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US History Week 1: Civil War

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The document discusses reforms and westward expansion in the United States during the 1800s. It describes how democracy expanded as more white men gained the right to vote, while women and Native Americans could not vote. Religious revivals and social reform movements grew during this time. However, the issue of slavery's expansion into the western territories increasingly divided the nation. Conflict over this led to the American Civil War as southern states eventually seceded from the Union.

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Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Reform and Westward Expansion • Analyze growing democratization, as well as limits on democracy, in the 1800s. • Discuss the importance of the Second Great Awakening and the rise of various reform movements. • Explain how the nation expanded westward. Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Andrew Jackson – elected President in 1828; seen as representing the “common man”; restricted the rights of Native Americans • tariff – a tax on imported products • Second Great Awakening – a religious revival movement that spread across the U.S. during the first half of the 1800s • civil disobedience – the idea that people should peacefully refuse to obey laws they considered to be immoral
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • abolitionist – a reformer who sought a gradual or immediate end to slavery • Missouri Compromise – 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30'N latitude • Frederick Douglass – a runaway slave who started an abolitionist newspaper and spoke at abolitionist meetings
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • Underground Railroad – network of black and white abolitionists who aided slaves running away to the North or to Canada • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – suffrage advocate; organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention on women’s rights with Lucretia Mott • Susan B. Anthony – suffrage and women’s rights advocate and activist • Manifest Destiny – 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the U.S. was not only inevitable but a God-given right
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 What trends in democratization and reform were taking shape in the United States by 1850? In the mid-1800s, as the nation expanded westward, some Americans called for an expansion of democratic rights as well. Issues raised by reformers, such as women’s rights, continue to stir debate today.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 By 1828, most states had ended property requirements for voting, and more white men over the age of 21 could vote than ever before. However, women and Native Americans could not vote at all, and free African Americans could vote in only a few states.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The number of white male voters grew as democracy expanded. The Growing Electorate, 1824-1840
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Born to poor Irish immigrant parents, he had little early education, but he later acquired wealth and a plantation. • He was a hero of the War of 1812 and was seen as a representative of the “common man.” Partly as a consequence of expanded voting rights, Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Jackson Restricted Native American Rights The Cherokees and the Supreme Court • The Supreme Court upheld the Cherokees’ rights to land in Georgia. • Jackson ignored the Court’s decision and ordered Native Americans to move West. The Trail of Tears • Tens of thousands of Native Americans were forced to march from the South to Oklahoma. • The 1838 forced march of the Cherokees, now known as the Trail of Tears, caused much suffering and death.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 However, Congress also lowered the tariff. Congress granted Jackson the authority to use troops to put down this challenge to federal authority. In the “Nullification Crisis,” South Carolina passed a law cancelling a federal tariff.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Religious and social reform also grew. A Second Great Awakening called for moral perfection. Thousands attended outdoor camp meetings. Baptists, Methodists, African Methodist Episcopals, and new religious groups, such as the Mormons, expanded membership.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Social reform grew out of religious fervor. The temperance movement sought to end alcohol abuse. Dorothea Dix advocated reforms to aid prisoners and the mentally ill. Horace Mann worked to improve public schools.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 A Transcendentalist named Henry David Thoreau called for civil disobedience. Thoreau was one of a small number of reformers called abolitionists, who sought to end slavery as a moral wrong harming both slave and owner.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The westward expansion of slavery became a political issue. • The Missouri Compromise of 1820 drew a line across the Louisiana Territory that separated free and slave territories. • Many Americans supported slavery because they believed their prosperity rested on the institution of slavery.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Known as “Black Moses” for leading slaves to freedom, Harriet Tubman was a conductor on the Underground Railroad. William Lloyd Garrison risked his life to publish the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Some abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass, demanded freedom and full rights for African Americans. Supporters of slavery were sometimes violent. Abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy was murdered by an angry mob.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Women began to fight for their rights as well. • In the 1830s and 1840s, some women joined anti-slavery organizations and labor unions. • In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. • Susan B. Anthony led the fight for women’s suffrage.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1845, the U.S annexed Texas. In 1846, a dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico Sparked the Mexican- American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in a huge land sale to the United States. The Rio Grande River became the southern border of Texas.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1850, California applied for statehood as a free state, raising a new conflict over slavery. The discovery of gold in 1848 spurred a tremendous migration to California.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – proposed, but rejected, 1846 bill that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican-American War • Free-Soil Party – antislavery political party of the mid-1800s • Compromise of 1850 – political agreement that allowed California to be admitted as a free state by allowing popular sovereignty in the territories and enacting a stricter fugitive slave law; undid the Missouri Compromise
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Trace the growing conflict over the issue of slavery in the western territories. • Analyze the importance of the Dred Scott decision. • Explain how the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to secession. Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – proposed, but rejected, 1846 bill that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican-American War • Free-Soil Party – antislavery political party of the mid-1800s • Compromise of 1850 – political agreement that allowed California to be admitted as a free state by allowing popular sovereignty in the territories and enacting a stricter fugitive slave law; undid the Missouri Compromise
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • popular sovereignty – political policy that permitted the residents of federal territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery • Harriet Beecher Stowe – abolitionist author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska giving voters in each territory the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • Dred Scott v. Sandford – 1857 Supreme Court ruling that slaves were property, the federal government could not ban slavery in any territory, and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional • Abraham Lincoln – Republican who was elected President in 1860 • John Brown – abolitionist executed for leading an 1859 attack on a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • secede – to withdraw formally from a membership in a group or an organization
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 How did the issue of slavery divide the Union? Regional differences in the U.S widened in the 1800s, with the North developing an industrial economy and the South depending on plantation agriculture and slavery. In time, conflict over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • The failed Wilmot Proviso would have prohibited slavery in the new territories, while allowing it to continue in the South. The question of slavery in the West became a major issue after the Mexican-American War. • In 1848, a new political party called the Free- Soil Party called for “free soil, free speech, free labor and free men.”
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1850, California sought statehood, which threatened the balance between free and slave states in Congress. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter as a free state, while other new territories decided the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave Act required citizens to help apprehend runaway slaves.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1854, the Kansas- Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, causing proslavery and antislavery settlers to flock to Kansas. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an antislavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, increased opposition to slavery.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. Violence between the two sides earned the territory the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.” By 1856, Kansas had two governments, one proslavery, the other antislavery.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1856, Democrat James Buchanan ran for President. His opponent was John C. Frémont of the new Republican Party. Although Frémont lost, the Republican Party—which opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories— gained new popularity.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1857, the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision widened divisions between North and South. • The Supreme Court ruled against Scott, stating that slaves were property, not citizens. • The Court also said that the federal government could not ban slavery in any territory.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Republican Abraham Lincoln said that African Americans had the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The Lincoln-Douglas Illinois Senate debates of 1858 crystallized the slavery issue for many Americans. • Democrat Stephen Douglas—who supported popular sovereignty—won the Senate race, but Lincoln gained national attention.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Brown was arrested, tried, found guilty of treason, and executed. • Abolitionists saw him as a heroic martyr to the antislavery cause. • The sympathy he received in the North enraged southerners. Hoping to inspire a slave revolt, radical white abolitionist John Brown in 1859 tried to seize a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Northern Democrats picked Stephen Douglas. • Southern Democrats chose John Breckinridge. • John Bell was a fourth candidate. Lincoln’s reputation for integrity gained him the Republican nomination for President in 1860.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln won, taking 18 northern and western free states. He won only 40% of the popular vote but 60% of the electoral vote.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In time, four more states followed. Convinced that northern states would now control national politics, South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860 and was soon joined by six other states. They formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederate constitution stressed each state’s independence and guaranteed the protection of slavery.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 At first, Lincoln said he could not compel Confederate states to return to the Union. But then the Confederacy began seizing federal military bases in southern states. When Fort Sumter in South Carolina needed supplies, Lincoln told the Confederacy that he was sending food but no weapons.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Confederates decided to seize the fort before the supplies arrived. The Fall of Fort Sumter marked the start of the Civil War. In April 1861, after the Union commander refused to give up the fort, Confederate troops fired on it until the federal troops surrendered.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Evaluate the advantages the North enjoyed in the Civil War. • Analyze the impact of the Civil War on the North and South, especially the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation. • Explore the outcome and aftermath of the Civil War. Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Robert E. Lee – top Confederate general throughout the Civil War • Anaconda Plan – northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River • Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 decree by President Lincoln that freed enslaved people living in Confederate states still in rebellion • habeas corpus – constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison without charges being filed
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • inflation – rising prices • Ulysses S. Grant – important Union general who led Union armies to victory in the Civil War • Battle of Gettysburg – battle in 1863 in which Confederate troops were checked after invading the North and which resulted in more than 50,000 casualties • Gettysburg Address – speech by President Lincoln in which he dedicated a national cemetery in Gettysburg and reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union was fighting
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • William T. Sherman – Union general who in the fall of 1864 led Union troops on a 400-mile march of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina • total war – military strategy in which an army attacks not only enemy troops but the economic and civilian resources that support them
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 What factors and events led to the Union victory in the Civil War? The North had several advantages in the war, including its strong industries and transportation systems, a well-organized navy, and a large supply of immigrant labor. The success of the Anaconda Plan and victories at Gettysburg and on Sherman’s March to the Sea also worked to the North’s advantage.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The North’s goal was to preserve the Union. The North’s advantages • A large immigrant work force kept its factories running. • The North was able to produce more ammunition, arms, and other supplies. • It had an extensive railway system and naval superiority.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The South’s goal was independence. The South’s advantages • Although the South had a smaller army, at the outset of the war its troops were more committed to their cause. • The better military commanders, like Robert E. Lee, fought for the South. • The Confederacy did not have to conquer the North—it just had to survive until the North quit fighting.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Though both sides won battles, neither could gain a clear and decisive victory in the early part of the war. Efficient new weapons produced massive numbers of casualties, and limited medical care ensured that many of the wounded died of infection.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The North employed the Anaconda Plan to starve the South into submission. • Union forces planned to seize the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico so the South could not receive supplies. • By the middle of 1862, the North had captured most of the Mississippi Valley and a strategic railroad juncture in Tennessee.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Lincoln’s goal in the Civil War was to preserve the Union. • While personally opposed to slavery, in the early days of the war, he said that he lacked the authority to end the practice. • He feared alienating the slave-holding states that remained loyal to the Union: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 But in January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. • Slaves in states still in rebellion were freed. • Southern slaves were now encouraged to run away and help the Union. • Eventually, African Americans were recruited to fight in the Union Army and 180,000 served.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The war greatly affected life in the North. Mines and factories stepped up production of war supplies. The federal government raised tariffs. For their service, Congress offered soldiers land in the west. The federal government imposed an income tax.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 As the death toll for the war rose, Northern critics demanded peace. In July 1863, Congress imposed a draft on men 20-45 years of age, and draft riots ensued.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus, which guaranteed no one could be held in prison without specific charges. • Troops arrested many people suspected of disloyalty. • Lincoln felt this was a necessary action to help preserve the Union, but others criticized the move as unconstitutional.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The South suffered damage and hardships. Most battles took place in the South, which caused massive destruction. The Confederacy printed worthless paper money, which caused severe inflation. The combination of rising prices and food shortages sparked food riots in the South.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In July 1863, Union troops defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg. The battle was a turning point in the war. In his 1863 Gettysburg Address, Lincoln reaffirmed the war’s purpose − to preserve the Union. In 1864, General William T. Sherman marched across Georgia and South Carolina. Using a total war strategy, his troops destroyed buildings, crops, and railroad tracks.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In the spring of 1865, Union troops captured the Confederate capital. On April 9, General Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • More than one-third of all soldiers were killed or disabled. • The Southern landscape and economy were destroyed. • African Americans saw the promise of freedom and opportunity. The Civil War ushered in the harsh reality of modern warfare and had a lasting impact on the country.

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US History Week 1: Civil War

  • 1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Reform and Westward Expansion • Analyze growing democratization, as well as limits on democracy, in the 1800s. • Discuss the importance of the Second Great Awakening and the rise of various reform movements. • Explain how the nation expanded westward. Objectives
  • 2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Andrew Jackson – elected President in 1828; seen as representing the “common man”; restricted the rights of Native Americans • tariff – a tax on imported products • Second Great Awakening – a religious revival movement that spread across the U.S. during the first half of the 1800s • civil disobedience – the idea that people should peacefully refuse to obey laws they considered to be immoral
  • 3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • abolitionist – a reformer who sought a gradual or immediate end to slavery • Missouri Compromise – 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30'N latitude • Frederick Douglass – a runaway slave who started an abolitionist newspaper and spoke at abolitionist meetings
  • 4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • Underground Railroad – network of black and white abolitionists who aided slaves running away to the North or to Canada • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – suffrage advocate; organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention on women’s rights with Lucretia Mott • Susan B. Anthony – suffrage and women’s rights advocate and activist • Manifest Destiny – 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the U.S. was not only inevitable but a God-given right
  • 5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 What trends in democratization and reform were taking shape in the United States by 1850? In the mid-1800s, as the nation expanded westward, some Americans called for an expansion of democratic rights as well. Issues raised by reformers, such as women’s rights, continue to stir debate today.
  • 6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 By 1828, most states had ended property requirements for voting, and more white men over the age of 21 could vote than ever before. However, women and Native Americans could not vote at all, and free African Americans could vote in only a few states.
  • 7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The number of white male voters grew as democracy expanded. The Growing Electorate, 1824-1840
  • 8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Born to poor Irish immigrant parents, he had little early education, but he later acquired wealth and a plantation. • He was a hero of the War of 1812 and was seen as a representative of the “common man.” Partly as a consequence of expanded voting rights, Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828.
  • 9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Jackson Restricted Native American Rights The Cherokees and the Supreme Court • The Supreme Court upheld the Cherokees’ rights to land in Georgia. • Jackson ignored the Court’s decision and ordered Native Americans to move West. The Trail of Tears • Tens of thousands of Native Americans were forced to march from the South to Oklahoma. • The 1838 forced march of the Cherokees, now known as the Trail of Tears, caused much suffering and death.
  • 10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 However, Congress also lowered the tariff. Congress granted Jackson the authority to use troops to put down this challenge to federal authority. In the “Nullification Crisis,” South Carolina passed a law cancelling a federal tariff.
  • 11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Religious and social reform also grew. A Second Great Awakening called for moral perfection. Thousands attended outdoor camp meetings. Baptists, Methodists, African Methodist Episcopals, and new religious groups, such as the Mormons, expanded membership.
  • 12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Social reform grew out of religious fervor. The temperance movement sought to end alcohol abuse. Dorothea Dix advocated reforms to aid prisoners and the mentally ill. Horace Mann worked to improve public schools.
  • 13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 A Transcendentalist named Henry David Thoreau called for civil disobedience. Thoreau was one of a small number of reformers called abolitionists, who sought to end slavery as a moral wrong harming both slave and owner.
  • 14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The westward expansion of slavery became a political issue. • The Missouri Compromise of 1820 drew a line across the Louisiana Territory that separated free and slave territories. • Many Americans supported slavery because they believed their prosperity rested on the institution of slavery.
  • 15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Known as “Black Moses” for leading slaves to freedom, Harriet Tubman was a conductor on the Underground Railroad. William Lloyd Garrison risked his life to publish the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
  • 16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Some abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass, demanded freedom and full rights for African Americans. Supporters of slavery were sometimes violent. Abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy was murdered by an angry mob.
  • 17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Women began to fight for their rights as well. • In the 1830s and 1840s, some women joined anti-slavery organizations and labor unions. • In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. • Susan B. Anthony led the fight for women’s suffrage.
  • 18. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1845, the U.S annexed Texas. In 1846, a dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico Sparked the Mexican- American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in a huge land sale to the United States. The Rio Grande River became the southern border of Texas.
  • 19. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1850, California applied for statehood as a free state, raising a new conflict over slavery. The discovery of gold in 1848 spurred a tremendous migration to California.
  • 20. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – proposed, but rejected, 1846 bill that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican-American War • Free-Soil Party – antislavery political party of the mid-1800s • Compromise of 1850 – political agreement that allowed California to be admitted as a free state by allowing popular sovereignty in the territories and enacting a stricter fugitive slave law; undid the Missouri Compromise
  • 21. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Trace the growing conflict over the issue of slavery in the western territories. • Analyze the importance of the Dred Scott decision. • Explain how the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to secession. Objectives
  • 22. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – proposed, but rejected, 1846 bill that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican-American War • Free-Soil Party – antislavery political party of the mid-1800s • Compromise of 1850 – political agreement that allowed California to be admitted as a free state by allowing popular sovereignty in the territories and enacting a stricter fugitive slave law; undid the Missouri Compromise
  • 23. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • popular sovereignty – political policy that permitted the residents of federal territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery • Harriet Beecher Stowe – abolitionist author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska giving voters in each territory the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
  • 24. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • Dred Scott v. Sandford – 1857 Supreme Court ruling that slaves were property, the federal government could not ban slavery in any territory, and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional • Abraham Lincoln – Republican who was elected President in 1860 • John Brown – abolitionist executed for leading an 1859 attack on a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • secede – to withdraw formally from a membership in a group or an organization
  • 25. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 How did the issue of slavery divide the Union? Regional differences in the U.S widened in the 1800s, with the North developing an industrial economy and the South depending on plantation agriculture and slavery. In time, conflict over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War.
  • 26. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • The failed Wilmot Proviso would have prohibited slavery in the new territories, while allowing it to continue in the South. The question of slavery in the West became a major issue after the Mexican-American War. • In 1848, a new political party called the Free- Soil Party called for “free soil, free speech, free labor and free men.”
  • 27. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1850, California sought statehood, which threatened the balance between free and slave states in Congress. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter as a free state, while other new territories decided the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave Act required citizens to help apprehend runaway slaves.
  • 28. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1854, the Kansas- Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, causing proslavery and antislavery settlers to flock to Kansas. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an antislavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, increased opposition to slavery.
  • 29. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. Violence between the two sides earned the territory the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.” By 1856, Kansas had two governments, one proslavery, the other antislavery.
  • 30. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1856, Democrat James Buchanan ran for President. His opponent was John C. Frémont of the new Republican Party. Although Frémont lost, the Republican Party—which opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories— gained new popularity.
  • 31. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In 1857, the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision widened divisions between North and South. • The Supreme Court ruled against Scott, stating that slaves were property, not citizens. • The Court also said that the federal government could not ban slavery in any territory.
  • 32. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Republican Abraham Lincoln said that African Americans had the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The Lincoln-Douglas Illinois Senate debates of 1858 crystallized the slavery issue for many Americans. • Democrat Stephen Douglas—who supported popular sovereignty—won the Senate race, but Lincoln gained national attention.
  • 33. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Brown was arrested, tried, found guilty of treason, and executed. • Abolitionists saw him as a heroic martyr to the antislavery cause. • The sympathy he received in the North enraged southerners. Hoping to inspire a slave revolt, radical white abolitionist John Brown in 1859 tried to seize a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
  • 34. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Northern Democrats picked Stephen Douglas. • Southern Democrats chose John Breckinridge. • John Bell was a fourth candidate. Lincoln’s reputation for integrity gained him the Republican nomination for President in 1860.
  • 35. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln won, taking 18 northern and western free states. He won only 40% of the popular vote but 60% of the electoral vote.
  • 36. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In time, four more states followed. Convinced that northern states would now control national politics, South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860 and was soon joined by six other states. They formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederate constitution stressed each state’s independence and guaranteed the protection of slavery.
  • 37. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 At first, Lincoln said he could not compel Confederate states to return to the Union. But then the Confederacy began seizing federal military bases in southern states. When Fort Sumter in South Carolina needed supplies, Lincoln told the Confederacy that he was sending food but no weapons.
  • 38. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Confederates decided to seize the fort before the supplies arrived. The Fall of Fort Sumter marked the start of the Civil War. In April 1861, after the Union commander refused to give up the fort, Confederate troops fired on it until the federal troops surrendered.
  • 39. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • Evaluate the advantages the North enjoyed in the Civil War. • Analyze the impact of the Civil War on the North and South, especially the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation. • Explore the outcome and aftermath of the Civil War. Objectives
  • 40. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People • Robert E. Lee – top Confederate general throughout the Civil War • Anaconda Plan – northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River • Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 decree by President Lincoln that freed enslaved people living in Confederate states still in rebellion • habeas corpus – constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison without charges being filed
  • 41. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • inflation – rising prices • Ulysses S. Grant – important Union general who led Union armies to victory in the Civil War • Battle of Gettysburg – battle in 1863 in which Confederate troops were checked after invading the North and which resulted in more than 50,000 casualties • Gettysburg Address – speech by President Lincoln in which he dedicated a national cemetery in Gettysburg and reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union was fighting
  • 42. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • William T. Sherman – Union general who in the fall of 1864 led Union troops on a 400-mile march of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina • total war – military strategy in which an army attacks not only enemy troops but the economic and civilian resources that support them
  • 43. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 What factors and events led to the Union victory in the Civil War? The North had several advantages in the war, including its strong industries and transportation systems, a well-organized navy, and a large supply of immigrant labor. The success of the Anaconda Plan and victories at Gettysburg and on Sherman’s March to the Sea also worked to the North’s advantage.
  • 44. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The North’s goal was to preserve the Union. The North’s advantages • A large immigrant work force kept its factories running. • The North was able to produce more ammunition, arms, and other supplies. • It had an extensive railway system and naval superiority.
  • 45. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The South’s goal was independence. The South’s advantages • Although the South had a smaller army, at the outset of the war its troops were more committed to their cause. • The better military commanders, like Robert E. Lee, fought for the South. • The Confederacy did not have to conquer the North—it just had to survive until the North quit fighting.
  • 46. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Though both sides won battles, neither could gain a clear and decisive victory in the early part of the war. Efficient new weapons produced massive numbers of casualties, and limited medical care ensured that many of the wounded died of infection.
  • 47. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The North employed the Anaconda Plan to starve the South into submission. • Union forces planned to seize the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico so the South could not receive supplies. • By the middle of 1862, the North had captured most of the Mississippi Valley and a strategic railroad juncture in Tennessee.
  • 48. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Lincoln’s goal in the Civil War was to preserve the Union. • While personally opposed to slavery, in the early days of the war, he said that he lacked the authority to end the practice. • He feared alienating the slave-holding states that remained loyal to the Union: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri.
  • 49. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 But in January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. • Slaves in states still in rebellion were freed. • Southern slaves were now encouraged to run away and help the Union. • Eventually, African Americans were recruited to fight in the Union Army and 180,000 served.
  • 50. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The war greatly affected life in the North. Mines and factories stepped up production of war supplies. The federal government raised tariffs. For their service, Congress offered soldiers land in the west. The federal government imposed an income tax.
  • 51. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 As the death toll for the war rose, Northern critics demanded peace. In July 1863, Congress imposed a draft on men 20-45 years of age, and draft riots ensued.
  • 52. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus, which guaranteed no one could be held in prison without specific charges. • Troops arrested many people suspected of disloyalty. • Lincoln felt this was a necessary action to help preserve the Union, but others criticized the move as unconstitutional.
  • 53. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 The South suffered damage and hardships. Most battles took place in the South, which caused massive destruction. The Confederacy printed worthless paper money, which caused severe inflation. The combination of rising prices and food shortages sparked food riots in the South.
  • 54. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In July 1863, Union troops defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg. The battle was a turning point in the war. In his 1863 Gettysburg Address, Lincoln reaffirmed the war’s purpose − to preserve the Union. In 1864, General William T. Sherman marched across Georgia and South Carolina. Using a total war strategy, his troops destroyed buildings, crops, and railroad tracks.
  • 55. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1
  • 56. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 In the spring of 1865, Union troops captured the Confederate capital. On April 9, General Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
  • 57. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsReform and Westward Expansion Section 1 • More than one-third of all soldiers were killed or disabled. • The Southern landscape and economy were destroyed. • African Americans saw the promise of freedom and opportunity. The Civil War ushered in the harsh reality of modern warfare and had a lasting impact on the country.