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- 1. © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Name _________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________________ CHAPTER 8 Section 2 (pages 220–224) TERMS AND NAMES migration A permanent move from one area to another push-pull factors Reasons attracting or driving people to move Bantu-speaking peoples People who speak one of a group of languages related to Bantu CHAPTER8 AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS 77 Migration Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about African societies popu-lating the continent. In this section, you will read about the causes and effects of migration in Africa among Bantu-speaking peoples. AS YOU READ Use the chart below to record reasons for the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples. People on the Move (pages 220–221) What are the main reasons for migrations? Throughout human history, many peoples have felt the urge to move from their homes to a new land. This movement is called migration. There are many reasons that people make such a move. But they can be grouped into three main causes. They are environmental change, economic pressure, political and religious persecution. Reasons people move into or out of an area are called push-pull factors. People may be attracted or pulled into an area because they see economic advantages. Or they may move because they want freedom. Sometimes people are pushed out of an area because the environment changes and it is impossible to live there. Other times people may leave to find security or peace that can not be found in their area. These are examples of push factors. In studying times before written history, researchers look for clues to migrations. One clue they use is language. People take their language with them when they move to a new place. When historians find two languages from two distant areas that have words that are somewhat similar, they can conclude that those two languages may have both come from the same language. However, some time later the original speakers of the language moved apart. Then the two languages changed independ-ently. This kind of clue has given historians a way of understanding the early history of Africa. Farming methods used up the soil Movement of Bantu- Speaking People
- 2. © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Name three key reasons for migration. Massive Migrations (pages 220–224) Who were the Bantu-speaking peoples? Many languages spoken in Africa today developed from the same parent language called Proto-Bantu. The speakers of all these different languages are called the Bantu-speaking peoples. The people who spoke Bantu first lived in a part of modern Nigeria. In the first few centuries a.d., they began to move south and east. Over time, they spread throughout Africa south of the Sahara Desert, reach-ing the southern tip around 500 years ago. They brought their language and their culture with them. One of the reasons people moved had to do with their style of farming. They would clear an Push Examples Migration Factors Pull Examples Economic Skillbuilder 1. Categorizing Which pull example is associated with economic factors? 2. Drawing Conclusions Why would climate changes be considered a push factor? 78 CHAPTER8 SECTION 2 area and use it until the soil no longer could pro-duce good crops. The people then needed to move to a new area to clear new ground. Another reason they moved was that their farm-ing was so successful. Farming helped them pro-duce more food than they could by hunting and gathering. With more to eat, groups became larger and the land more crowded. They could not move north, where the Sahara Desert made a barrier. So they had to move farther and farther south. As they reached new areas, the Bantu peoples met other peoples. Sometimes these meetings were violent. The Bantus, who knew how to make iron, had better weapons than those they met, who only had stone tools. Some of the peoples that they met are still found in Africa. But they live in small areas with very harsh environments. The Bantus took the better land. 2. Why did the Bantu peoples keep moving to new areas? PUSH PULL Climate changes, exhausted resources, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought/famine Unemployment, slavery Religious, ethnic, or political persecution, war Environmental Political Abundant land, new resources, good climate Employment opportunities Political and/or religious freedom Migration: Push-Pull Factors