UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING - Mary M

Introduction to
Ubiquitous
Computing
MODULE -1

Overview
• Living in a Digital World √
• Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing
Properties
• Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction
• Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems:
Smart DEI Model

UbiCom Book Slides
Chapter 1
Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision
Name:
Email/Web:

Trend: Weiser’s 3 waves of computing

Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)
 Found every where.
 Example: Advertisement of new buildings
 Found in news paper and TV and sides of the roads

 Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicom") is a concept in
software engineering and computer science where
computing is made to appear anytime and
everywhere.
 In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous
computing can occur using any device, in any
location, and in any format.
 A user interacts with the computer, which can exist
in many different forms, including laptop
computers, tablets and terminals in everyday
objects such as a fridge or a pair of glasses.

 The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous
computing include
 Internet,
 advanced middleware,
 operating system,
 mobile code,
 sensors,
 microprocessors,
 Virtual Reality
 new I/O and user interfaces,
 networks, mobile protocols,
 location and positioning and new materials.
 Enable computer-based services to be made
available everywhere (Ubiquitous)

 A vision for computing to:
 Enable computer-based services to be made
available everywhere (Ubiquitous)
 Support intuitive human usage
 But yet, appear to be invisible to the user.
 Also referred to as pervasive computing etc

Living in an Increasingly Digital,
Interconnected World
 What are the current technology trends in UbiCom?

Display
Ear/microphone
Communicator
AV-
recorder
Trend: smaller, higher resource devices

Research Topics
 Ubiquitous computing touches on a wide range
of research topics, including
 Distributed computing,
 Mobile computing,
 Location computing,
 Mobile networking,
 Context-aware computing,
 Sensor networks,
 Virtual Reality
 Human-Computer Interaction,
 Artificial Intelligence.

Living in an Increasingly Digital,
Interconnected World
 What will the future be like?

Applications
4 scenarios illustrate a range of applications
and challenges of ubiquitous computing:
 Personal memories
 21st Century Scheduled Transport
Service
 Foodstuff management
 Utility regulation

Personal Memories Scenario
AV-
Capture
Clock
Removable
Memory
Display
UbiComp
System

Personal Memories Scenario
 How can we enhance the personal memories
service using UbiCom?

21st Century Scheduled
Transport Service Scenario
Why is
the Bus
late?

21st Century Scheduled
Transport Service
 How can we enhance the transport
service using UbiCom?

Foodstuff Management Scenario
Select & Buy
food at physical
or virtual market
Put in home
store
Select food from
store, get &
transform food
into a meal
Consume
food
Transport
food to
home store

Foodstuff Management Scenario
How can UbiCom enhance the foodstuff
management scenario?

Utility Regulation Scenario
15
External
Electricity
Grid
ICT Network
Ceiling
Wall
Desk
WWAN
Storage
WLAN
Mobile
Phone
Lights
External
Gas GridAppliance,
e.g., Food
heater
Manual Timer
Manual
Controller e.g.,
Food Heating
Sensors Temperature

Utility Regulation Scenario
 Utility regulation concerns energy, water, waste
regulation by end-users.
 How can UbiCom enhance the Utility Regulation
scenario?

UbiCom System Design
For these scenarios
 Which system designs should be used for:
 comms., data storage, processing, sensing, control
etc
 How to model system - physical world
interaction?
 How to model human computer system
interaction?

UbiCom: Different Combinations
of Core Properties versus a Single
Definition
 No single, absolute definition for ubiquitous
computing.
 Instead propose many different kinds of UbiCom
based upon combining different sets of core
properties
 What core system properties would you propose to
define ubiquitous computing?.

Framework for UbiCom : Smart DEI
1. Design architectures to apply UbiCom systems.
2. Internal Model of UbiCom System Properties.
3. UbiCom system’s interaction with its external
environment.

1. Design architectures to apply Ubicom
systems
Smart Device
Smart Environment
Smart Interaction

1. Smart Device:
 Eg: Mobile smart devices, smart cards.
 Focus most on interaction within a virtual world.
 Less context aware of physical world compared
to smart environment devices.
 Less autonomous.
 More emphasis on designing these devices to be
aware of the human use context.
 May incorporate Artificial intelligence(eg:
camera vision).

2. Smart Environment:
 Eg: sensors, controller and computers that are
embedded in physical environment.
 Strongly context aware of physical world with
respect to their tasks.
 Act autonomous without any manual guidance
from user.
 More emphasis on designing these devices to be
aware of the human use context.
 Incorporate specific types of Artificial
intelligence (eg: robots).

3. Smart Interaction:
 Focus more on complex models of interaction of
distributed services and hardware resources.
 less context aware of physical world and more
on user contexts.
 Users interaction needs to reduce to decrease
the energy consumption by activating across
these devices.

2. Internal model of UbiCom System based
on Five main properties
Intelligent
Context-aware
Autonomous
Distributed
iHCI

UbiCom: Weiser’s 3 Internal System
Properties
3 main properties for UbiCom Systems were proposed
by Weiser (1991)
1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and
transparently accessible
 In1991, little wireless computing, Internet far less pervasive
1. Computer Interaction with Humans needs (HCI) to be
more hidden
– Because much HCI is overly intrusive
1. Computers need to be aware of environment context
– In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human
environment.

Devices: Extended set of
Internal System Properties
To which two additional properties are added:
4. Computers can operate autonomously, without
human intervention, be self-governed
5. Computers can handle a multiplicity of dynamic
actions and interactions, governed by intelligent
decision-making and intelligent organisational
interaction. This entails some form of artificial
intelligence.

UbiCom System Properties: Distributed
 Networked ICT Devices
Pervasive Computers are networked computers. They
offer services that can be locally and remotely
accessed.
 Transparency
Access is everywhere through diverse devices
 Openness
Dynamically discover new external services and to
access them.

Distributed System: sub-properties
 Often designed middleware, set of generic
services
 Universal, Heterogeneous
 Networked
 Synchronised, Coordinated
 Open
 Transparent, Virtual
 Mobile

Internal System Properties: iHCI
 Concept of calm / disappearing
computer has several dimensions
 Implicit (iHCI) versus Explicit HCI
 Embodied Virtuality as opposite of VR
(people in virtual world)

Internal System Properties:context-aware
3 Main Types of Context
 Physical Environment Context
 Human Context (or User context or person
context)
 ICT Context or Virtual Environment Context

Internal System Properties: Autonomy
 Challenge 1: increasing computer systems can
overload humans – humans become a
bottleneck
 Challenge 2: automated system can be become
to complex to maintain
- must reduce maintenance of ↑ complex systems

Autonomy: Sub-Properties
 Automatic
 Embedded, Encapsulated
 Embodied
 Resource-constrained
 Untethered, Amorphous
 Autonomic, Self-managing, self-star
properties
 Emergent, self-organising

Internal System Properties: Intelligence
Intelligent UbiCom systems (IS) can:
 Act more proactively, dynamically &
humanely through:
 Model how their environment changes
when deciding how it acts.
 Goal-based / planning
 Reasoning for re-planning
 Handle uncertainty.
 semantic based interaction etc

Individual Intelligence: Sub-Properties
 Referred to as Intelligent Systems, AI, agent-
based system etc.
 Reactive, Reflex
 Model-based,
 Rule/Policy-based
 Logic/Reasoning
 Goal-oriented, Planned, Proactive
 Utility-based, Game theoretic
 Learning, Adaptive

Devices: Extended set of Internal
System Properties
Distributed
implicit HCI
Context-
Aware
I
Autonomous Intelligent
Virtual Environments
Physical Environments
HCI
(Cooperate)
HCI
(Compete)
Human Environments
ICT
UbiComp
System
ICT
CCI
HCICPICPI
(Sense,
Adapt)

Different Degrees of HCI
 From less to more C Interaction with H
 H2H: human interaction
 H2C or explicit (e)HCI:
 C2H or implicit (i)HCI:
 C2C:

Different Degrees of HCI
Increasing Ubiquitous Computing
(C) Interaction
Increasing Human
(H) Interaction
H2C / eHCI
C2C
Increasing Physical
(P) World
Interaction
0 Minimum
Minimum
H2H
C2H / iHCI

Different Degrees of CPI
 From less to more C Interaction with P
 P2P
 Physical interaction (No ICT mediation)
 C2P / CA (Physical Env. Context-aware)
 C Senses P. C Aware of P’s Context
 P2C/AR/MR
 C augments or mediates P’s reality.
 C actively adapts to P’s context
 C2C /VR
 Virtualisation of reality facilitated by C

Different Degrees of CPI
Increasing Ubiquitous
Computing (C) Interaction
Increasing Physical
(P) World Interaction
P2P
C2P / CA
C2C /VR
Increasing Human
(H) Interaction
0
Minimum
Minimum
P2C/AR/MR

UbiCom System Model: Smart DEI
 No single type of UbiCom system
 Different UbiCom systems support:
 3 basic architectural design patterns for
UbiCom:
 smart Devices, smart Environments, smart
Interaction

 ‘Smart’ means systems are:
 active, digital, networked, autonomous,
reconfigurable, local control of its own
resources, e.g., energy, data storage etc.

Smart DEI ModelSmart Device
Smart
Environment
Smart Mobile
Device
Smart
Interaction
1-1 Interaction 1-M, M-M Interaction

Device Trends
Use more complex, multi-
functional, mobile, personalised
(& private) smart devices to
ease access to & embody
services rather than just to
virtualise them
Use smarter environments
to sense and react to events
such as people, with mobile
devices , entering & leaving
controlled spaces
Increasing capability to
manufacture low power,
micro, more complex
devices
Increasing capability to
embed devices in the
physical environment
e.g., phone is also a
camera, music player, is
also a printer??
e.g., walls can sense ,
camera is recording and
modify lighting to improve
recording
Ubiquitous Computing
Use more service access
devices with simpler
functions and allow them to
interoperate – smarter
interaction between devices
Increasing capability for
more interoperable
distributed mobile devices
e.g., camera can interconnect
to phone to share recordings,
direct to printer to print

UbiCom System: Smart Sub-Systems
or Components
Smart
Devices
Smart
interaction
Mobile
ASOS
Sensor ControllerService
Knowledge
Smart DEI Model
Smart
Environments
Pad
MTOS
Boards
Wireless
Tab Dust
Multi-Agent
Data Task
RTOS
MEMS NanoTech
VM
Organisation
Cooperative Competitive
Intelligent
System
Single Agent
Tag
Self*Robot

Smart Device Form Factors
 Smart devices:
i. Personal device
ii.Specified user
 Smart devices - properties:
i. Mobility
ii.Dynamic service discovery
iii.Intermittent resource access

• Devices tend to become smaller and lighter
in weight, cheaper to produce.
• Devices can become prevalent, made more
portable and can appear less obtrusive.
Weiser proposed a range of device sizes
1.Smart Tabs
2.Smart Pads
3.Smart Boards

 Tabs: accompanied or wearable centimetre
sized devices,
e.g., smart phones, smart cards
 Pads: hand-held decimetre-sized devices,
e.g., laptops
 Boards: meter sized interactive display devices,
e.g., horizontal surface computers and
vertical smart boards.

Form Factors can be extended to support
4.Smart Dust
5.Smart Skins
6.Smart Clay

Smart Dust
 Smart Dust devices are small wireless micro
electromechanical sensors (MEMS) that can
detect everything from light to vibrations.
 It is a tiny dust size device with extraordinary
capabilities.
 It encompasses nano-structured silicon sensor
which can spontaneously assemble, orient
sense and report on their local environment.

Smart Dust
 This new technology combines sensing, computing,
wireless communication capabilities and
autonomous power supply within the volume of
only a few millimeters.
 It is very hard to detect the presence of the Smart
Dust and it is even harder to get rid of them once
deployed.
 Smart Dust are useful in monitoring real world
phenomenon without disturbing the original
process.

Smart Dust
 "tiny, bottle-cap-shaped micro-machines fitted
with wireless communication devices - When
clustered together, they automatically create
highly flexible, low-power networks with
applications ranging from climate-control
systems to entertainment devices that interact
with handheld computers.“
 Engineers also envision other uses for the Smart
Dust project, including: Monitoring humidity and
temperature to assess the freshness of foods
stored in the refrigerator or cupboard.

Smart Dust
 Monitoring eye movements and facial gestures
and to assist them in operating a wheelchair or
using computational devices.
 Communicating with a handheld computer for
games and other forms of entertainment. A
user could attach the sensors to his or her
fingers to "sculpt" 3D shapes in virtual clay
visible on the device's screen.

Smart Dust
 The same idea could be applied to playing
the piano or communicating in sign language,
with the handheld computer translating hand
gestures into music and speech.
 Detecting the onset of diseases, such as
cancer. Experiments on humans are expected
to begin as soon, according to Smart Dust
researchers.

Smart Dust - Advantages
 For an industry: Improving safety, efficiency,
and compliance.
 For farmers or farming purpose: Detecting
the needs of the crop resulting in a better
fertilization management.
 For factories: Provide accurate data of
motor health in order to perform more timely
maintenance when needed.

Smart Dust - Advantages
 For an office environment: It eliminates
wired routers entirely and replacing them
with a single Smart Dust chip which would
handle all hardware and software functions
for distributed networks
 For military purpose: A military application
like monitoring activities in inaccessible
areas, accompany soldiers and alert them
to any poisons or dangerous biological
substances in the air.

Smart Dust - Disadvantages
 Privacy issues
 Economic impact

Smart Skin
 The invention is a huge step in the quest to
develop electronics that seamlessly integrate
with the human body and the environment.
 Electronics continue to get smaller, faster, and
smarter, but they are still brittle and rigid
enough to notice when you put them in your
pocket.
 From phones to insulin pumps, tech is still bulky
and heavy enough to notice.

Smart Skin
 Fabrics based upon light-emitting and
conductive polymers, organic computer
devices can be formed into flexible display
surfaces and products such as clothes and
curtains.
 MEMS devices can also be painted onto
various surfaces so that a variety of physical
world structures can act as networked
surfaces of MEMS. This form is called Smart skin

Summary
 Dust: miniaturised devices without direct HCI
interfaces, e.g., Micro Electro-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS), ranging from nanometres
through micrometers to millimetres.
 Skin: fabrics based upon light emitting and
conductive polymers and organic computer
devices. These can be formed into more flexible
non-planar display surfaces and products such
as clothes and curtains, MEMS devices can also
be painted onto various surfaces

Summary
 Clay: ensembles of MEMS can be formed into
arbitrary three-dimensional shapes, as artefacts
resembling different kinds of physical object.
 3D objects consisting of intelligence

Smart devices
 Smart devices - properties:
i. Mobility
ii.Dynamic service discovery
iii.Intermittent resource access

 Mobility :
i. Accompanied
ii. Portable
iii. Hand-held
iv.Wearable
v. Implanted or embedded

 Dynamic service discovery :
i. Capable of remote access to any Internet
Services.
ii. Devices can automatically configure
themselves to support different functions
based on the requirement.
Example: Search for local views of physical
environment and maps and to access local
services such as restaurants and hotels

 Intermittent resource access
i. Access software services and hardware
intermittently.
ii. Due to finite resources and exceeded
demand.
iii. Dynamically discover available services
or even changes in the service context.

Some of the examples are:
 Apple Watch
 Electronic Toll Systems
 Smart Traffic Lights
 Self Driving Cars
 Home Automation
 Smart Locks
 Maps

Other terms for Ubiquitous computing:
 Pervasive computing
 Calm technology
 Things that think
 everywhere
 Pervasive internet
 Ambient intelligence
 Proactive computing
 Augmented reality

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
Information access
Text retrieval
Multimedia document
retrieval
Automatic indexing
Pervasive devices
Palm top computers
Smart badges
Electronic books
User sensitive devices
Mobility and networking
Device discovery
Wireless protocols
Security
Voice and video over IP
Perceptive interfaces
Biometric person ID
Speech recognition
Gesture recognition

REAL TIME APPLICATIONS
 Conductive textiles and inks
print electrically active patterns
directly onto fabrics.
 Sensors based on fabric monitor
pulse, blood pressure, body
temperature.
 Invisible collar microphones
 Game console on the sleeve
SMART CLOTHING

INTERACTIVE FLEX POSTERS
Flexes that communicate with
the person automatically in a
building and then provide him
the information about his office
and the venue of his meeting
that his held.

PILL CAM
Miniature camera
Diagnostic device
It can be swallowed.
Once swallowed it
gives the data about
the functioning of the
vital organs in our
body .

ONGOING RESEARCH
PROJECTS
IBM ‘s “smarter
planet “
The project is
about building a
smarter planet by
including
everyday case
scenarios like
parking the car in
a place by
communicating
with another car.

FUTURE ASPECTS
Cell phones will ask
the landline phone
what its telephone
number is and will
forward our calls to
it.
Cars will use the Internet
to find an open parking
space or the nearest
vegetarian restaurant
inform the owner of the
needed service or
automatically install the
necessary (software)
repair

FUTURE ASPECTS
 Wrist watches
will monitor our
sugar
Digi-tickers or implanted
heart monitors in heart
patients will talk
wirelessly to computers,
which will be trained to
keep an eye open for
abnormalities.

UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING - Mary M

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