Unit i Basics of Education

UNIT – I: BASICS OF EDUCATION
Dr.M.Deivam
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University)
Gandhigram, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu – 624 302

CONTENTS
• Concept of Education
• Meaning of Education
• Definitions of Education
• Characteristics of Education
• Aims of Education
• Functions of Education
• Scope of Education
• Various levels of education
• Various forms of education
• Education as science
• Education as a Social Process
• Education for Human Resources Development.

Concept of Education
• ‘Education’ refers to formal schooling— the
process by which the society, through its
different educational institutions i.e.
schools/colleges specially established for the
purpose, deliberately transmits its cultural
heritage — its accumulated knowledge, values
and skills from one generation to another.

Cont.,
• Education is a life-long process. All learning
does not take place in the formal school
system only. A large part of human life is spent
outside the school and thus the individual
learns many thing informally living in the
home, the society and in the company of his
fellow beings.

Cont.,
• ‘Education’ is also used to refer both to a
process and to a product. As a product,
education means the sum total of knowledge,
skills, ideals and values that are acquired
through learning. As a process, it refers to the
act of developing these components in the
individual.

Cont.,
• Therefore, the role of education is countless
for a perfect society and man. It is necessary
for every society and nation to bring holistic
happiness and prosperity to its individuals.

Meaning of Education
• The word "Education" has originated from the
Latin word "Educatum" the meaning of which
is "to lead out" or "to bring ideas out of the
mind", Hence education is a process or an
activity, which leads ideas or emotions out of
the mind. Synonyms of education are:
"Pedagogy", "Shiksha", "Vidya".

Broad Meaning of Education
• The wider or broad meaning of education is
that it is a life long process of modification of
behaviour through every experience of life.
• In this sense, education is imparted by every
person to anybody, at any time, at any place
and any way, it aims at the total development
of the person.

Narrow Meaning of Education
• Education means the training that is given
within the four wall of an educational
institution during a particular period of time
to attain prescribed purposes and objectives.

Definitions of Education
• Swami Vivekananda as stated above, has
defined Education as "Manifestation of
perfection already in man."
• Aristotle defined education as ''Creation of a
sound mind in a sound body".
• Pestalozzi said "Education is a natural,
harmonious and progressive development of
man's innate powers."

Cont.,
• According to Mahatma Gandhi education is
"an all round drawing out of the best in child
and man - body, mind and spirit,“
• John Dewey, an eminent American
educationist saw "education as the power by
which man is able to control his environment
and fulfill his possibilities,"

Characteristics of Education
• Education is lifelong process
Education is life long process because every stage
of life of an individual is important from educational
point.
• Education is a systematic process
It refers to transact its activities through a
systematic institution and regulation.
• Education is development of individual and the
society
It is called a force for social development, which
brings improvement in every aspect in the society.

Cont.,
• Education is modification of behavior
Human behavior is modified and improved
through educational process.
• Education is a training
Human senses, mind, behavior, activities; skills
are trained in a constructive and socially desirable
way.
• Education is instruction and direction
It directs and instructs an individual to fulfill
his desires and needs for exaltation of his whole
personality.

Cont.,
• Education is life
• Life without education is meaningless and like the
life of a beast. Every aspect and incident needs
education for its sound development.
• Education is continuous reconstruction of our
experiences
• As per the definition of John Dewey education
reconstructs and remodels our experiences
towards socially desirable way.
• Education is a power and treasure in human
being through which he is entitled as the
supreme master on the earth.

Individual aim of Education
Social aim of Education
Vocational aim of Education
Intellectual aim of Education
Cultural aim of Education
Moral aim of Education
Citizenship aim of Education
Physical health and well being
Character development
Education for leisure

Individual aim of Education
 Development as an individual of a human being.
 Moral & spiritual development.
 Cultural development.
 Harmonious development
 Promote positive physical development
 Development of a right personality
 Development of good citizenship
 Development of good leadership
 Emotional & mental development
 Character building, etc.

Social aim of Education
Through education the individual child
should be provided with the require assistance
to become a useful member of the society,
irrespective of the socio- economic status.

Vocational aim of Education
Education should prepare the child to earn
his livelihood so that he can lead a
productive life in the society.

Intellectual aim of Education
Development of intelligence through
education will enable the child to lead an
independent life with confidence.

Cultural aim of Education
By undergoing education child becomes
cultured & civilized. Cultural development is
through development of aesthetic sense &
respect for others’ culture

Moral aim of Education
Moral values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance,
justice, self control & sincerity promote the
social efficiency of an individual

Citizenship aim of Education
Education enable the children to grow as
productive citizens by following the social &
moral standards set by the society.

Physical health & well being
Education prepare the child to lead a healthy
life through providing the knowledge
required for a healthy living

Character development:
Education assist the child to develop certain
human values, attitudes & habits which are
essential for building a desirable character.

Education for leisure
Education prepares the child to use
his leisure time for doing something
useful.

Aims of education as stated by Secondary
Education Commission
 Development of democratic citizenship
 Improvement of vocational efficiency
 Development of personality
 Development of qualities leadership

Aims of Education - NPE-1986
• To foster all round material and spiritual
development of the individual, as well as, the
society as a whole.
• To promote values such as India’s common
cultural heritage, egalitarianism, democracy,
socialism and secularism, equality of the
sexes, national cohesion, removal of social
barriers etc.

Aim of Education – NCF 2005
• Lifelong Learning
• Democratic Values
• Meaningful work leading to Social
Transformation
• Development of Creativity
• Development of Life Skills
• Independence of Thought and Action
• Holistic Development of Children

Function of Education towards
Individual
• a. Development of inborn potentialities:-
Education helps the child to develop the inborn
potentialities of the child providing scope to
develop.
• b. Modifying behavior:- Education helps to
modify the past behavior through learning and
through different agencies of education.
• c. All round development:- Education aims at
the all-round development of the child physical,
mental, social, emotional and spiritual.

Cont.,
• d. Preparing for the future:- After completion
of education the child can earn his livelihood
getting proper education, which has productivity.
The education should be imparted according to
the own interest of child.
• e. Developing personality:- The whole
personality of the child is developed physically,
intellectually, morally, socially, aesthetically,
spiritually. He is recognized in the society.
• f. Helping for adjustability:- Man differs from
beast. Man has reasoning and thinking power.
Man tries his best to adjust with his own
environment through education.

Function of Education towards
Society
• a. Social change and control:- Society is
progressive and dynamic in nature. An individual
lives in society. Thus education helps to walk with
the development of individual for benefit of
society.
• b. Reconstruction of experience:- Life is
education and education is life. Life is full of
experiences. One cannot live with his past
experiences which are unable to adjust in the
society. So education helps the individual to
reconstruct the experience and adjust with the
environment.

Cont.,
• c. Development of social and moral value:- Society
is always in tension with narrowism. There is no
social or moral value. Education teaches the moral
and social value like co-operation, tolerance,
sympathy, fellow, feelings, love affection, respect
towards elder, helping the poor and needy person.
• d. Providing opportunity or equality:- Indian
constitution has introduces the term equality
because we are not getting equal opportunities in
all aspects. Education teaches us to give equal
opportunities in all aspects irrespective of caste,
creed, color, sex and religion.

Function of Education towards Nation
• A. Inculcation of civic and social
responsibility:- Education helps to make rising
generation to understand its rights and duties
as citizen of a democratic country.
• b. Training for leadership:- The leadership
quality of the individual is developed when he
participates in all spheres of social, political,
religious and educational activities.

Cont.,
• c. National integration:- Education integration
leads to emotional integration. Education
trains people for unity, not for locality, for
democracy and not for dictatorship.
• d. Total national development:- education
help for bringing about total national
development by developing its all aspects i.e.
social, economic cultural, spiritual, moral,
educational, etc.

1. Educational philosophy
Philosophy of education covers aims of education,
nature of education, importance of education, function
of education its very old and essential part of
education.
2. Educational psychology
Main aim of education is the development of child.
Psychology helps to understand the child better and
development of child with respect of physical, mental,
emotional, social adjustment, individual difference,
personality, thinking, reasoning, problem solving.
3. Educational sociology
A child lives in the society so its important for him to
know about the society the nature of society, type of
society, interdependence between culture and society.

4. History of education
It is also important to know background, origin,
development, growth and aspect of the subjects. And also
education system method of teaching during ancient
period, medieval period, British period and modern period.
5. Economics of education
Economics of education is the study of economic issues
relating to education, including the demand for education,
the financing and provision of education, and the
comparative efficiency of various educational programs and
policies.
6. Method of teaching
In ancient time the pupil were passive listeners but now
they actively participate with the teacher in the process of
education. So the skill and proficiency of difference
teaching methods needs to be developed.

7. Educational administration and supervision
The educational institution and the system has to
be supervised and administrated smoothly so
that the process of education goes well.
Regulation of fund, democratic administration,
autonomy, personnel management etc.
8. Problems of education
This scope includes problems of teaching,
management of education and also suggestion
and remedies for it.

9. Population education
Viewing at the undesirable growth of
population, an awareness is created through
population education
10. Environmental education
Ecological in balances have drown the
attentions of intelligence today. So looking at
the environmental problems study of
environment education has great importance.

Pre Primary Stage
• Pre primary education in India is provided to
children between 3–6 years by Kindergarten,
Play way or Play Schools.
• These schools have varying terminology for
different levels of classes, beginning from –
Pre-Nursery, Nursery, KG, LKG (Lower
Kindergarten) and UKG (Upper Kindergarten).
• Most of the pre-primary education in India is
provided by private schools.

The Primary Stage
• Primary education in India offered by both private
and government schools usually consist of students
aged between 5 to 12 years.
• The duration of study in this stage is 4-5 years.
Common subjects include English, Hindi,
Mathematics, Environmental Science and General
Knowledge.
• Sometimes also termed as Elementary Education,
it is free in government schools but it is paid in the
private schools. The Government has made
elementary education compulsory for children
between the age group of years 6 and 14.

Cont.,
• Most of the primary education provided by
primary schools in India is imparted from class
1st to class 4th or 5 th.
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 1st to 5th
class of primary education are Andhra Pradesh,
Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh,
Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi,
Karaikal and Yanam regions of Pondicherry etc.

Cont.,
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 1 st to
4th classes of primary education are Assam,
Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and
Mahe region of Pondicherry.

The Middle Stage
• Middle stage of education covering 3-4 years
of academic study is formed by 5th - 8th class
consisting of students aged between 12 to 14
years.
• The schools which impart education up till 8th
class are known with various names like –
High School, Senior School.

Cont.,
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 5th - 7th
class of middle stage are Assam, Goa, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala, Dadra & Nagar Haveli,
Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep etc.
class of middle stage are Arunachal Pradesh,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Andaman
& Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi etc.

The Secondary Stage
• Secondary Stage of education covering 2-3 years
of academic study starts with classes 8th -10th
consisting of students aged between 14-16
years.
• The schools which impart education up till 10th
class are known as Secondary Schools, High
Schools, Senior Schools etc.

Cont.,
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 8th -10th
class of secondary stage are Goa, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala, Dadra & Nagar Haveli,
Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep etc.
class of secondary stage are Punjab,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Karaikal
region of Pondicherry etc.

Senior Secondary Stage
• Senior Secondary Education in India is of only 2
years. There is uniformity on this level of
education in terms of duration and classes i.e.
all the States/UTs follow this 10+2 pattern.
• Senior Secondary Schools in India include
classes 11th to 12th. consisting students aged
between 16-18 years.

Cont.,
• At this level of education students have the
freedom to choose their preferred stream and
subjects. They can pursue Arts, Commerce,
Science.
• The schools which provide education up till
12th class are commonly known as Senior
Secondary Schools or Higher Secondary
Schools. Some universities and colleges also
offer the education of these classes.

Undergraduate Stage
• Undergraduate education in India is of 3-4 years.
Undergraduate stage of education is also known
as higher education in India.
• Students studying in this level, generally begin
their education from 18 onwards. As per one
estimate 88% of undergraduate education is
provided by Colleges in India.

Cont.,
• Majority of the undergraduate courses of 3
years duration belong to field of arts,
humanities, science etc. and majority of 4
years of duration belong to the field of
agriculture, engineering, sciences and
technology.
• However, there are courses belonging to fields
of architecture, law and medicine whose
duration is 5 years.

Postgraduate Stage
• Postgraduate education in India is of 2-3 years.
Postgraduate stages of courses are known as
Masters courses or Doctorate courses.
• Masters course are usually of 2 years duration
and doctorate (research) courses are of 3 years
duration.
• Also referred as higher education, 56% of post-
graduate education is imparted through colleges.

Cont.,
• PG education in India is largely provided by
universities in India. PG education caters
largely to a specific field or sub field of any
preferred discipline.
• Thus, one can specialize in any of preferred
subjects at this level. Those who are interested
in conducting large amount of research work
pursue these courses.

Formal Education: Meaning
• “Formal education is that which is
continuously and deliberately planned for
modification of behaviour with a particular
end in view.”

Characteristics
• It is pre-planned direct, organized and given in
specific educational institutions such as
schools and colleges.
• It is limited to a specific period and it has well-
defined curriculum.
• It is given by qualified and trained teachers.
• Formal education observe strict discipline.

Cont.,
• Formal education can be primary, middle,
secondary, higher secondary levels in the
school, undergraduate and post graduate level
in the colleges and universities which can be
in Art, Science, Technical and Professional
areas.

Merits
• Imbibes self- discipline
• Continuous learning
• Generates habit of reading & writing
• Education from qualified teachers

Informal Education: Meaning
• Informal Education is that education which an
individual acquires without attending any
educational organisation, system or
institution.
• Example: Market place, A hotel, One’s sitting
room talking with others constitute informal
education, Television, radio and Films.

Characteristics
• It is not pre-planned
• It is indirect, incidental and spontaneous
• no specific agencies or institutions are there like
schools to impart this type of education
• No formal ends or goals or objectives are there
• takes place from the day to day activities,
experiences and living in the family or community
or even in the school and colleges incidentally
either through informal interaction or by
observation of various things.

Cont.,
• No prescribed time table or curriculum is
there
• No qualified or trained teachers are there
• No examinations or awarding of certificates
take place
• It is provided by informal agencies such as
home or family or community

Merits
• Anywhere & Anytime
• Takes place every location.
• Uses a variety of methods.
• Lifelong education.
• Focuses on Early stage development of
learner.

Non-Formal Education
• Non-formal education refers to education that
occurs outside the formal school system.
• Non-formal education is often used
interchangeably with terms such as
community education, adult education,
lifelong education and second-
chance education.

Characteristics
• It is intentional, incidental and given outside
the formal system, i.e., school.
• It is consciously and deliberately planned,
organized and systematically implemented.
• It is an open system of education without
rigid rules, regulations and fixed stages or
time schedule.
• It is a life-long process, integrated with life and
work.

Cont.,
• It is life oriented and environment based.
• It is intended for all ages.
• It is programmed to serve the needs of
identified groups of different categories if and
when they need.
• It necessitates flexibility in designing the
curriculum and the scheme of evaluation.
• social or adult education, distance education
are the examples of non-formal education.

Merits
• According to UNESCO (2010), non-formal
education helps to ensures equal access
to education,
• Eradicate illiteracy among women
• Improve women's access to vocational
training, science, technology and
continuing education.
• It also encourages the development of non-
discriminatory education and training.

BASIS Formal Informal Non - Formal
Time
Restricted till School or
college.
Life long process. Its is a continuous
process.
Mental strain
Heavy No. Little .
Agency
Schools, colleges,
university.
Home, market,
playground, temple.
Structured organization
and institutes providing
DE.
Aim
Intellectual
development of man.
It lays stress
practicality.
All-round development
of man.
Curriculum
Fixed syllabus and
curriculum.
Curriculum is the life
itself. No fixed
curriculum.
There is need based
syllabus.
Rules
It has rigid and fixed
rules and regulations.
There are no rules
and regulations.
It has flexible rules and
regulations.
Source
Taught by trained
teachers.
It is received from any
and every person.
Taught by experienced
trainers.

BASIS Formal Informal Non - Formal
Age Particular age No age limit No age limit
Restriction Restriction of
freedom
All freedom No Restriction
Result Always Good Sometime NegativeSometimes Good
Sometimes Bad
Place Place is fixed Not fixed Fixed for sometimes

Conclusion
• All these three types of education - formal,
informal and non-formal, have their due place
in the modern system of education. Each has
its own merits and demerits. There is need to
integrate the three forms and make education
holistic and comprehensive.

Education as Science
• Education – a science as well as an art. Education
is both a science as well as an art. It is a science
because of the following reasons:
a. It undertakes systematic and methodical study of
certain facts.
b. It employs the scientific methods of observation
and experimentation.
c. It discovers, establishes and formulates a number
of generalizations about its methodology, learning,
memory, attention, interest, motivation,
curriculum, construction, methods of teaching and
evaluation.

Education is an art
• Education is an art because of the following
reasons.
a. Educationist is just like an artist who moulds the
raw material of the child into a better, pure and
noble person.
b. Educationist is inspired by practical end. It has
practical end to attain, i.e., to help the child in
acquisition of knowledge, integrated growth, social
and vocational efficiency, and continuous
reconstruction and reorganization of experiences

Education as a Process &
Education is a social process

Education and Socialization
• Education is a social process, which prepares
individuals to lead a meaningful and dignified
life.
• Together with other social forces it plays an
important role in shaping the structure of
society.
• Education society imparts its knowledge, skill,
values and behavioural patterns to its
younger generations.

Cont.,
• Thereby ensuring self preservation and
continuity. In this sense education is a process
of socialization.
• At the same time changes in society mould
the education system itself and it acquires
complexity.
• Education in this sense is a process, which
prepares the members of the society to adapt
to the constantly changing conditions of a
society.

Cont.,
• Two important statements emerge from the
above discussion: Education and Socialization
a) Education is a social process, and
b) Education is a process of socialization

Education is a social process
• i) Education occurs in a society and therefore
influenced by the society in which it takes
place.
• ii) The social atmosphere itself educates.
• iii) School is one of the important social
institutions that educate. Its role is influenced
by that of others.
• iv) Education has a social role and is involved
in moulding the future society.

Education is a process of socialization
To say that education is a process of socialization
implies:
i) Education takes place through social
interaction.
ii) It is much more than mere instruction.
iii) People receive a certain degree of education
even if they never enter a school.
iv) Formal education is socialization with a
deliberate purpose and in a desired direction.

Cont.,
• Here it is worth mentioning that all learning is
not socialization because some of what one
learns may not be relevant for participation in
given social role.
• For example learning to take drugs or smoke
cigarette may be against the norms of
participation in the given social roles among
certain social groups.

Education for Human Resource
Development

Introduction
• Human resources development is the strategy or effort to
develop the mind and skills of people. It is a means of
acquiring skills.
• Human resources development is usually directed towards
the improvement of staff personnel job-related skills in
organizations.
• Human resources development leads to efficient
production of goods and services.
• Education is enlightens people especially in this modern
society. In this context, education is fundamental to
development. The nation with large number of human
resource can be known as the richest nation.

Cont.,
• India being a young country can become one of
the richest countries through the systematic
efforts of human resource development activities.
India is recognized as the Youngest Country in
the world due to largest young population.
• It is the opinion of young India and the young
generation is convinced that a better India can
be built only by building ‘better people’. And
the young people can be empowered through
education in general, through quality higher
education in particular.

Developing Human Resources
According to Leonard Nadler, author of Developing
Human Resources,
• Training is a learning activity provided by employers
to employees, to help them perform, their current
jobs more efficiently;
• Education focuses on learning designed to prepare
an individual for a job different than the one
currently held; and
• Development focuses on providing knowledge or
skills within a specified area, but is not necessarily
job related.

A man is considered as Human
Resource
i) A man is considered a resource only when he can
participate in any production process in society.
ii) Only a healthy man is considered as a resource. Health or
physical capacity is an essential component of human
resource.
iii) There is some individual and special mental capability in a
man beside his common mental capability. This individual
mental capability helps him in drawing a special activity or
work efficiency. A man with this individual and special
capability is called a human resource.
iv) Education is the most important element of human
resource and the literacy must be up to the specified
social standard (Sheikh, 2003, P.74-75).

Role of Education in Human Resource
Development
• India is a nation of young people with 0.672 billion
people in the age group of 15-64 years. This is treated
as the working age population.
• In the year 2001 11% of population of the country was
in the age group of 18-24 years which is expected to go
up to more than 12% of the 11th Five Year Plan. In
2011, Nearly 41% of India's population is below the
age of 20
• This large population should be considered as an
invaluable human resource and should be provided the
necessary skills so as to empower them to lead a
purposeful life and contribute to our national
economy.

Cont.,
• With the enactment of the Right of Children
to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009
and the fact that Article 21-A of the
Constitution of India became operative it is
expected that issues of drop out, out of school
children, quality of education and availability
of trained teachers would be addressed
appropriately in the short to medium term.
• The Act makes it incumbent on governments
to provide free and compulsory education to
all children of 6-14 years of age.

Cont.,
• India is committed to the goal of universal
elementary education for all children. This goal is
part of the Education for All goals adopted at the
World Education Forum Dakar in April 2000.
• The EFA goals include inter alia achieving universal
elementary education by the year 2015 ensuring
equitable access to appropriate learning and life
skill programmes for young people and adults
achieving 50% improvement in adult literacy by
2015,achieving gender equality in education by
2015 and improving all aspects of quality of
education.

Cont.,
• Universalization of elementary education has
been achieved to some extent in terms of
access to schooling and improvement in gross
enrolment ratio, especially girls and those
belonging to the marginalized groups.
• Gender parity especially at the elementary
stage has improved. This has been the result
of large number of programmes initiated
specifically for education of girls and focus on
disabled children, minorities and marginal
groups and in Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

Cont.,
• SSA works to improve the quality of elementary
education and subject to certain norms provides for
opening of new primary schools and up gradation
of primary schools to upper primary schools.
• Adult education of women has received impetus
with the launch of Saakshar Bharat a centrally
sponsored scheme. The objective of the scheme is
to impart functional literacy to 70 million adults in
the age –group of 15-35 years by 2012 out of
which 60 million will be women and special
attention will be given to the disadvantaged and
marginalized social groups.

Cont.,
• These programmes aims to further promote
and strengthen adult education especially for
women by extending educational options to
those adults having lost the opportunity of
access to formal education and crossed the
standard age for receiving such education and
now feel a need for acquiring literacy ,basic
education and vocational education.

Technology and Human Resource
Development
• SWAYAM
• SWAYAM Prabha
• ePG Pathshala
• NPTEL
• NDL
• Spoken Tutorial
• UGC CEC
• V-lab
• AVIEW
• egyankose
• Shodhganga
• Shodhgangotri

Ways to Improve Human Resource
Development: Education, Health and Training
• i) Spread of education: To build up human resource,
general and technical education should be spread
because education is essential for individual and
national development.
• ii) Ensuring proper training: beside education, practical
training is also necessary for human resource
development. Skilled and trained manpower inecessary
for maintaining agriculture, industry, information and
service sectors. To arrange effective training, labor
force of various sectors can be converted into
developed human resource.

Cont.,
• Health sector development: One of the
important pre-condition of human resource
development is quality health service. For human
resource development, an effective initiative for
health service and awareness program should be
extended to villages, industries and all over the
countries.
• Increase of employment facilities: For
employment, huge number of factories and
industries should be established.

Cont.,
• Technical training, eradicating illiteracy, health
and family planning, women's violence
protection, expansion of female education,
women empowerment and women's
participation in development works etc. are
needed for human resource development.
• Ensuring Supply of Food and Nutrition:
Malnutrition is a great problem in our country.
Due to lack of nutrition the brain of child can not
be develop completely and thousands of child
suffer from blindness. As a result, they become a
burden of the society. So supply of food and
nutrition should be ensured immediately

Cont.,
• Increase of investment: Investment should be
increased. For this reason, Govtvernment has
to create investment friendly environment to
attract local and foreign investment.
• Rural development: Most of the people of our
country live in rural areas. But most of them
are unskilled, illiterate and semi-unemployed.
Socio economic infrastructure of rural areas
should be developed to convert them as
human resource.

Cont.,
• Supply of safe drinking water and sanitation:
Most of the people in our country are suffering
from water borne disease. The main reason of
this lack of safe drinking water. So, supply of safe
drinking water and sanitation should be ensured
all over the country.
• Fulfillment of basic needs: Work efficiency
depends on some basic needs such as food,
clothes, shelter, treatment etc. For this reason,
necessary initiatives should be taken to fulfill
these basic needs for human resource
development.

Unit i Basics of Education

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Unit i Basics of Education