2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is your body's central framework.
Skeleton makes up about 20 % of a person’s TBW.
Consists of all of the following structures in the body;
↬ Bones
↬ Cartilage
↬ Tendons (structures connect muscles to bones)
↬ Ligaments (structures connect bone to bones)
3. SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
1. Shape to the body
2. Support to the body
3. Protect internal organs
4. Provides attachment sites to muscles for movement
5. Formation of blood (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
6. Storing Calcium & Phosphorous
4. HUMAN SKELETON
(Internal Framework Of Human Body)
• Composed of around 300 bones at birth
• This total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after
some bones get fused together
• The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density
around age 21
5. BONE
• A strong and durable/ tough type of CT consists of:
® 25% >> Water
® 50% >> Inorganic minerals:
Calcium carbonate, Magnesium, Sodium, Sulphate, Fluoride, Phosphate
® 25% >>
Bone cells: Osteogenic, Osteocyte, Osteoblast, Osteoclast
Bone matrix:
Collagen fibers,
Ground substance containing Protein, Polysaccharides
7. BONE STRUCTURE
⇸Periosteum:
A tough membrane covers and protects the outside of bone
⇸Compact/ Cortical bone: (Homologous)
Below periosteum, compact bone is white, hard, & smooth
Provides structural support and protection.
⇸Spongy/ Cancellous/ Trabecular) bone:
The core, needle like inner layer of the bone
Softer than compact bone
Has small holes called pores to store marrow.
10. BONE FUNCTIONS
1. Support of the body
2. Protection of soft organs
3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
4. Storage of minerals and fats
5. Blood cell formation
11. CLASSIFICATION/ TYPES OF BONES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
⪫ Long bone
⪫ Short bone
⪫ Flat bone
⪫ Irregular bone
⪫ Sesamoid bone
14. LONG BONE
• Typically longer than wide
• Has following parts:
• Examples are:
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphyses
3. Metaphyses
4. Articular cartilage
5. Periosteum
6. Sharpey’s fibers
7. Medullary cavity
8. Endosteum
1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna
5. Femur
6. Tibia
7. Fibula
18. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Diaphysis (Shaft/ Body) means (growing between)
Singular: Diaphysis
Plural: Diaphyses
A long, cylindrical, main portion composed of compact
bone
• Epiphyses (Ends of the bone): means (growing over)
Singular: Epiphysis
Plural: Epiphyses
Proximal & distal ends composed mostly of spongy bone.
19. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Metaphyses (Between epiphyses and diaphysis):
Singular: Metaphysis
Plural: Metaphyses
In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal
(growth) plate (a layer of hyaline cartilage) that allows the
diaphysis of the bone to grow in length.
When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14 –24, the
cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the
resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.
20. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Articular cartilage: (Around epiphysis in joint area)
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an
articulation (joint) with another bone.
Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at
freely movable joints.
21. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Periosteum (Around diaphysis):
A tough connective tissue sheath/ cover
Surrounds the bone surface
Associated blood supply
Composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense Irregular CT
Composed of an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells
Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not
in length.
23. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Periosteum (Around diaphysis):
Protects the bone
Assists in fracture repair
Helps nourish bone tissue
Serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.
The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by
perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers.
24. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Sharpey’s fibers (Perforating fibers):
Thick bundles of collagen
Extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular
matrix.
25. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Medullary Cavity (Marrow cavity):
A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis
Contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood
vessels in adults.
26. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
• Endosteum (Within the medullary cavity):
A thin membrane lines the medullary cavity
Contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small
amount of connective tissue.
27. SHORT BONE
• Generally cube shaped
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples;
o Carpals
o Tarsals
28. FLAT BONE
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone.
• Examples;
o Cranium bones
o Scapula
o Ribs
o Sternum
30. IRREGULAR BONE
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification categories (flat,
short, long, or sesamoid).
• Examples;
o Vertebrae
o Hip bone
31. SESAMOID BONE
• Sesamoid bone is embedded in tendons. Sesamoid
bone function is to protect tendons from stress and
wear.
• Examples;
• Patella or knee cap
35. SKULL
The bony framework of the head.
Contains 22 bones (not counting the bones of the middle ears)
Rests on the superior end of the vertebral column
A number of processes, ridges, lines, depressions and
foramen are Associated with these bones
Skull bones are grouped into two categories:
⇒ Cranial bones
⇒ Facial bones
47. FRONTAL BONE
The frontal bone forms the forehead.
It forms the part of;
↬ The orbital cavities (eye socket)
↬ The supra orbital margins (the prominent ridge above eyes)
↬ Frontal sinuses (just above the supra orbital margins)
↬ Coronal suture (between frontal and parietal bones)
↬ Forms Sutures with bones;
↬ Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal & Ethmoid
53. TEMPORAL BONES
Temporal bones lie one on each side of the head and form
sutures with;
Squamous suture (between parietal and temporal bones)
Lambdoidal suture (between occipital and temporal bones)
Sphenosquamosal suture (between sphenoid and temporal
bones)
Zygomaticotemporal suture (between zygomatic and temporal
bones)
Petrosquamous suture (between petrous portion and
squamous part of temporal bone)
57. TEMPORAL BONES
Parts of temporal bone;
Squamous part
Zygomatic process
Mastoid part
Petrous portion
Styloid process
58. TEMPORAL BONES
Squamous part:
The squamous part is the thin fan shaped area that
articulates with the parietal bone.
Zygomatic process:
Zygomatic process articulates with zygomatic bone to
form the zygomatic arch (cheek bone).
59. TEMPORAL BONES
Mastoid part:
The mastoid part contains the mastoid process, a
thickened region easily felt behind the ear.
It contains a large number of very small air sinuses that
communicate with the middle ear and are lined with
squamous epithelium.
Petrous portion:
The petrous portion forms part of the base of the skull
and contains the organs of hearing and balance.
60. TEMPORAL BONES
Styloid process:
The Styloid process projects from the lower process of the
temporal bone and supports the hyoid bone and muscles
associated with the tongue and pharynx.
External acoustic meatus (auditory canal):
Behind the tempomandibular joint, the external acoustic
meatus (auditory canal) which passes inwards towards
the petrous portion of the bone.
61. OCCIPITAL BONE
Occipital bone forms the back of the head and part of the
base of the skull. It forms sutures with
Lambdoidal suture (between parietal with occipital bones)
Squamous suture (between temporal with occipital bones)
Spheno-occipital suture (between sphenoid with occipital
bones)
62. OCCIPITAL BONE
The occipit has two articular condyles that form condyloid
joints with the first bone of the vertebral column, the atlas.
This joints permits nodding movements of the head.
Between the condyles is the foramen magnum meaning
large hole through which the spinal cord passes into the
cranial cavity.
65. SPHENOID BONE
Sphenoid bone occupies the middle portion of the base of
the skull and it articulates with the occipital, temporal,
parietal and fontal bones.
It links the cranial and facial bones.
On the superior surface in the middle of the bone is a little
saddle shaped depression, the hypophyseal fossa in which
the pituitary gland rests.
The body of the bone contains some fairly large air sinuses
lined with ciliated mucous membrane with openings into
the nasal cavity. The optic nerves pass through the optic
foramina on their way to the brain.
70. ETHMOID BONE
The ethmoid bone occupies the anterior part of the base
of the skull and helps to form the orbital cavity, the nasal
septum and the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
On each side are two projections into the nasal cavity, the
upper and middle conchae or turbinated processes. It is a
very delicate bone containing many air sinuses lined with
ciliated epithelium and with openings into the nasal cavity.
71. ETHMOID BONE
The horizontal flattened part, the cribriform plate, forms the
roof of the nasal cavity and has numerous small foramina
through which nerve fibres of the olfactory nerve (sense of
smell) pass upwards from the nasal cavity to the brain.
There is also a very fine perpendicular plate of bone that
forms the upper part of the nasal septum.
76. ZYGOMATIC BONES
Zygomatic bones also called cheek bone are the bones those
form
Prominences of the cheeks
Part of the floor
Lateral walls of the orbital cavities
79. MAXILLA (UPPER JAW BONE)
The maxilla is the bone that forms your upper jaw.
The right and left halves of the maxilla are irregularly
shaped bones that fuse together in the middle of the skull,
below the nose, in an area known as the intermaxillary
suture.
The maxilla is a major bone of the face.
80. MAXILLA (UPPER JAW BONE)
The maxilla forms
Upper jaw
The anterior part of the roof of the mouth
The lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Part of the floor of the orbital cavities
The alveolar ridge, or process projects downwards and
carries the upper teeth.
On each side is a large air sinus the maxillary sinus lined
with ciliated mucous membrane and with openings into
the nasal cavity.
85. LACRIMAL BONES
These two small bones are posterior and lateral to the nasal
bones and form part of the medial walls of the orbital
cavities.
Each is pierced by a foramen for the passage of the
nasolacrimal duct that carries the tears from the medial
canthus of the eye to the nasal cavity.
88. VOMER BONE
The Vomer is a small, thin, plow-shaped, midline bone that
occupies and divides the nasal cavity.
It articulates;
Inferiorly on the midline with the maxillae and the
palatines
Superiorly with the sphenoid via its wings
Anterosuperiorly with the ethmoid.
92. PALATINE BONES
These are two small L shaped bones.
The horizontal parts unite to form the posterior part of
the hard palate.
Perpendicular parts project upwards to form part of the
lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
At upper extremities, palatine bones form part of the
orbital cavities.
95. INFERIOR CONCHAE
Each concha is a scroll shaped bone, which forms part of the
lateral wall of the nasal cavity and projects into it below the
middle concha.
The superior and middle conchae are parts of the
ethmoid bone.
The conchae collectively increase the surface area in the
nasal cavity allowing inspired air to be warmed and
humidified more effectively.
96. MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW)
Mandible is a lower jaw the only movable bone of the skull.
The mandible is the bone that forms the lower part of the
skull, and along with the maxilla (upper jaw), forms the
mouth structure.
Movement of the lower jaw opens and closes the mouth and
also allows for the chewing of food. The lower set of teeth in
the mouth is rooted in the lower jaw.
97. MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW)
Mandible consists of two main parts
Curved Body with alveolar ridge containing the lower teeth
and
Ramus which projects upwards almost at right angles to the
posterior and of the body.
At the upper end the ramus divides into the condylar
process which articulates with the temporal bone to form
the tempomandibular joint, and the coronoid process which
gives attachment to muscles and ligaments that close the
jaw. The point where the ramus joins the body is the angle
of the jaw.
100. HYOID/ LINGUAL/ TONGUE BONE
The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the
anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the
thyroid cartilage.
At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the
front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind.
It does not articulate with any other bone, but is attached to
the Styloid process of the temporal bone by ligaments.
It supports the larynx and givens attachment to the base of
the tongue.
103. SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Suture:
A type of joint between the bones of the skull where the
bones are held tightly together by fibrous tissue.
Types of skull sutures:
1. Frontal/ Coronal suture
2. Sagittal suture
3. Squamous suture
4. Lambdoidal suture
104. SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Frontal/ Coronal Suture:
Frontal or Coronal suture is the type of joint between the
frontal bone to the two parietal bones.
Sagittal Suture:
Sagittal suture is the type of joint between the two parietal
bones.
105. SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Squamous Suture:
Squamous suture is the type of joint between the temporal
bone to the parietal bone.
Lambdoidal Suture:
Lambdoidal suture is the type of joint between the occipital
bone to two parietal bones.
107. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKULL
1. Cranium bones protect the brain.
2. Bony eye sockets protect the eyes and given attachment to
the muscles that move them.
3. Temporal bones protect delicate structures of inner ears.
4. Sinuses in face and skull bones given resonance to the voice.
5. Vomer, Perpendicular plates of ethmoid bone and conchae
form the upper air passage.
6. The maxilla and mandible bones of face forms the upper
and lower jaw for chewing and eating.
108. VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINAL
COLUMN/ SPINAL BONE/ BACK BONE/
DORSAL BONE
The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, is
the central axis of the skeleton in all vertebrates.
The vertebral column provides
Attachments To Muscles
Supports The Trunk
Protects The Spinal cord and nerve roots
109. VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINAL
COLUMN/ SPINAL BONE/ BACK BONE/
DORSAL BONE
Total number of vertebrae during early development is 33.
As a child grows, several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal
regions fuse.
Adults have 26 vertebrae.
*Sacrum and coccyx bones become fused.
110. REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
7 Cervical vertebrae (C1 - C7 )
12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1 –T12)
5 Lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5)
1 Sacrum ( 5 fused )
1 Coccyx ( 4 fused )
*The sacrum and coccyx do not have number.
111. REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Cervical, Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are Movable
Sacrum and coccyx are Immovable
Between adjacent vertebrae from the
second cervical vertebra to the sacrum are intervertebral
disc (inter = between).
114. PARTS OF TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
Typical vertebrae consists of:
A body
A vertebral arch (pedicles and lamina)
Seven processes:
Two transverse processes
One spinous process
Four articular processes
120. BODY OF VERTEBRAE
Largest part of vertebra, thick.
Disc-shaped anterior portion
Weight bearing portion – size increases inferiorly
Its inferior and superior surfaces are roughened and
give attachment to the intervertebral disc.
Anterior and lateral surfaces contain nutrient foramina
– pathway for blood vessels.
122. VERTEBRAL ARCH
Extend backwards from the body of the vertebra.
Consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae.
The pedicle project backward from the body to unite
with the laminae.
123. VERTEBRAL ARCH
PEDICLES:
Two short, thick processes, which project backward.
The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the
vertebral notches –formed Intervertebral foramina.
LAMINAE:
Two broad & flat plates directed backward and medial ward
from the pedicles.
The laminae end in a single sharp, slender projection called a
spinous process.
124. THORACIC CAGE
The thorax also called Thoracic cage is formed by;
Anteriorly = Sternum
Laterally = Bony ribs
Posteriorly = Thoracic vertebrae
126. STERNUM/ BREAST BONE
Flat bone can be felt just under the skin in the middle of
the front of the chest is called sternum.
127. PARTS OF STERNUM
Manubrium:
Manubrium is the uppermost part of sternum bone.
It has suprasternal and clavicular notch.
It forms sternal angle with body of sternum
It articulates with the clavicles at the Sternoclavicular
joints
First two ribs are attached with manubrium of sternum.
128. PARTS OF STERNUM
Body/ Gladiolus/ Middle portion:
The body or middle portion gives attachment to
the ribs.
Xiphoid process:
The Xiphoid process is the inferior tip of the
bone.
It gives attachment to the diaphragm
131. RIB CAGE
The rib cage is the arrangement of ribs attached to the
vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most
vertebrates, that encloses and protects the vital organs
such as the heart, lungs and great vessels.
132. RIB CAGE
There are 24 rib bones (12 pairs) which are distributed
as their types below;
Types of rib bones
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
133. RIB CAGE
True ribs/ sternal ribs:
The ribs which are directly attached with sternal notch
with the help of costal cartilages are called true ribs.
The first seven pairs are called true ribs.
134. RIB CAGE
False ribs:
The ribs which are not directly attached with sternal
notch with the help of costal cartilages but they are
attached with 7th
pair of ribs and then with the help
of costal cartilage are called false ribs.
The 8th
, 9th
and 10th
pair of ribs are called false ribs.
135. RIB CAGE
Floating ribs:
The ribs which are not attached with sternal notch
and are free in nature are called false ribs.
The 11th
and 12th
pair of ribs are called floating ribs.
138. STRUCTURE OF A RIB
There are two classifications of ribs
Atypical rib:
The typical ribs have a generalized structure
Typical rib:
The atypical ribs have variations on this structure.
140. TYPICAL RIB
Head:
The head is wedge shaped, and has two articular
facets separated by a wedge of bone. One facet
articulates with the numerically corresponding
vertebrae, and the other articulates with the
vertebrae above.
141. TYPICAL RIB
Neck:
The neck contains no bony prominences, but simply
connects the head with the body.
Where the neck meets the body there is a roughed
tubercle, with a facet for articulation with the
transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae.
142. TYPICAL RIB
Body:
The body, or shaft of the rib is flat and curved.
The internal surface of the shaft has a groove for the
neurovascular supply of the thorax, protecting the
vessels and nerves from damage.
145. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the
skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that
support the appendages.
There are 126 bones.
The appendicular skeleton consists of
Shoulder girdle with the upper limb
Pelvic girdle with the lower limb
147. SHOULDER GIRDLE
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of
bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to
the arm on each side. In humans it consists of
02 Clavicles
02 Scapula
149. CLAVICLE/ COLLAR BONE/ BEAUTY BONE
The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped bone
approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long bone that serves
as a strut between the shoulder blade and the
sternum (breastbone).
There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the
right.
150. CLAVICLE/ COLLAR BONE/ BEAUTY BONE
Clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the
sternum at the Sternoclavicular joint
Clavicle also articulates forms the Acromiooclavicular
joint with the acromion process of the scapula.
The clavicle provides the only bony link between the
upper limb and the axial skeleton.
152. SCAPULA/ SHOULDER BLADE
The scapula is a flat triangular shaped bone, lying on
the posterior chest wall superficial to the ribs and
separated from them by muscles.
At the lateral angle is a shallow articular surface, the
Glenoid cavity, which with the head of the humerus,
forms the shoulder joint.
154. UPPER LIMB
Upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs extending
from scapulae & clavicles down to & including;
02 Humerus
02 Radius
02 Ulna
16 Carpals
10 Metacarpals
28 Phalanges/ digits
157. HUMERUS/ UPPER ARM BONE
Forms shoulder joint as its head sits within the glenoid
cavity of the scapula.
Distal to the head of humerus, there are greater tubercle
and lesser tubercle.
Bicipital groove or Intertubercular Sulcus are the deep
groove between greater and lesser tubercles occupied by
tendons of the biceps muscle.
158. HUMERUS/ UPPER ARM BONE
The humerus (plural: humeri) is a long bone in the arm
that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the
scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius
and ulna.
159. HUMERUS/ UPPER ARM BONE
The distal end of the humerus bone presents two surfaces
that articulates with the radius and ulna to form the
elbow joint.
Radius bone joins with the capitulum of the humerus
162. RADIUS/ RADIAL BONE
The radius or radial bone is the lateral
It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the
thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the
ulna.
The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius,
but the radius is thicker.
164. ULNA/ ULNAR BONE
The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that
stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and
when in anatomical position, is found on the
medial side of the forearm.
It runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in
the forearm.
167. CARPAL BONES / WRIST BONES
The carpal bones are the eight small bones that
make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the
hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived
from the Latin carpus and the Greek (carps),
meaning "wrist".
168. CARPAL BONES / WRIST BONES
The carpal bones are eight in number
They form joints proximally with radius and ulna and
distally with metacarpals.
Carpals are arranged in two rows of four.
Proximal Bones Row Distal Bones Row
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. Pisiform
1. Trapezium
2. Trapezoid
3. Capitate
4. Hamate
170. METACARPAL BONES/ HAND BONES/ PALM BONES
There are five metacarpal bones in each limb.
They form the palm of the hand.
The proximal ends articulate with the carpal bones
and distal ends with the digits/ phalanges.
172. DIGITS/ PHALANGES
There are 14 phalanges, three in each finger and
two in the thumb.
They articulate with the metacarpal bones and
with each other. They are;
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
174. PELVIC GIRDLE
Pelvic/ pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises):
The pelvic/ pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is a basin-
shaped structure that supports the spinal column and
protects the abdominal organs.
Girdle:
An encircling or confining structure.
175. PELVIC GIRDLE
The pelvic girdle is composed of the appendicular hip
bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) oriented in a ring, and
connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs.
180. HiP/ INNOMINATE BONE
There are two innominate (hip) bones in human body.
Each hip bone consists of three fused bones;
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
181. HiP/ INNOMINATE BONE
Laterally there is a deep depression, the acetabulum
which forms the hip joint with the head of femur.
Ilium is the upper flattened part and is presents the
iliac crest, the anterior curve of which is called the
anterior superior lliac spine.
182. HiP/ INNOMINATE BONE
The ilium forms a synovial joint with the sacrum,
the sacroiliac joint, a strong joint capable of
absorbing the stresses of weight bearing.
Pubis is the anterior part of the bone.
Two pubic bones articulates with each other with
the help of cartilage and forms symphysis pubic.
183. HiP/ INNOMINATE BONE
The Ischium is the anterior and posterior part.
The rough anterior projections of the ischia, the
ischial tuberosities, bear the weight of the body
when seated.
The union of the three joints takes place in the
acetabulum.
185. PELVIS BONE
The pelvis is formed by;
Hip bones (ilium, ischium and pubis)
Sacrum
Coccyx
186. PELVIS BONE
The pelvis is divided into upper and lower parts by the
brim of the pelvis, consisting of the point of the sacrum
and the illopectineal lines of the innominate bones.
Upper part: False pelvis or greater part
Lower part: True pelvis or lesser part
187. PELVIS BONE
The pelvis is divided into upper and lower parts by the
brim of the pelvis, consisting of the point of the sacrum
and the illopectineal lines of the innominate bones.
Upper part: False pelvis or greater part
Lower part: True pelvis or lesser part
188. PELVIS BONE
Upper part/ False pelvis or greater part:
The false pelvis supports the intestines
(specifically, the ileum and sigmoid colon) and
transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall
of the abdomen.
Lower part/ True pelvis or lesser part:
The true pelvis contains the pelvic colon, rectum,
bladder, and some of the reproductive organs.
192. FEMUR/ THIGH BONE
The femur is the longest and heaviest bone of the
body.
Spherical head of femur fits into the acetabulum
of hip bone forming hip joint.
Neck of femur extends to the shaft of femur.
Posterior surface of the lower third forms a flat
triangular area called the popliteal surface.
193. FEMUR/ THIGH BONE
The distal extremity has two articular condyles,
which with the tibia and patella, form the knee
joint.
The femur transmits the weight of the body
through the bones below the kneed to the foot.
195. TIBIA/ SHIN BONE
The tibia is the medial of the two bones of lower leg.
The proximal extremity is broad, flat and presents two
condyles for articulation with the femur at the knee joint.
The distal extremity of the tibia forms the ankle joint with
the talus and the fibula.
The medial malleolus is a downward projection
of bone medial to the ankle joint.
197. FIBULA BONE
The fibula is the long slender lateral bone in the leg.
The upper extremity articulates with the lateral
condyle of the tibia forming the proximal tibiofiular
joint.
Lower extremity articulates with the tibia and
projects beyond it to form the lateral malleolus, this
helps to stabilize the ankle joint.
199. PATELLA BONE/ KNEE CAP
Patella or kneed cap is roughly triangular shaped
sesamoid bone associated with the knee joint.
Its posterior surface articulates with the patellar
surface of the femur in the kneed joint.
Its anterior surface is in the patellar tendon i.e.
the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
201. TARSAL/ ANKLE BONES
The tarsal bones are 7 in number.
They are named the
01 Calcaneus
01 Talus
01 Cuboid
01 Navicular
03 Cuneiforms (medial, middle, and lateral)
202. TARSAL/ ANKLE BONES
The talus articulates with tibia and fibula at the
ankle joint.
The calcaneus forms the heel of the foot.
Navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones
articulates with metatarsal bones.
205. METATARSAL BONES
There are five metatarsal bones.
Proximally, they articulate with tarsals
Distally, they articulate with phalanges/ digits.
206. PHALANGES/ TOE BONES/ DIGITS
There are 14 digits.
They are arranged 3 bones in each finger except only toe
which contains two bone.
They are
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
