More Related Content
Similar to Vitamin classification, function, deficiency (20)
![ppt_vitamins__192314028L[1].pptHKHKHHGHH](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pptvitamins192314028l1-250328163139-e90aa077-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
Vitamin classification, function, deficiency
- 2. Lecture 1 Lecture 1 I Intended L Learning O Outcomes By the end of this lecture, You should be able to: 1. Describe the definition of vitamins 2. Recognize Vitamins discovery 3. Identify the function of vitamins 4. Outline the characters of vitamins 5. Define provitamin .
- 3. Definition of vitamins Vitamins are a group of organic nutrients of various nature required in small quantities for multiple biochemical reactions for the growth, survival and reproduction of the organism, and which, generally, cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supplied by the diet
- 4. Vitamins discovery The discovery of the vitamins began with experiments performed by Hopkins at the beginning of the twentieth century; he fed rats on a defined diet providing the then known nutrients: fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and mineral salts. The animals failed to grow, but the addition of a small amount of milk to the diet both permitted the animals to maintain normal growth and restored growth to the animals that had previously been fed the defined diet. He suggested that milk contained one or more accessory growth factors , essential nutrients present in small amounts, because the addition of only a small amount of milk to the diet was sufficient to maintain normal growth and development
- 5. Vitamins discovery The first of the accessory food factors to be isolated and identified was found to be chemically an amine; therefore, in 1912, Funk coined the term vitamine, from the Latin vita for life and amine, for the prominent chemical reactive group. Although subsequent accessory growth factors were not found to be amines, the name has been retained– with the loss of the final ‘e’ to avoid chemical confusion. The decision as to whether the word should correctly be pronounced vitamin or veitamin depends in large part on which system of Latin pronunciation one learned – the Oxford English Dictionary permits both.
- 6. Function of vitamins • Metabolic Functions: – Many vitamins serve as cofactors or coenzymes for various metabolic processes in the body. – They help facilitate the conversion of food into cellular energy (e.g. B vitamins, vitamin C). • Antioxidant Functions: – Vitamins like C, E, and carotenoids (pro-vitamin A) can act as antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage. – They help neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
- 7. Function of vitamins • Regulatory Functions: – Vitamins like A, D, and K have important regulatory roles in gene expression, cell differentiation, and signaling. • Structural Functions: – Vitamins contribute to the structural integrity of tissues, such as vitamin C's role in collagen synthesis. • Immune Functions: – Vitamins C, D, and E help support the proper functioning of the immune system. •
- 8. Function of vitamins • Vision and Skin Health: – Vitamins A and C are important for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and mucous membranes. • Blood and Bone Health: – Vitamins K and D are crucial for proper blood clotting and bone mineralization, respectively. • Nervous System Functions: – B vitamins like B1, B6, and B12 are important for neurological function and nerve conduction.
- 9. Characters of vitamins 1-Vitamins are not synthesized by the body and must come from food. An exception are vitamin B3 (PP), which active form NADH (NADPH) can be synthesized from tryptophan and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), synthesized from 7- dehydrocholesterol in the skin. Amount of those ones and vitamins partially synthesized by intestinal microflora (В1, В2, В3, B5, В6, К, and others) is normally not sufficient to cover the body's need them.
- 10. Characters of vitamins 2-Vitamins are not an energy source. 3-Vitamins are essential for all vital processes and biologically active already in small quantities. 4-They influence biochemical processes in all tissues and organs, i.e. they are not specific to organs. 5-They can be used for medicinal purposes as a non-specific tools in high doses for: diabetes mellitus - B1, B2, B6; colds and infectious diseases - vitamin C; bronchial asthma - vitamin PP; gastrointestinal ulcers
- 11. Characters of vitamins 6-Organic Compounds: – Vitamins are organic molecules, meaning they are carbon-based compounds. – They differ in their chemical structure and properties, which contribute to their diverse functions. 7-Micronutrients: – Vitamins are required in relatively small amounts compared to macronutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
- 12. Characters of vitamins 8-Diversity: – There are 13 essential vitamins, each with unique chemical structures and functions. 9-Physiological Functions: – Vitamins play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including metabolism, antioxidant defense, cell signaling, and structural integrity. 10-Deficiency and Toxicity: – Insufficient intake of vitamins can lead to specific deficiency diseases, while excessive intake can result in toxicity. – Maintaining the appropriate balance of vitamin
- 13. Characters of vitamins 11-Dietary Sources: – Vitamins are obtained primarily through the diet, with different foods providing varying amounts and types of vitamins. – Some vitamins can also be synthesized in the body (e.g., vitamin D from sun exposure). 12-Interactions and Bioavailability: – The bioavailability and utilization of vitamins can be influenced by factors such as other nutrients, medications, and individual metabolism. – Vitamins may also interact with each other, either synergistically or antagonistically. .
- 14. Characters of vitamins 13-Regulation and Homeostasis: – Vitamin levels in the body are tightly regulated through absorption, storage, and excretion mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. .
- 15. provitamin A provitamin is a compound that can be converted or transformed into an active vitamin in the body. The main characteristics of a provitamin are: •Structural Similarity: – Provitamins have a similar chemical structure to the active vitamin form, but they are not yet in the fully active state. •Metabolic Conversion: – Provitamins undergo enzymatic or chemical reactions in the body to be converted into the biologically active vitamin. – This conversion process typically takes place in specific tissues or organs. •Vitamin Precursors: – Provitamins serve as precursors or "precursor compounds" that can be transformed into the active vitamin.
- 16. provitamin • Examples of common provitamins include: • Provitamin A (Carotenoids): – Carotenoids like beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin can be converted into the active form of vitamin A (retinol) in the body. • Provitamin D (7-Dehydrocholesterol): – 7-Dehydrocholesterol is a precursor that is converted into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) when exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. • Provitamin K (Phylloquinone and Menaquinones): – Certain plant-derived compounds like phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and bacterial-derived menaquinones (vitamin K2) can be converted into the active forms of vitamin K. .