Understanding the cloud computing stack
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of cloud computing, detailing its key characteristics, service models, deployment models, benefits, and security challenges. It explains how cloud services like SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS allow organizations to access and manage computing resources and applications with agility and cost-effectiveness while highlighting the need for standardization and careful migration strategies. Additionally, the text addresses the potential risks associated with cloud computing, such as data ownership and security concerns.
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Understanding the cloud computing stack
- 2. Introduction Key characteristics Evolution At Glance Standardization, Migration &Adaptation Service models Deployment models NAAS,DAAS,CAAS Security Risks & Challenges SaaS PaaS, IaaS Benefits & Challenges Cloud Vendors
- 3. Introduction Cloud computing Is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services),which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third- party data centers that may be located far from the user–ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. .
- 4. Key characteristics Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources. Cloud computing allows companies to avoid up-front infrastructure costs (e.g., purchasing servers). As well, it enables organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of spending time and money on computer infrastructure. Cloud providers typically use a "pay as you go" model. Cloud computing adopts concepts from Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) that can help the user break these problems into services that can be integrated to provide a solution. Cloud computing provides all of its resources as services, and makes use of the well- established standards and best practices gained in the domain of SOA to allow global and easy access to cloud services in a standardized way.
- 5. Key characteristics Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics: • Agility for organizations increase users, flexibility with re-provisioning, adding, or expanding infrastructure. • Cost reductions As public-cloud delivery model converts capital expenditures (e.g., buying servers) to operational expenditure. less in-house IT skills are required for implementation . • Device and location independence[enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use . • Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer . • Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users : 1. centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.) 2. peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment) 3. utilisation and efficiency
- 6. Key characteristics • Performance is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures . • Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously. • Reliability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well- designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. • Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time. • Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems
- 7. Cloud computing infrastructure features Self-healing Multi-tenancy Virtualized Linearly Scalable Resource Monitor and measure Resource registration Discovery Evolution
- 8. At Glance
- 9. Standardization, Migration &Adaptation Standardization holds a critical role in creating mass adoption of cloud computing. 1. Interoperability and vendor lock-in prevention 2. SLA definition 3. Monitoring definition 4. Security definition 5. Auditing definition Migration and Adaptation 1. IT are the business hart, don't cloud too fast 2. Pay consideration to security and reliability 3. Move to the cloud in steps 4. Consider TCO 5. Local Telcos might provide cloud services with support
- 10. Service models Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. The NIST's definition of cloud computing defines the service models as follows 1. Software as a Service (SaaS). 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS). 3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
- 11. Service models Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer- created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
- 12. Deployment models NIST definition outlines four different deployment models: Private cloud — Private clouds are provisioned and used by a single organization. Typically, they are built and operated by that organization as well, but that need not be the case. Examples are private clouds based on VMware or OpenStack, built by individual enterprises.
- 13. Deployment models Public cloud — Public clouds are owned and operated by large external providers and deliver service to all comers. Examples are Amazon Web Services EC2 and Google AppEngine. Hybrid cloud — Of course, it’s possible to build a cloud environment that spans each of these various models. Each piece of a hybrid cloud can be owned and operated by a different entity with management software providing integration across the environment. Community cloud — Community clouds are used by a small set of known consumers who all share similar requirements (performance, security, cost, etc.). Typically, these consumers are drawn from the same industry vertical (e.g., financial services), although this need not be the case. Examples are the NYSE Capital Markets Community Platform and Amazon’s GovCloud.
- 14. Network as a Service Network as a service (NaaS) describes services for network transport connectivity. NaaS involves the optimization of resource allocations by considering network and computing resources as a unified whole.Includes the provision of a virtual network service by the owners of the network infrastructure to a third party.Often this includes network virtualization using a protocol such as OpenFlow Some service models are Virtual Private Network (VPN): Extends a private network and the resources contained in the network across networks like the public Internet. It enables a host computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it were a private network with the functionality and policies of the private network. Bandwidth on demand (BoD): Technique by which network capacity is assigned based on requirements between different nodes or users. Under this model link rates can be dynamically adapted to the traffic demands of the nodes connected to the link
- 15. Network as a Service Mobile network virtualization: Model in which a telecommunications manufacturer or independent network operator builds and operates a network (wireless, or transport connectivity) and sells its communication access capabilities to third parties (commonly mobile phone operators) charging by capacity utilization. A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), is a mobile communications services provider that does not own the radio spectrum or wireless network infrastructure over which it provides services. Commonly a MVNO offers its communication services using the network infrastructure of an established mobile network operator.
- 16. Communications as a Service (CaaS) Communications as a Service (CaaS) Traditionally, enterprises have acquired and deployed their own communications infrastructure. This was by far the most economical approach, as enterprises could deploy their own PBX switches and avoid the cost of individual phone lines for each employee. With the advent of IP and virtualization of the data center, the economics have shifted back in favour of a service provider model. The SP invests in a virtualized data centre, negating the need for the enterprise to do so, and offers a more flexible consumption model. Outsourced enterprise communications solution where a third party vendor (known as CaaS vendor) is responsible for the management of hardware and software required for delivering Voice over IP (Voice as a Service), instant messaging, and video conferencing applications using fixed and mobile devices. • Example: IP-Centrex, a remote PBX
- 17. Data as a Service - DaaS Data as a service (or DaaS) is a cousin of software as a service (SaaS). Like all members of the "as a service" (aaS) family, DaaS builds on the concept that the product (data in this case) can be provided on demand to the user regardless of geographic or organizational separation of provider and consumer. Additionally, the emergence of service-oriented architecture (SOA) has also rendered the actual platform on which the data resides irrelevant. This development has enabled the emergence of the relatively new concept of DaaS. A software as a service or web service offering that provides customers with access and analytics around a set of proprietary set of aggregated data. Example - Salary.com collects user data by offering individuals the ability to benchmark their compensation levels against others. Sell anonomized data to companies (HR managers) for hiring and compensation related usage.
- 18. Data as a Service - DaaS Benefits Data as a service brings the notion that data quality can happen in a centralized place, cleansing and enriching data and offering it to different systems, applications or users, irrespective of where they were in the organization or on the network.[ As such, data-as-a-service solutions provide the following advantages: 1. Agility 2. Cost-effectiveness 3. Data quality Pricing models 1. Volume-based model 2. Data type-based model Criticism- The drawbacks of data as a service are generally similar to those associated with any type of cloud computing, such as the reliance of the customer on the service provider's ability to avoid server downtime. Specific to the DaaS model, a common criticism is that when compared to traditional data delivery.
- 19. Benefits & Challenges Benefits Challenges SaaS •Speed •Reduced up-front cost, •Transfer of some/all support •Elimination of licensing risk •Elimination of version compatibility •Reduced hardware footprint •Extension of the security model •Governance and billing obligations management •Synchronization of client •Integrated end-user support •Scalability PaaS •Pay-as-you-go for developmenttest, and production environments •Enables developers to focus on application code •Instant global platform •Inherent scalability •Simplified deployment model •Governance •Tie-in to the vendor •Extension of the security model • Connectivity •3rd party SLA’s
- 20. Benefits & Challenges Benefits Challenges IaaS •Systems managed by SLA should equate to fewer breaches •Higher return on assets through higher utilization •Reduced cost driven by • Less hardware • Less floor space •Lower power consumption •Higher level of automation from fewer administrators •Able to match consumption to demand •Portability of applications •Maturity of systems management tools •Integration across Cloud boundary •Extension of internal security models
- 21. Security Risks & Challenges Security Risks & Challenges Conflicts with international privacy laws, Data ownership Service guarantees Securing virtual machines Massive outages Encryption needs & Standards Storing sensitive & personal information in clouds Contingency planning / disaster recovery for clouds
- 22. Cloud Vendors • The Public Cloud Vendors ▫ Amazon ▫ Google ▫ Microsoft ▫ Salesforce.com • Private Cloud vendors (Data Centers) ▫ IBM ▫ Vmware ▫ Sun/Oracle ▫ 3Tera Infrastructure Clouds • Private ▫ 3Tera, IBM, Vmware, Eucalyptus • Public ▫ Amazon, Rackspace, Gogrid, Joyent, Terramark Storage Based Clouds • EMC (Mozy) • Nirvanix • Amazon S3 • RackSpace Mosso Cloud Files