Unit-I, A&P.pptx introduction to anatomy
- 1. Introduction to the Body as a Whole Unit-I Muhammad Arif RN, BSN, MSN
- 2. Objectives • Define the term Anatomy & Physiology (A&P) • Understand the relationship between A&P • Define level of organization of the body • Define anatomical position • Describe the various body planes. • Define the body cavities. • Discuss body cavities and list the organs lying within each cavity • Identify abdominal pelvic region & quadrant • Identify the organs present in Nine (9) abdomino pelvic regions. • Briefly discuss the
- 3. Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy is study of the body structures of living things. • Physiology is the normal functions of living things and their parts
- 4. Terminologies • Cytology: Study of cell structure and functions • Histology: Study of microscopic tissues • Osteology: Study of bones structure and functions • Myology: Study of muscles structure and functions • Neurology: Study of Nervous system • Arthrology: Study of Joints structure and functions • Angiology: Study of structures and functions of blood vessels and lymphatic system
- 5. Directional Terms • Superior or Cranial: Toward Head, or Higher, or Upper E.g.: The head is superior to the neck • Inferior or Caudal: Away from the Head, or Lower E.g.: The stomach is inferior to the lungs
- 6. Directional Terms • Anterior or Ventral: At Front of the body or structure E.g.: The Sternum is anterior to the heart • Posterior or Dorsal: At Back of the body or structure E.g.: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea
- 7. Directional Terms • Medial: Toward or nearer to the midline of the body E.g.: The chest is medial to the arms • Lateral: Away from the midline of the body E.g.: The arms are lateral to the chest • Intermediate: Between two structures E.g.: Clavicle between sternum and shoulder tip
- 8. Directional Terms • Proximal: Closer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the attachment of the body E.g.: The knee is proximal to the toes • Distal: Away from the center (trunk of the body) or from the attachment of the body E.g.: The fingers are distal to the shoulders
- 9. Directional Terms • Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body E.g.: Right arm and right leg • Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body E.g.: Right arm and left leg
- 10. Relationship Between A & P • Structures and Functions: Structures of the body allows certain body functions E.g.: • Skull protect the brain and allow it to perform its function. • Lining of urinary bladder prevent the escape od urine in the pelvic cavity.
- 11. Level of organization of the body
- 12. Anatomical Position • Is the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance. In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body’s sides with the palms facing forward.
- 13. Prone Position
- 14. Supine Position
- 15. Various Body Planes. • Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane: A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. • Sagittal or Lateral Plane: A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. • Midsagittal: Equal right and left halves • Parasagittal: Unequal right and left halves • Axial Plane or Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
- 16. • Body planes are imaginary lines that divide the body into sections, and are used to describe the location of body parts.
- 17. Body Cavities: The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. It helps, separate, and support the internal organs. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities.
- 18. Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: • The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura). • Pleura, Pericardial, and Mediastinum Cavities…?
- 19. Body Cavities The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. • The abdominal cavity: contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. • The pelvic cavity: contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.
- 20. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity: • The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.
- 21. Abdominal Pelvic Region & Quadrant
- 22. Quadrants
- 24. Importance of abdominopelvic quadrants and regions. For the purposes of: Study, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
- 25. Thank You
- 26. References • https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e • https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body • Tortora, G. J. (2000). Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology (3rd ed). New York: Happer & Row.