Cultivation Process of Tubrose
- 1. CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF TUBEROSE Azqa azhar 12-arid-193
- 2. INTRODUCTION….. • Botanical name: Polianthes tuberosa L. • Family name: Amaryllidaceae • spikes are rich in fragrance; florets are star shaped, waxy and loosely arranged on spike that can reach up to 30 to 45 cm in length. • Single varieties are more fragrant than ‘Double’ type and contain 0.08 to 0.14 percent concrete which is used in high grade perfumes. • Flowers of the Single type (single row of perianth) are commonly used for extraction of essential oil, loose flowers, making garland etc. • Double varieties (more than two rows of perianth) are used as cut flowers, garden display and interior decoration. • The flower spike of tuberose remains fresh for long time and finds a distinct place in the flower markets
- 3. • Tuberose occupies a very selective and special position among the ornamental bulbous plant for its beauty , elegance and sweet pleasant fragrance. • It has a great economic potential for cut flowers trade and essential oil industry. • Due to their great demand, it is currently cultivated in most of the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world
- 4. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION • Tuberose is a native of Mexico from where it spread to different parts of the world during 16th Century. • The Aztecs were growing it nearly 600 years ago. • The Spanish found the Aztecs growing it in 1519 and took it back with them to the old World. • A French missionary, returning from the Indies in the 1500’s did so as well. • Once introduced to Europe, it became part of the moon garden, a collection of white or pastel flowers, which release an intense fragrance after dusk. These gardens were popular among the sun-shunning • Victorian ladies, who valued a milky pale complexion. It has an intense fragrance and one or two open blossoms will fill the air of an entire garden. • It is believed that tuberose was brought to India via Europe in 16th century.
- 5. CULTIVARS: There are three types of tuberose :- i. Single with one row of corolla segments, ii. Semi-double bearing flower with 2-3 rows of corolla segment, iii. Double having more than three rows of corolla segment.
- 6. TUBEROSE : VARIETIES : Cultivars Varietal Characters Rajat Rekha It is a single flowered variety .The flowers have silvery white streaks along the middle of blade. Shringar It is a single flowered variety. The flower bud is attractive with slightly pinkish tinge. Its loose flowers are ideal for making garland while spikes can be used as cut flowers. Yield of loose flower is about 15,000 kg/ha/yr. . Shringar is preferred by farmers and industries due to its higher flower yield.
- 7. Shringar Suvasini Single Mexican Swarna Rekha Rajat Rekha
- 8. HOW TO GROW TUBE ROSE Where to cultivate. Prepare the soil. Select a sunny location. Plant in a hole 2 in (5cm) deep Water generously after planting. Water sparingly until plants emerge. Water moderately during the growing season. Apply a balanced fertilizer. Feel free to cut flowers to arrange indoors. Prune to encourage growth. Cut back the foliage. Dig out the bulbs carefully. Place in dry palce and keep wraped. Plant in spring.
- 9. Required Environment: A. Climate :- • Tuberose grows in mild climate without extremes of high and low temperature even though it can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions . • The commercial cultivation of tuberose is mainly confined in warm humid area with average temperature range from 200 to 350 centrigrade. • Temperature above 400 C reduces the spike length and quality of the flowers. • Very low temperature and frost also damage the plant and flowers. • Tuberose grows well in sunny situation.
- 10. B. Soil :- • Tuberose grows in a wide range of soils. • Its cultivation can also be extended economically in almost unproductive soils affected by salinity and alkalinity . • Loam and sandy loam soils having pH range from 6.5 to 7.5 with good aeration and drainage are considered suitable for its cultivation . • The soil should be rich in organic matter and retain sufficient moisture for proper growth . • FYM and leaf mould in proportion of 2:1:1 should be used. •Horticulture •| Home | Nursery Techniques | Deficiencies & Disorders | Fertilizer Schedule |
- 11. C. Propagation by bulbs:- • Most common method practiced for the commercial multiplication of tuberoses is through propagation by bulbs. • The bulbs remain dormant during the winter months in places where the temperature is low. • The dormancy of the bulbs can be successfully broken by dipping the bulbs in 4% Thiourea solution for one hour if early planting is desired. • Ethylene chlorohydrins can also be used for breaking the dormancy of bulbs. • The bulbs are separated from the clumps by rubbing off the loose scales and the long roots should also be removed. • In general, spindle -shaped bulbs free from diseases having diameter between 1.5 and 3.0 cm are suitable for planting. • About 8 to 9 tons of bulbs are required for planting one hectare.
- 12. Propagation by bulb segments • Propagation through mature bulbs is expensive, therefore, multiplication of growing stock can be done by division of bulbs. • Large sized bulbs having 2.1 cm or more diameter are suitable for planting purpose. • If the bulbs are very large, they are cut into 2 to 3 vertical sections, each containing a bud and part of the basal plate. • Each of these sections is treated with copper fungicide and planted vertically in a rooting medium with its tip just showing above the surface. • A moderately warm temperature should be maintained. New bulblets along with roots develop from the basal plate. At this stage, bulblets are transferred to the ground.
- 13. Cultivation Process :- A. Site selection : Generally for optimum growth and high yield of flowers it is preferable to choose a place having plenty of sunlight. A little shade towards the later part of the afternoon is desirable in hot summer. B. Soil preparation : The field should be worked deep to a good tilt and properly manure . If the soil is not thoroughly prepared and contain soil clods or decomposed organic matter, bulb production is affected and it also reduces the yield and quality of flowers. Well rotten cowdung or farmyard manure @ 50 tonnes/ha, should be incorporated with the soil about a month before planting. Care should be taken to make the land free from weeds. C. Bulb selection and planting :- Selection of good planting material is necessary for obtaining higher yield and good quality of flowers. Generally bulbs having diameter 2.0-3.0cm are suitble for planting. It is observed that planting of bulbs having 2.6-3.0 cm recorded the highest yield of spikes and flowers.
- 14. E. Weed control:- Weed become a serious problem in the cultivation of tuberose . If these weeds are not removed in time, growth and productivity will be markedly reduced. Manual weeding is effective if done frequently. Generally, after each irrigation weeding is done. F. Manureing and fertilization: The requirement for manures and fertilizers for tuberose vary with climatic conditions and soil types. During the preparation of soil a basal application of leaf mould, farmyard manure or cattle manure @ 20-50 tonnes/ha. High dose of N and P markedly promotes leaf and bulb formation in tuberose. These treatment also improves flowering. The effect of K has been less pronounced than N and P in these respect. The plant treated with less dose of N and P shows growth inhibition and fails to flower. Tuberose responds to fertilizer application but should not be fertilized with…... D. Irrigation :- Tuberose irrigation should be done before planting to provide optimum moisture for sprouting and further irrigation should be avoided until the bulb have sprouted . The tuberose field should be irrigated at 10-15 days interval if weather is dry. It has been suggested that during summer months ( April-June) the crop should be irrigated at weekly interval and during winter at 10 days interval.
- 15. excess N as the flower spike become quite tall and soft, making it vulnerable to wind and the plant become more susceptible to diseases and pest. The flower quality is also affected adversely. The effect of deficiency of various element is given in the table below. Sl. No. Fertilizer Element Deficiency Symptoms 1. Nitrogen Reduction in number of spikes and number of flowers per spike; typical pale green foliage. 2. Phosphorus Dark green upper leaves and purple colouration in lower leaves; and reduction in growth and flowering. 3. Calcium Cracking of the spike, bud rot in case of acute deficiency.
- 16. G. Diseases and pests:- Common diseases are - a) Stem rot b) Botrytis spots and blight c) Leaf spot d) Flower bud rot Sl. No. Fertilizer Element Deficiency Symptoms 4. Magnesium Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves. 5. Iron Interveinal chlorosis of new leaves. 6. Boron Cracking of leaf margins, deformation of leaves and stunted infloresence. 7. Manganese Yellowing between the veins of lower leaves.
- 17. Common pests are- a) Grasshopper b) Weevil c) Thrips d) Aphids e) Red spider mites Botriyis Blight Leaf spot
- 18. Grasshopper Weevil Thrips Red Spider Mite
- 19. HARVESTING :- • Tuberose is harvested by cutting the spikes from the base for table decoration or the individual flower is picked from the spike for making garlands and other floral ornaments. • Picking of flowers should be done in cool hours of the day either in the morning or in the evening. • Harvesting of flowers on the previous evening and marketing in the next morning leads to a weight loss of about 40 per cent. • The flowers spike for vases should be cut when the first pair of flowers fully open, with a sharp knife and place immediately in water. • HARVESTING OF FLOWERS:
- 20. • Harvesting Of Bulbs : • Harvesting of tuberose bulbs at proper stage of maturity is important for storage of bulbs and their subsequent growth after planting. • The bulbs reach maturity when the flowering is over and plant growth ceases, depending on the environmental condition and soil moisture
- 21. Ratoon Cropping • After harvesting the main crop, the flower stalks are headed back (cut to the base) and the plots should be well- manured and irrigated. • About 3-4 ratoon crops can be taken from a single planting • For the proper growth and development of plants, fertilizer dose as given in the main crop should be applied in two equal split doses in January- February and April. • The ratoon crop results in more number of spikes but reduces number of florets, length of spikes and weight of flowers. Therefore, ratoon crop should be used only for loose flowers or oil extraction purpose. • In temperate climate, during November -December, when temperature drops, leaves of the plants turn yellow and die and plants undergo dormancy. • Digging of bulbs should be done at this stage • With the increase in temperature the crop regains growth from the previously planted bulbs which is termed as ratooning. For ratooning in tuberose, the yellowing plants should be twisted from the ground level which leads to early maturing of bulbs.
- 22. Post Harvest Management Vase life • Immediately after harvest, the lower portion of the cut spikes should be immersed in water for prolonging the vase life of spikes. The spikes are made ready by removing the unwanted leaves to minimise the transpiration loss for sending to floral markets. Further, pulsing of spikes at low temperature (100C), for about four hours with the ends immersed in water, is helpful in prolonging life of spikes to be sent to distant markets. Holding solutions • A holding solution consisting of sucrose 2 % + Al2 (SO4)3 300 ppm is best for increasing the post harvest life and quality of cut spikes of tuberose . Grading and handling • The flower spikes for cut flower purpose are graded according to the following quality attributes viz., • Spike length • Length of rachis • Number of flowers per spike • Weight of spikes • Quality of individual florets. • Straight and strong stem of uniform length and uniform stage of development are preferred. Flowers should be free from bruises and diseases and pests.
- 23. Storage • The fresh flowers can be stored at 100C for 5 days. Packaging and Transport • For cut flower purpose, long spikes are preferred and are sold in round bundles or bunch. Each bundle bunch contains 25, 50 or 100 spikes. • The stem portion of the bundle has to be wrapped with news paper. • To avoid damage of the flowers and buds, the whole bundle should be wrapped in soft, white tissue paper or polythene sheet / cover. These bundles are packed in rectangular bamboo baskets lined with Hessian cloth. • For long distance transport, they are packed in square boxes or airy baskets but packing in strong cardboard boxes is more suitable which are quite handy and can be easily transported by rail, bus or by truck • Yield • Flower yield ranges about 14-15 t/ha. The concrete yield ranges about 8 to 10 kg/ha.