Vowels
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This document provides information about vowels and their classification. It begins with a warmup activity and definitions of vowels. Vowels are classified based on tongue height (high, mid, low), tongue position (front, back, central), and lip rounding (rounded, unrounded, neutral). The document then discusses describing vowels in terms of these classifications and identifying vowels. It presents vowel charts and covers diphthongs and triphthongs. The document also discusses phonemes versus allophones and provides examples of allophonic variants of consonants and vowels in English. It concludes with a practice activity.
![Phonemes vs. allophones
phoneme allophone
Definition
symbol
example /p/ /r/ [pʰen] [tr̥eɪn]
[speɪn] [reɪn]
transcription
the smallest unit of sound in
speech. 44 phonemes in
English
one of two or more
variants of the same
phoneme
/ / [ ]
Broad transription
Phonemic transcription
Narrow transcription
Phonetic transcription
more phonetic details such as
aspiration, length, nasalization…., by
using a wide variety of diacritics.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vowels-140917003656-phpapp01/85/Vowels-20-320.jpg)
![Allophonic variants of consonants
1. Aspiration of stops: Voiceless stops are aspirated
when they are syllable initials (or begin a stressed
syllable)
[pʰɪp] [tʰest] [kʰɪk]
2. Fortis stops / p, t, k / are unaspirated after /s / in
words such as spew, stew, skew
3. Dentalisation of alveolars:[+alveolar] [+dental]
before [+dental]
Eg. tenth [ten̪θ]
[welθ̪] [eɪtθ̪] [æt ̪ðɪs] [wɪd̪ð]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vowels-140917003656-phpapp01/85/Vowels-21-320.jpg)
![Allophonic variants of consonants
4. Devoicing of /w, l, r, j/ when they occur after
initial fortis plosives
[ple̥i] [kr̥uː] [tw̥ɪn]
5. /l/ is velarised after a vowel or before a
consonant(the back of the tongue rises toward
the soft palate (the velum) (dark l)
[fɪɫ] [puːɫ] [wɜːɫd]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vowels-140917003656-phpapp01/85/Vowels-22-320.jpg)
![Allophonic variants of consonants
6. Lenis consonants /b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ/ preceded
by a voiceless sound or silence, or followed by a
voiceless sound or silence are devoiced(these
retain full voicing when they are surrounded by
voiced sounds)
• this boy /ðɪs bɔɪ/ [ð̥ɪs b̥ɔɪ]
• my dog /maɪ dɒɡ/ [maɪ dɒɡ̊]
• misbehave /mɪsbɪheɪv/ [mɪsb̥ɪheɪv̥]
• She’s so good /ʃiːz səʊ ɡʊd/ [ʃiːz̥ səʊ ɡʊd̥]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vowels-140917003656-phpapp01/85/Vowels-23-320.jpg)
![Allophonic variants of vowels
1. Nasalization of vowels: [vowel] [+nasal]
before [+nasal]
Eg. [mæ̃n] [sɪŋ̃] [kʌ̃m ]
2. Vowels are shortened by a following fortis
consonant.
Eg. [bʊ̆k] [tʃɜˑtʃ]
[gə̆ʊt] [stɒ̆p] [lɑˑf] [briˑθ] [kɪs̆] [brʌʃ̆]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vowels-140917003656-phpapp01/85/Vowels-24-320.jpg)
Vowels
- 1. Warm up • Bingo: All vowel sounds (monophthongs and diphthongs)
- 2. Vowel bingo • Glide • Foot • Clear • Dark • Fortis • Teeth • Tone • Pitch • Sound • Stress • Word • Voice • Tongue • Nose • Glottis • Dialect • Larynx • phonetics
- 3. LECTURE 3: VOWELS 1. Definition 2. Classification 3. Describing vowels 4. Identifying vowels 5. Diphthongs 6. Triphthongs
- 4. DEFINITION • Vowels are the sounds in the production of which none of the articulators come very close together so the passage of air-stream is relatively unobstructed and the air can get out freely. • Vowels are the type of sounds that depend mainly on the variations in the position of the tongue. They are normally voiced. • Vowels can be classified according to three variables: a. Tongue height. b. Part of the tongue which is raised c. Degree of lip rounding
- 5. ACCORDING TO TONGUE HEIGHT High vowels: are those in the production of which the tongue is high in the mouth. It is raised above its rest position. eg. /i:/ /u:/ Lowvowels: are those made with the tongue below its rest position. Eg. Mid vowels: are those made with the tongue neither high nor low in the mouth. eg. /e/
- 6. ACCORDING TO THE PART OF THE TONGUE RAISED 1. Front vowels: are those in the production of which the front of the tongue is the highest point. e.g. 2. Back vowels: are those in the production of which the back of the tongue is the highest point. e.g. 3. Central vowels: are those made with neither the front nor the back of the tongue. The tongue is neither high nor low in the mouth when central vowels are produced. e.g.
- 7. ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF LIP ROUNDING 1. Rounded vowels: are those made with rounded lips. The corners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips are pushed forwards. e.g./u://u/ /ɔː / /ɒ / 2. Unrounded vowels (spread vowels): are those made with the lips spread. The corners of the lips are moved away from each other as for a smile. e.g. 3. Neutral vowels: are those made with the lips neither rounded nor spread. e.g.
- 8. FRONT CENTRAL BACK HIGH MID LOW
- 9. Front Central Back Close Half-Close Half-Open Open i: ɪ ɜ: ǝ e æ :c Ɑ: ɒ u: ʊ High Mid Low > Rounded
- 10. Parts of tongue Levels of tongue Front Central Back High long short Mid long short Low long short VOWEL CHART
- 11. Parts of tongue Levels of tongue VOWEL CHART Front Central Back High long iː uː short ɪ ʊ Mid long ɜː ɔː short e ə Low long ɑː short æ ʌ ɒ
- 12. DIPHTHONGS 1. Definition: - a glide from one vowel to another - Length: like long vowel - The first part is much longer and stronger than the second part e.g. /ai/ /eә/
- 13. CLASSIFICATION Diphthongs Centring (ending in /ә/) Closing (ending in /ɪ/) (ending in /ʊ /)
- 17. TRIPHTHONGS • A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly without interruption. • There are five triphthongs in English. They are composed of the five closing diphthongs with/ә/ added at the end.
- 18. DESCRIBING AND IDENTIFYING VOWELS 1. Describing: long/short, high/mid/low, front/central/back, rounded/unrounded. e.g./e/: short mid front unrounded vowel 2. Identifying e.g. long mid central unrounded vowel: /з:/ • high front short vowel • high back long vowel • low back long vowel • low back unrounded vowel • mid back to front diphthong • high back rounded short vowel • low central vowel
- 19. Phonemes vs. allophones phoneme allophone definition symbol example transcription
- 20. Phonemes vs. allophones phoneme allophone Definition symbol example /p/ /r/ [pʰen] [tr̥eɪn] [speɪn] [reɪn] transcription the smallest unit of sound in speech. 44 phonemes in English one of two or more variants of the same phoneme / / [ ] Broad transription Phonemic transcription Narrow transcription Phonetic transcription more phonetic details such as aspiration, length, nasalization…., by using a wide variety of diacritics.
- 21. Allophonic variants of consonants 1. Aspiration of stops: Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initials (or begin a stressed syllable) [pʰɪp] [tʰest] [kʰɪk] 2. Fortis stops / p, t, k / are unaspirated after /s / in words such as spew, stew, skew 3. Dentalisation of alveolars:[+alveolar] [+dental] before [+dental] Eg. tenth [ten̪θ] [welθ̪] [eɪtθ̪] [æt ̪ðɪs] [wɪd̪ð]
- 22. Allophonic variants of consonants 4. Devoicing of /w, l, r, j/ when they occur after initial fortis plosives [ple̥i] [kr̥uː] [tw̥ɪn] 5. /l/ is velarised after a vowel or before a consonant(the back of the tongue rises toward the soft palate (the velum) (dark l) [fɪɫ] [puːɫ] [wɜːɫd]
- 23. Allophonic variants of consonants 6. Lenis consonants /b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ/ preceded by a voiceless sound or silence, or followed by a voiceless sound or silence are devoiced(these retain full voicing when they are surrounded by voiced sounds) • this boy /ðɪs bɔɪ/ [ð̥ɪs b̥ɔɪ] • my dog /maɪ dɒɡ/ [maɪ dɒɡ̊] • misbehave /mɪsbɪheɪv/ [mɪsb̥ɪheɪv̥] • She’s so good /ʃiːz səʊ ɡʊd/ [ʃiːz̥ səʊ ɡʊd̥]
- 24. Allophonic variants of vowels 1. Nasalization of vowels: [vowel] [+nasal] before [+nasal] Eg. [mæ̃n] [sɪŋ̃] [kʌ̃m ] 2. Vowels are shortened by a following fortis consonant. Eg. [bʊ̆k] [tʃɜˑtʃ] [gə̆ʊt] [stɒ̆p] [lɑˑf] [briˑθ] [kɪs̆] [brʌʃ̆]
- 25. practice • Write the narrow transcription of the following words Tongue Vowel Sound Nose Hard palate Velum Consonant Plosive Breadth