Urine for sugar test

INTRODUCTION:
Urine sugar testing was established as a clinical laboratory procedure during
the 19th century. A glucose in urine test measures the amount of glucose in
urine. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is our body’s main source of energy. A
hormone called insulin helps move glucose from our bloodstream into our
cells. If too much glucose gets into the blood, the extra glucose will be
eliminated through our urine. A urine glucose test can be used to help
determine if blood glucose levels are too high, which may be a sign of
diabetes. If sugar levels remain high and don’t receive treatment,
complications may develop and may have serious condition like type-I and
type-II diabetes.

DEFINITION OF URINE FOR SUGAR TEST:
A urine glucose test is a quick and simple way to check for
abnormally high levels of glucose in urine.
Normal level of glucose in urine:
0 - 0.8 mmol/l or 0-15 mg/dl.

ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
 Urine glucose test
 Glycosuria test
 Glucosuria test

PURPOSES OF URINE FOR SUGAR TEST:
1. Screening to detect diabetes.
2. Confirmation diagnosis of diabetes.
3. Monitoring the effectiveness of diabetes control
4. Screening to detect gestational diabetes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL URINE:
 Volume: 700-2500 ml excreted in 24 hours.
 Appearance: clear/transparent
 Odor: pungent, ammonia smell.
 Color: straw in color.
 Reaction: acidity.
 Sediment: absent.
 Specific gravity: 1.010 to 1.025
 Constituents of urine: 96% water, 2% urea, 2% uric acid.

NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE:
INORGANIC ORGANIC
o Chloride
o Sulphate
o Calcium
o Inorganic phosphate
o Ammonia
o Urea
o Uric Acid
o Creatinine
o Organic sulphate

ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE:
In patients with certain renal or non-renal (metabolic) disorders, the
urine may contain some abnormal constituents like:
 Glucose(glycosuria)
 Proteins (proteinuria)
 Bile pigments
 Ketone bodies (ketonuria),
 Blood (hematuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)

SYMPTOMS OF SUGAR IN URINE
1. Fatigue
2. Increased hunger
3. Persistent infections
4. Excessive thirst
5. Frequent desire to urinate
6. The feet or hands may experience tingling sensations or other abnormal
feelings
7. Irritability

CONT…
8. Loss of weight without any known reason
9. The wounds, cuts , etc. may be very slow to heal sometimes.

CAUSES OF GLUCOSE IN URINE:
 Diabetes mellitus: The excess blood glucose levels of people with
unmanaged diabetes make it difficult for your kidneys to properly reabsorb
the glucose and can cause it to leak into the urine.
 Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone can cause decreased
absorption of glucose that is then passed out of the body through the urine.
 High sugar diet: Excessive sugar can raise blood glucose level that
kidneys can’t properly reabsorb, which causes some glucose to be passed
into the urine.

CONT……
 Benign glycosuria: A rare condition in which the filtering system of the
kidneys allows sugar to pass into the urine. It usually has no other
symptoms and is inherited.
 Liver cirrhosis: This disease affects carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in
high blood glucose levels that can exceed the kidneys capabilities and
cause glucose in the urine.
 Emotion: Some emotions like fear and anger, can cause the release of
adrenaline. Adrenaline encourages the breakdown of sugar to create energy
for the fight or flight response, causing a temporary spike in blood sugar
levels and potentially an increase in urine glucose as well.

INDICATION OF URINE FOR SUGAR TEST:
I. Diabetes mellitus
II. Gestational diabetes
III. Kidney disease

ADVANTAGES OF URINE SUGAR TEST:
I. It is less painful than blood glucose monitoring – no finger pricks
to collect blood samples for testing.
II. Urine sugar test may be less costly than buying a blood glucose
monitoring.
III. Easy to perform.

DISADVANTAGE OF URINE GLUCOSE TEST:
I. Inability to detect low blood sugar(hypoglycemia)
II. Many possible drug interferences
III. For some patients, difficulty in reading and performing tests.
IV. More privacy required than blood testing.

PRECAUTION OF URINE FOR SUGAR TEST:
A. For man:
A man retracts the foreskin, if present and clean the head of his penis with medicated
towels or swabs.
B. For women:
A women should spread open the genital folds of skin with one hand. Then she can use
her other hand to clean the urethra with medicated towels or swabs.

PREPARE OF THE PATIENT URINE FOR SUGAR TEST:
1. Wash your hands.
2. Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad. Start to urinate into the toilet.
3. Move the collection container under your urine stream.
4. Collect urine into the container.
5. Finish urinating into the toilet.
6. Return the sample container as instructed by your health care provider.

CONT…..
MEDICATION:
Certain medication can change the results of this test, as for example-
 Tetracycline
 Sulfonamide
 Butaphen
Before the test tell the patient which medicines you are taking. Do not stop
taking any medicine before talking to your doctor or health provider.

HOW THE TEST WILL FEEL:
 The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort.

PROCEDURE OF URINE EXAMINATION USING
BENEDICT’S SOLUTION:
A. Equipment:
1) Sprit lamp
2) Match box
3) Test tube with test tube holder
4) Test tube stand
5) Benedict’s solution

CONT….
6. Dropper
7. Kidney tray
8. Clean, disposable gloves.

PROCEDURE:
1. Explain about method of collecting a double voided specimen of urine.
2. Provide labeled container for collecting urine.
3. Don gloves and collect urine specimen from patient.
4. Take test tube and fix in holder. Pour 5 ml of benedict’s solution into test
tube.
5. Light sprit lamp and heat benedict’s solution till its boils, holding test tube
with mouth facing away from the nurse.

CONT….
6. Add eight drops of urine using dropper, through the sides and
allow boiling for another few seconds.
7. Put off flame and allow it to cool.
8. Watch for color change and compare with standard color code:

CONT…
COLOR RESULT
 Blue-nil No sugar
 Green liquid without deposit: +/ 1% sugar
 Green liquid with yellow deposit: ++/2% sugar
 Colorless liquid with orange
deposit:
+++/3% sugar
 Brick red: ++++/4% sugar

CONT….
9. Discard urine in toilet.
10. Replace the equipment after washing in proper place.
11. Displace gloves and wash hands.
12. Record result appropriately. If any abnormality present, inform
the doctor immediately.

NURSING CARE PLAN:
Nursing
Diagnosis
Goal Nursing Intervention Evaluation
1. Fear due to
collection of
urine
Reduce fear from
collection of
urine.
 Assess the level of fear.
 Reassure the patient
 Explain the collection of
urine
 Listen to patient attentively
and answer the question
 Give emotional support
Gradually
decreased
fear from
collection of
urine.

CONT…..
Nursing
Diagnosis
Goal Nursing Intervention Evaluation
2. Anxiety
due to
collection of
urine.
Reduce
anxiety from
collection of
urine.
 Assess the level of anxiety.
 Provide psychological support.
 Introduced with similar condition
patient who has positive attitude
Gradually
decreased
anxiety from
collection of
urine.

CONT…..
03.Deficit
knowledge
about urine for
sugar test
Provide
information
for
increasing
knowledge
about urine
for sugar
test
 Explain the patient about urine
for sugar test
 Encourage and support the
patient
 Advice the patient to complete
the collect of urine by the
satisfactory method
 Advice to maintain personal
hygiene
Gradually
demonstrated
knowledge about
urine for sugar
test.

SOME TIPS MAY PREVENT SUGAR IN URINE:
 Monitoring your diet and consuming less sugar is one way to help reduce
your chances of experiencing glycosuria, as well as leading a healthy and
active lifestyle.
 Regular checkups to monitor your health may also help prevent glycosuria.
 Proper management of the root cause, as well as making healthy lifestyle
choices that improve eating less sugar, may help with the prevention of this
condition.

COMPLICATION OF SUGAR IN URINE:
Cardiovascular complications like-
 Heart attack
 Hypertension
Issues with vision, kidney function damage, nerve damage, as well as sores
on the hands and feet may also occur.

SUMMARY:
The presence of glucose in the urine usually indicates that the individual has
diabetes mellitus or other disease, a condition in which either the liver fails to
store glucose as glycogen or the cells fail to take up glucose. In both cases, the
blood glucose level is abnormally high. This makes the filtrate level of glucose
high, and because the proximal convoluted tubule cannot absorb all of it,
glucose appears in the urine.

REFERENCE:
 Dr. Jayesh v. patidar, Nursing path.
Available from: www.drjayeshpatidar. Blogspot.com.
 Landry DW, Bazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. In: Goldman L,
Ausiello D, eds .Cecil Medicine. 24th ed . Philadelphia, pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2011: chap 116.
 Merck Consumer Version[ Internet]. Knilworth ( NJ): Merck & Co . Inc ; c 2017.
Urinalysis[ cited 2017 May 18]; [about 2 screens].
Available from:
http:// www. Merckmanuals. Com/home/kidney and –urinary-tract-
disorders/diagnosis-of-kidney.

CONT….
 Medline plus . Glucose Urine Test( updated 1 Mar. 2016)
http://medlineplusGov/ency/article/003581.htm(accessed sep 2017)
 https://www.belmarrahealth.com/glycosuria-glucose-urine-
symptoms-causes-potential-complications/

Urine for sugar test

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Urine for sugar test