unit-1.pdf

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN
ENGINEERING
Unit - I
1

UNIT – I HUMAN VALUES
 a) Morals, values
and Ethics
b) Integrity
c) Work ethic
d) Service
learning
e) Civic virtue
f) Respect for
others
g) Living
peacefully
h) Caring
i) Sharing
j) Honesty
k) Courage
l) Valuing time
m) Cooperation
n) Commitment
o) Empathy
p) Self
confidence
q) Character
r) Spirituality
s) Introduction to
Yoga and
meditation for
professional
excellence and
stress
management.
2

Morals, values and Ethics
 Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by
the wise people, based on their experience and
wisdom.
 They were edited, changed or modified or
evolved to suit the geography of the region,
rulers (dynasty), and in accordance with
development of knowledge in science and
technology and with time.
3

Morals, values and Ethics
• Morality is concerned with principles and
practices of morals such as:
• (a) What ought or ought not to be done in a
given situation?
• (b) What is right or wrong about the handling of
a situation? And
• (c) What is good or bad about the people,
policies, and ideals involved?
4

Moral vs Ethics
5
Moral Ethics
1. More general and prescriptive based
on customs and traditions.
1. Specific and descriptive. It is a critical
reflection on morals.
2. More concerned with the results of
wrong action, when done.
2. More concerned with the results of a
right action, when not done.
3. Thrust is on judgment and
punishment,in the name of God or by
laws.
3. Thrust is on influence, education,
training through codes, guidelines, and
correction.
4. In case of conflict between the two,
morality is given top priority, because the
damage is more. It is more common
and basic.
4. Less serious, hence second priority
only.
Less common. But relevant today,
because
of complex interactions in the
modern society.
5. Example: Character flaw, corruption,
extortion, and crime.
5. Example: Notions or beliefs about
manners, tastes, customs, and
towards laws.

Values
• Values are the rules by which
we make decisions about right
and wrong, should and
shouldn't, good and bad. They
also tell us which are more or
less important, which is useful
when we have to trade off
meeting one value over
another.
• beliefs of a person or social
group in which they have an
emotional investment (either
for or against something); "he
has very conservatives
values―.
• “Values are the scales we use
to weigh our choices for our
actions, whether to move
towards or away from
something.”
6

Values
• A value is defined as a principle that
promotes well-being or prevents harm.‖
• Another definition is: Values are our
guidelines for our success—our paradigm
about what is acceptable.‖
• Personal values are defined as: ―Emotional
beliefs in principles regarded as particularly
favorable or important for the individual.‖
• Our values associate emotions to our
experiences and guide our choices,
decisions and actions.
7

Types of Values
• Right Conduct
(a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene,
modesty, posture, self reliance, and tidy appearance
(b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior, good manners, good
relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good
environment, and
(c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage, dependability,
duty, efficiency, ingenuity, initiative, perseverance,
punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all, and
responsibility
• Peace
 – Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment, dignity,
discipline, equality, equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude,
happiness, harmony, humility, inner silence, optimism,
patience, reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-
confidence, self- control, self-discipline, self-esteem, self-
respect, sense control, tolerance, and understanding
8

Types of Values
• Truth
– Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness, honesty,
integrity (unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice, optimism,
purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self-analysis, sincerity, sprit of
enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and determination.
• Love
– Acceptance, affection, care, compassion, consideration, dedication,
devotion, empathy, forbearance, forgiveness, friendship, generosity,
gentleness, humanness, interdependence, kindness, patience,
patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness, service, sharing,
sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust
• Non – violence
– (a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for
others, consideration, forbearance, forgiveness, manners,
happiness, loyalty, morality, and universal love
– (b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions,
brotherhood, care of environment, citizenship, equality,
harmlessness, national awareness, perseverance, respect for
property, and social justice.
9

PERSEVERANCE
• PERSEVERANCE is defined
as persistence, determination,
resolution, tenacity, dedication,
commitment, constancy,
steadfastness, stamina,
endurance and indefatigability.
• To persevere is described as
to continue, carry on, stick at it
(in formal), keep going, persist,
plug away,(informal), remain,
stand firm, stand fast, hold on
and hang on.
• Perseverance builds character.
10


ACCURACY
• ACCURACY means freedom from mistake or
error; conformity to truth or to a standard or
model and exactness.
• Accuracy is defined as correctness, exactness,
authenticity, truth, veracity, closeness to truth
(true value) and carefulness.
• The value of accuracy embraces a large area
and has many implications.
• Engineers are encouraged to demonstrate
accuracy in their behavior through the medium
of praise and other incentives.
• Accuracy includes telling the truth, not
exaggerating, and taking care over one‘s work.
11

DISCERNMENT (விவாதம்)
• DISCERNMENT means discrimination, perception,
penetration, and insight.
• Discernment means the power to see what is not
obvious to the average mind.
• It stresses accuracy, especially in reading character or
motives.
• Discrimination stresses the power to distinguish or select
what is true or genuinely excellent.
• Perception implies quick and often sympathetic
discernment, as of shades of feelings.
• Penetration implies a searching mind that goes beyond
what is obvious or superficial.
• Insight suggests depth of discernment
12

Ethics
• Refers to moral, values and beliefs
of the individuals, family or the
society.
• It is an activity and process of
inquiry.
• It is different from non-moral
problems, when dealing with
issues and controversies.
• Refers to a particular set of beliefs,
attitudes, and habits of individuals
or family or groups concerned
with morals.
• it is used to mean ‗morally correct‘.
13

Ethics
• The study on ethics helps to know the
people‘s beliefs, values, and morals, learn
the good and bad of them, and practice them
to maximize their well-being and happiness.
• It involves the inquiry on the existing
situations, form judgments and resolve the
issues.
• tells us how to live, to respond to issues,
through the duties, rights, responsibilities,
and obligations.
14

Integrity
 Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed (honesty)
and open mindedness.
 It include the capacity to communicate the factual information so
that others can make well-informed decisions.
 It yields the person‘s ‗peace of mind‘, and hence adds strength and
consistency in character, decisions, and actions.
 It enthuse people not only to execute a job well but to achieve
excellence in performance. It helps them to own the responsibility
and earn self-respect and recognition by doing the job.
 Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a consistency of
one‘s attitudes, emotions, and conduct in relation to justified moral
values.
15

Work Ethics
• Work ethic is a value based on hard
work and diligence.(Attendiveness)
• A work ethic may include being reliable,
having initiative, or pursuing new skills.
• Work ethic is basically the belief that work is a
good moral. Its also refers to a sets of values
that are defined and characterized by
diligence and hard work. Work ethic can as
well be defined as the inherent ability of work
to strengthen character.
16

The Importance of a Good Work
Ethic
 Work Ethics For Successful Careers
 Work ethics is a plus for achieving a successful career.
Holding key traits such as attendance, character,
teamwork, appearance, and attitude add value to both
you as a person and your company.
 Appearance is one work ethic that really shows.
 A professional attitude towards yourself and your chosen
career is critical.
 Combining work ethics with professional skills invites
success to a celebration, and that celebration is all about
you.
17

social problems exist in the
industrial/business scenario, because:
1. The people desire to be recognized as individuals and treated with dignity.
2. Economic independence
3. Exploitation and bargained pay should be discouraged.
4. Privacy (personal freedom) of the employee, including women, is to
be protected.
5. Security during job and upon retirement:
6. Recognition to non-work activities, such as leisure, paid holiday on the day
of visit of a worthy, social service, and other developmental activities.
7. Hard work and productivity are very essential for the success of an
industry. The quality of work life deserves to be improved.
8. Employee separation.
9. A different view of work ethics:
10. As per the Protestant Work Ethics, the financial success is a sign that is
favored by God.
• By work ethics, duties to the self, family, society, and nation are fulfilled
• Values and virtues are cultivated and enjoyed by all human beings
18

SERVICE LEARNING
• Service learning refers to learning the service policies,
procedures, norms, and conditions, other than ‗the
technical trade practices‘.
• includes the characteristics of the work, basic
requirements, security of the job, and awareness of the
procedures, while taking decisions and actions.
• helps the individuals to interact ethically
• Service Learning may be defined as the non-paid
activity, in which service is provided on voluntary
basis to the public (have-nots in the community),
non-profitable institutions, and charitable
organizations.
• The service learning is a methodology falling under the
category of experiential education.
19

SERVICE LEARNING
1. Connection to curriculum
 – Academic ties should be clear and built upon
existing
 disciplinary skills.
2. Learner’s voice
– Beyond being actively engaged in the project, trainees have
the opportunity to select, design, implement, and evaluate
their service activity.
3. Reflection
– Structured opportunities are created to think, talk, and write
about the service experience.
4. Partners in the community
– Partnership with community agencies are used to identify
genuine needs, provide mentorship, and contribute input
such as labor and expertise towards completing the
project.
20

Civic Virtues
• Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the
village or the country or an integral part of the society and
environment.
• The duties are:
a) To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time.
b) To keep the surroundings clean and green
c) Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and
proper garbage disposal.
d) To follow the road safety rules.
e) To vote the local or state government.
f) To contest in the elections to the local or state government.
g) To seek a public welfare facility for the residents.
h) To establish a green and safe environment, pollution free,
corruption free.
i) People have inalienable right to accept or reject a project in their
area.
21

Civic Virtues
1. Civic Knowledge
2. Self-Restraint (Control)
3. Self-Assertion
4. Self-Reliance (Independance)
22

RESPECT FOR OTHERS
• This is a basic requirement for nurturing
friendship, team work, and for the synergy
it promotes and sustains
Recognize and accept the existence of other
persons as human beings
Respect others‘ ideas (decisions),words, and
labor (actions).
Show ‗goodwill‘ on others. Love others. Allow
others to grow.
23

LIVING PEACEFULLY
• Install Peace Within…
• Only who are at peace can spread peace.
• War or peace can be won only by peace, and not by wars !
• Adopt:
– Nurture (Care For)
• Order in one‘s life (self-regulation, discipline, and duty).
• Pure thoughts in one‘s soul
• Creativity in one‘s head
• Beauty in one‘s heart
– Get
• Good health/body
– Act
• Help the needy with head, heart, and hands.
• Not hurting and torturing others either physically, verbally, or mentally.
24

LIVING PEACEFULLY
• Factors that promote living, with internal
and external peace:
i. Conducive environment (safe, ventilated, illuminated
(Lighted) and comfortable).
ii. Secured job and motivated with ‗recognition and reward‘.
iii. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due to limitations of
money or time.
iv. Absenceof unnecessary interference or
disturbance, except as guidelines.
v. Healthy labor relations and family situations.
vi. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-challenged) with
love and sympathy.
25

CARING
• Caring is feeling for others.
• It includes showing respect to the feelings of
others.
• Caring is reflected in activities such as
friendship, membership in social clubs and
professional societies, and through various
transactions in the family, fraternity,
community, country and in international councils.
26

SHARING
 Sharing is a process that describes the
transfer of knowledge (teaching, learning,
and information), experience (training),
commodities (material possession) and
facilities with others.
 is voluntary
 Sharing is ‗charity‘.
 sharing‘ is a culture.
27

Honesty
28
Truthfulness
Trustworthiness.

Truthfulness
• Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities
upon telling truth.
• Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and
taking responsibility for personal performance.
• Honesty is mirrored in many ways. The
common reflections are:
• Beliefs (intellectual honesty).
• Communication (writing and speech).
• Decisions (ideas, discretion).
• Actions (means, timing, place, and the goals).
• Intended and unintended results achieved.
29

Dishonesty actions
 Lying
 Deliberate deception (Purposeful Tricks)
 Withholding the information
 Not seeking the truth
 Not maintaining confidentiality
 Giving professional judgment under the
influence of extraneous factors such as
personal benefits and prejudice
30

COURAGE
• tendency to accept and face risks and
difficult tasks in rational ways.
• Self-confidence is the basic requirement
to nurture courage.
• three types
• Physical courage
• Social courage
• Intellectual courage
• Look before you leap.
31

characteristics
• Perseverance (sustained hard work)
• Experimentation
• Involvement
• Commitment
32

VALUING TIME
 Time is rare resource. Once it is spent, it is lost
for ever.
33

COOPERATION
• team-spirit present with every individual
engaged in engineering.
• is activity between two persons or sectors
that aims at integration of operations.
• Willingness to understand others, think and
act together and putting this into practice,
is cooperation.
• cooperation should exist or be developed,
and maintained
• The absence of cooperation leads to
lack of communication, misinformation.
34

impediments to successful
cooperation are:
• Clash of ego of individuals.
• Lack of leadership and motivation
• Conflicts of interests, based on region, religion,
language, and caste.
• Ignorance and lack of interest.
35

Commitment
 alignment to goals and adherence to
ethical principles during the activities
36

EMPATHY
 Empathy is social radar.
 Sensing what others feel about, without
their open talk, is the essence of empathy
 defined as the ability to put one‘s self into
the psychological frame or reference or
point of view of another, to know what the
other person feels.
37

To practice ‗Empathy‘, a leader must have or
develop in him, the following characteristics…..
– Understanding others
– Service orientation
– Developing others
– Leveraging diversity
– Political awareness
• benefits of empathy
include:
• Good relations
38


SELF-CONFIDENCE
 positive thinking,
flexible and willing to
change.
 is positive attitude,
wherein the individual
has some positive
and realistic view of
himself, with respect
to the situations in
which one gets
involved.
39

SELF-CONFIDENCE
• people with self-confidencehave the following
characteristics:
• A self-assured standing,
• Willing to listen to learn from others
and adopt
• Frank to speak the truth,
• respect others‘ efforts and give due credit.
• factors that shape self-confidence in a person are:
• Heredity and family environment
• Friendship
• Influence of superiors/role models,
• Training in the organization
40

CHALLENGES IN THE WORK
PLACE
• The biggest workplace challenge is said to
be the employee‘s work ethics.
• interest in work and attendance
• Punctuality
• commitment to the job, and getting along
with others
• Demands inculcation of good character in
the workplace by employees.
41

CHALLENGES IN THE WORK
PLACE
• good character
• The Four Temperaments
• Types of Character
• the sensitive
• the active (great and the mediocre)
• the apathetic (purely
 apathetic or dull),
• the intelligent.
• Ethics and Character
• Education and Character
• Building Character in the Workplace
42

Building Character in the Workplace
1. Employee Hiring, Training, and Promotion
Activities
– Institute and adopt an organization policy statement
to positive character in the workplace.
– Prominently and explicitly include
character considerations in recruiting procedures
– Emphasize the importance of character and
adherence to the ‗six pillars‘ of
character(trustworthiness, respect, responsibility,
fairness, caring and citizenship)
– Include evaluation of fundamental character values
– Institute recognition and reward system for the
employees
– Think of your employees 43

 2. Internal Communication
 to create a friendly environment that praises positive role modeling
 Through Internal newsletters, Workplace posters in canteens and
recreation rooms, Mailers,
 3. External Communication
 In relations with customers, vendors and others.
 Advertise and market honoring consensual values (the six pillars),
 Assure that none of your products and services undermines
character building,
 Include positive messages about voluntarism and celebrate, and
 ‗Character counts‘ week in advertising, billings and other mailers.
44

4. Financial and Human Resources
– Support local and national ‗character‘ projects and the
activities of the members
– Sponsor ‗character‘ movement through
financial support.
5. Community Outreach
– Use public outreach structures to encourage
mentoring and other character-building programs.
– Encourage educational and youth organizations
to become active in character building.
– Use corporate influence to encourage business
groups and other companies to support ‗character‘
building.
45

SPIRITUALITY
• Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the
constant awareness and recognition of the spiritual
dimension (mind and its development) of nature and
people, with a dynamic balance between the material
development and the spiritual development.
• spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural
power
• Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition
of the individual as human being, respect to others,
acceptance, vision, and partnership
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues
to perform better. Creativity in spirituality means
conscious efforts to see things differently, to break out of
habits and outdated beliefs to find new ways of thinking,
doing and being. 46

Spirituality in the Workplace
• is promoted in the workplace by adhering to
the following activities:
– Verbally respect the individuals as humans and
recognize their values in all decisions
– Get to know the people with whom you work and
know what is important to them. Know their goals
– State your personal ethics and your beliefs clearly.
– Support causes outside the business.
– Encourage leaders to use value-based discretion in
making decisions.
– Demonstrate your own self-knowledge and spirituality
in all your actions.
– Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.`
47

Spirituality for Corporate Excellence
• The spiritual traits to be developed for excellence in
corporate activities are listed as follows:
– Self-awareness
– Alertness in observation and quickness in decision making,
– Being visionary and value based
– Holism
– Compassion
– Respect for diversity
– Moral Autonomy
– Creative thinking and constant reasoning
– Ability to analyze and synthesize
– Positive views of adversity
– Humility
– Sense of vocation
48

Yoga
 Yoga originated in India
 From sanskrit word ―yuj‖ meaning union
between mind ,body and spirit.
 Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring
balance and health to the physical, mental,
emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the
individual, when adopted as a way of life, yoga
improves physical, mental, intellectual, and
spiritual health.
 Yoga offers an effective method of managing
and reducing stress, anxiety, and depression,
and numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy
of yoga on mood-related disorders.
49

YOGA
 Include ethical discipline, physical postures, breathing
control and meditation.
 Yoga is not only stretching.
 Yoga is often depicted metaphorically as a tree and
comprises
eight aspects, or limbs:
 There are 8 limbs of yoga.
 yama (universal ethics), niyama(individual ethics), asana (physical
postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara (control of the
senses), dharana (concentration), dyana (meditation), and samadhi
(bliss)
 Physical postures called ―Asana‖ is just one of the eight
limbs of yoga
 Majority of types more concerned with mental and
spiritual well being.
50

Tree of Yoga  When one thinks about Yoga
today, the first thing that comes to
mind is the physical practice of
postures, or Asana.
 As described in Patañjali‘s Yoga
Sutras, Asana is only 1 of the 8
limbs of Yoga
 Applying the other 7 will not only
deepen our physical and spiritual
practice but also help take our
yoga off the mat and into our daily
lives.
 To help better understand how the
8-step path comes all together,
BKS Iyengar‘s representation of
the
Tree of Yoga is shown in picture
51

1.Roots: Foundation for living honorably and
clearly - Yama
 Yama – a list of outward observances
representing principles of ethical behavior
 Ahimsa – non harming, compassion for self and
others
 Satya – truthfulness, being honest with ourselves and
others
 Asteya – non-stealing, freeing oneself from the desire
to have something that has not earned or paid for
 Brahmacharya – wise and balanced use of energy
 Aparigraha – non-attachment, living with generosity of
spirit and action
52

2.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in
one’s body and mind - Niyama
 Niyama – Inward personal observances that
improve the self and surrounding
relations
 Sauca – cleanliness in one‘s body, mind, and
surroundings, treating our body as a temple
 Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good
in things, counting one‘s blessings
 Tapas – heat -transformation to promote a healthy
mind, Soul and Body
 Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
 Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being
an expression of the whole universe 53

Branches: Strong and flexible to move with
the wind of life
 Asana – physical practice of yogic postures
54

Leaves: Drawing in life force through the
exchange of breath
 Pranayama – mastering the science of
breath, breath control
55

Bark: Protecting the tree from outer elements
and preventing its essence from flowing
outward
 Pratyahara – turning awareness inward,
sense withdrawal
56

Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this
inward journey, links
the whole tree as one
 Dharana – focused state of concentration,
bringing the mind to a single point of focus
57

8.Fruit: The essence of the tree
 Samadhi – bliss, to feel unity, peace, freedom
58

What is Stress?
 Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life
science. The term stress is derived from the Latin word
Stringere, which means ―to be drawn tight‖.
 Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction
between a person and his or her life. Stress can affect
one‘s health, work performance, social life, and the
relationship with family members.
 Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines
stress as that which arises from an opportunity, demand,
constraint, threat, or challenge, when the outcomes of
the event are important and uncertain.
59

Job Stress
 Job stress can lead to poor health and even
injury. Hence we can say that stress is a silent
killer, and prolonged exposure to stress may
exert harmful effects on physical, psychological,
and behavioral well-being of an individual.
 According to the National Institute for
occupational Safety and Health, 80% of workers
experience job stress

60

IMPACT OF STRESS
 One of the studies quoted that stress-related disorders
evolvegradually through four recognizable stages.
 1.In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety,
irritability, and insomnia arise, due to over-stimulation of
the sympathetic nervous system.
 2.In the second stage symptoms such as high blood
pressure, elevated heart rate, and increased intestinal
motility surface.
 3.In the third stage, a more profound physical or
biochemical imbalance sets in
 4.In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms that
often require surgical or long-term management appear.
61

IMPACT OF STRESS
 Increased sympathetic activation and the
release of stress hormones, including
adrenaline, lead to increases in heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing, body temperature,
and muscle tension.
 Similar to stress in the workplace, college
students are also often impacted by stress.
Academic stress can result from many
different imperative stressors, such as final
grades, term papers, examinations, and
excessive homework.
62

EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
 certain yoga techniques may improve physical
and mental health through down regulation of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
 The HPA axis and SNS are triggered as a
response to a physical or psychological demand
(stressor), leading to a cascade of physiologic,
behavioral, and psychological effects, primarily
as a result of the release of
cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
63

Clinical Significance of yoga
 Reduced stress
 Spiritual growth
 Sense of well being
 Reduced anxiety and muscle tension
 Increased strength and flexibility
 Slowed aging
 Sound sleep
 Improve many medical conditions:
 Lower heart rate
 Lower blood pressure
 Allergy and asthma symptom relief
 Smoking cessation help 64

EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
 Practicing yoga can be a best thing a
provider can do for himself/herself
 Doing simple ―Pranayam‖ (breathing
technique) in breaks can calm their mind.
 Practicing yoga for ½ hr. a day can make
their body fit to take care of others.
 Yogic thought process- will teach not to
work only for money.
65

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