Trigeminal neuralgia
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This document provides information on trigeminal neuralgia, including its definition, classification, causes, and treatment. It defines trigeminal neuralgia as a disorder characterized by episodes of intense pain in the face originating from the trigeminal nerve. It classifies different types of neuralgia and lists common causes as damage to nerves from factors like old age, infection, or pressure. For trigeminal neuralgia specifically, it describes the condition as severe, brief attacks of pain in the face triggered by activities like chewing or talking. Treatment options discussed include carbamazepine and other medications as first-line treatment, with surgery like microvascular decompression for severe cases not helped by drugs.
Trigeminal neuralgia
- 3. CONTENTS 1. NEURALGIA 2.TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION CAUSES TRIGEMINAL NERVE INTRODUCTION DEFINITION HISTORICAL REVIEW TIC DOULOUREUX ETIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS TYPES CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS DIAGNOSIS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
- 5. DEFINITION: Neuralgia (Greek neuron, "nerve" + algos, "pain") is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves, as in intercoastal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia
- 6. CLASSIFICATION: Under the general heading of neuralgia are: Trigeminal neuralgia Occipital neuralgia Glossopharyngeal neuralgia Postherpetic neuralgia Intercostal neuralgia
- 7. CAUSES: Main cause is damage to nerve leading to demyelination of nerve and finally leading to stabbing, severe, shock like pain resulting in neuralgia. FACTORS CAUSING DAMAGE ARE- Old age Infection( postherpetic neuralgia) Multiple sclerosis Pressure on nerves Diabetes
- 8. ---( TIC DOULOUREUX, TRIFACIAL NEURALGIA, FOTHERGILL’S NEURALGIA)
- 12. INTRODUCTION: It is the most debilitating form of neuralgia that affects the sensory branches of the Vth cranial nerve. It is a disorder of the peripheral or central fibres of the trigeminal nerve in which the dominant symptom is pain in the anterior half of the head.
- 13. DEFINITION: It is defined as sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, lancinating, recurring pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the Vth cranial nerve Trigeminal neuralgia also known as prosopalgia or fothergill’s disease is aneuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense pain in the face, originating from trigeminal nerve
- 14. HISTORICAL REVIEW: JOHN LOCKE in 1677 gave the first full description with its treatment NICHOLAS ANDRE in 1756 coined the term ‘Tic Doloureux JOHN FOTHERGILL in 1773 published detailed description of trigeminal neuralgia
- 15. TIC DOULOUREUX: TiC DOULOUREUX painful jerking. It is a truly agonizing condition, in which the patient may clunch the hand over the face & experience severe, lancinating pain associated with spasmodic contractions of the facial muscles during attacks . -a feature that led to use of this term
- 16. ETIOLOGY: Usually idiopathic Demylination of the nerve Multiple sclerosis Petrous ridge compression Post – traumatic neuralgia Intracranial tumors Intracranial vascular abnormalities Viral etiology
- 17. aetiology Compression of blood vessels, especially the superior cerebellar artery occurs Chronic irritation of trigeminal nerve at the root entry zone Increased firing of the afferent or sensory fibres TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
- 19. PATHOGENESIS:
- 21. TYPES OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA : TYPICAL TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA ATYPICAL TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA PRE- TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RELATED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA SECONDARY OR TUMOR RELATED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA TRIGEMINAL NEUROPATHY OR POST- TRAUMATIC TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA FAILED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
- 22. 1. TYPICAL TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: • Most common form, previously termed CLASSICAL, IDIOPATHIC and ESSENTIAL TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA. • Nearly all cases of typical trigeminal neuralgia are caused by blood vessel compressing the trigeminal nerve root. Pulsation of vessels upon the trigeminal nerve root do not visibly damage the nerve. However irritation from repeated pulsations may lead to changes of nerve function, delivery of abnormal signals to the trigeminal nerve nucleus , this causes hyperactivity of trigeminal nerve root leading to trigeminal nerve pain
- 23. 2. ATYPICAL TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: it is characterized by a unilateral, prominent constant and severe aching and burning pain superimposed upon otherwise typical symptom. Some believe that atypical trigeminal neuralgia is due to vascular compression upon specific part of the trigeminal nerve( the portio minor) while other theorize atypical trigeminal neuralgia as more severe progression of typical trigeminal neuralgia.
- 24. 3. PRE- TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: - Days to years before the first attack of Trigeminal pain, some sufferers experience odd sensations of pain,( such as toothache) or discomfort( parasthesia). 4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RELATED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: - Symptoms of MS related trigeminal neuralgia are identical to typical trigeminal neuralgia. Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia is more commonly seen in people with MS. MS involves formation of demyelinating plaques within the brain.
- 25. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS INCIDENCE- 8: 100000 AGE- 5th-6th decade of life SEX- female> male AFFLICTION FOR SIDE- right> left DEVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT- V3>V2>V1 TRIGGERING ZONES
- 26. 5. SECONDARY OR TUMOR RELATED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: Trigeminal pain caused by a lesion, such as a tumor. Tumor that severely compresses or distorts the trigeminal nerve may cause numbness, weakness of chewing muscles or constant aching pain 6. FAILED TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: In a very small proportion of suferrers, all medications, surgical procedures prove ineffective in controlling the pain. Such individuals also suffer from additional trigeminal neuropathy as a result of destructive intervention they underwent.
- 27. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS Manifests as a sudden, unilateral, intermittent paroxysmal, sharp, shooting, lancinating , shock like pain, elicited by slight touching superficial ‘trigger points’ which radiates from that point, across the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve Pain is usually confined to one part of one division of trigeminal nerve Pain rarely crosses the midline Attacks do not occur during sleep Pain is of short duration, but may recur with variable frequency. In extreme cases, the patient will have a motionless face – the ‘frozen or mask like face’. Common trigger zone include- cutaneous( corner of the lips, cheek, ala of the nose, lateral brow); intraoral( teeth, gingivae, tongue). Trigger area on the face are so sensitive that touching or even air currents can trigger an episode. 10-12% of cases are bilateral, or occurring on both sides. This mainly seen in cases with systemic involvement include multiple sclerosis or expanding cranial tumor
- 28. DIAGNOSIS From a well taken history CT- scan MRI Diagnostic nerve block
- 29. TREATMENT 1. MEDICAL • First line of treatment is: CARBAMAZIPINE ( anticonvulsant) • Second line of treatment is: BACLOFEN, LAMOTRIGINE, OXCARBAZEPINE, PHENYTOIN, GABAPENTIN, PREGABALIN, SODIUM VALPROATE • Low dose of Antidepressants such as AMITRYPTILINE are thought to be effective in treating neuropathic pain. Antidepressant are also used to counteract a medication side effect. • DULOXETINE is helpful where neuropathic pain and depression are combined. • Opiates such as MORPHINE and OXYCODONE, there is evidence of their effectiveness on neuropathic pain, especially if combined with gabapentin, gallium maltoate in a cream or ointment base has been reported to relieve refractory postherpetic TN
- 30. 2.SURGICAL METHOD: INJECTION OF NERVE WITH ANESTHETIC AGENT• Long acting anesthetic agents • Alcohol injection PERIPHERAL GLYCEROL INJECTION PERIPHERAL NEURECTOMY( NERVE AVULSION) OPEN PROCEDURES ( INTRACRANIAL PROCEDURES) - MICROVASCULAR DECOMPRESSION - PERCUTANEOUS RHIZOTOMIES - GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY
- 32. DIFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS MIGRAINE- severe type of periodic headache is persistent, at least over a period of hours and it has no trigger zone. SINUSITIS- pain is not paroxysmal.In this pain is persistent, associated nasal symptoms.
- 33. DENTAL PAIN- localized, related to biting or hot or cold foods, visible abnormalities on oral examination. POST HERPETIC NEURALGIA: Pain is usually involved in ophthalmic division. The history of skin lesion prior to onset of neuralgia, pain is persistent, associated nasal symptoms.
- 34. Tumors of nasopharynx - In this similar type of pain is produced, manifested in the lower jaw, tongue and side of the head with associated middle ear deafness. This complex lesion is called TROTTER’S syndrome. Patient exhibit asymmetry and defective mobility of the soft palate and affected side. As the tumor progresses, trismus of internal pterygoid muscle develops, and patient is unable to open the mouth. Here actual cause of pain is involvement of mandibular nerve in the foramen ovale.
- 37. FINAL WORDS: Patients with trigeminal neuralgia deserve an accurate and dispassionate explanation of merits and drawbacks of all methods of treatment from the outset. Surgical approaches are performed when medication cannot control pain,patient cannot tolerate the adverse effects of the medication or in particular medically compromised patients contraindicated for the required medication.
- 38. GRAY’S ANATOMY TEXTBOOK OF ORAL SURGERY- NEELIMA MALIK TEXT BOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY- SHEFFER’S TEXTBOOK OF ORAL PATHOLOGY- NEVILE TEXTBOOK OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA- MONHIMS TEXTBOOK OF ORAL MEDICINE- ANIL GHOM’S