that embody the full range of practical applications that the learner is likely to come across • Present opportunities for allocating practice after the information has been originally learned – Practice should be spread out over a period of time (not combined into a single study session) • Encourage positive attitudes toward subject matter – Students will be less likely to avoid topics when they are encountered somewhere else
- 13. The more understanding, the better transfer Thank you for your attention