World after 1945 1

World After 1945-1
Beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of the Earth (which
includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history
comprises the study of archaeological and written records, from ancient times
on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[2][3] However,
the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing.
Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed
by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between
8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Agricultural Revolution marked
a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants
and animals.[4][5][6] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from
a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism
continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable
plant species;[7] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by
farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units,
fostered by advances in transportation.

U.S. Ends WWII with Nuclear Bomb Attacks Against Japan (1945): The U.S. unleashes
nuclear weapons upon the world by bombing Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Japan to end
WWII.
Beginning of Indonesian War of Independence Against Dutch (1945): The Dutch lose
control over most of Indonesia to the Japanese. When the Japanese withdrew upon
their defeat in WWII, Indonesia declared independence from the Netherlands,
leading to a 4-year war in an attempt to re-establish control over Indonesia.
Embargo on Spain (1945-53): In an effort led by the Allied Powers, the United Nations
placed a trade embargo on Spain for its part in aiding Germany and the Axis Powers
in WWII. This resulted in economic and diplomatic isolation, badly hindering Spain's
economy. The embargo was lifted in 1953. Spain would continue to suffer from
economic and political unrest until the 1960s, upon which the economy enjoyed a
boom.
Italian Monarchy Ends (1946): After WWII, Italian King Emmanual III attempted to
resurrect the monarchy. When the matter was put to a popular referendum vote, the
monarchy was abolished.

Beginning of the First Indochina War in Vietnam (1946): Pitting France
and the Vietnamese National Army against the communist Viet Minh,
who was supported by the USSR and China.
Greek Civil War (1946-49): Tensions had been running high between the
Pro-Democracy and Pro-Communism parties in Greece since 1942,
leading to periodic violence. War broke out in 1946, as the communist
faction waged guerilla warfare against the elected, pro-democracy
government (an election boycotted by the Communist party). The
communist guerillas were supported by surrounding communist
regimes, including the Soviet Union, Albania and Yugoslavia. The
democratic government forces were aided by the U.S. With the victory
of the government in power, Greece became a west-leaning nation,
joining NATO (anti-communist military coalition led by the U.S.) in 1952.
The vigorous, anti-communist disposition of the goverment would lead
to the military coup in 1967.

The United Nations Charter
• The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the
international organization called the United Nations.[1] It was signed at
the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San
Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original
member countries. (Poland, the other original member, which was not
represented at the conference, signed it two months later.) It entered into
force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the five permanent
members of the Security Council—the Republic of China under Chapter II
of the United Nations Charter (and currently by the People's Republic of
China), France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by
the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United States—and
a majority of the other signatories.
• As a charter, it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its
articles. Furthermore, Article 103 of the Charter states that obligations to
the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations.[1][2] Most
countries in the world have now ratified the Charter.

Cold War
• The Cold War was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers
in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the
Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in Warsaw Pact). Historians have not
fully agreed on the dates, It was "cold" because there was no large-scale fighting
directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars in Korea,
Vietnam and Afghanistan that the two sides supported. The Cold War split the
temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as
two superpowers with profound economic and political differences over totalitarian
communism and capitalist democracy. A deliberately neutral grouping arose with
the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction
rejected association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East.
• Causes
The Soviet Union wanted to spread its ideology of communism worldwide, which
alarmed the Americans who followed democracy.
The acquisition of atomic weapons by America caused fear in the Soviets.
Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass
destruction.
The Soviet Union's action of taking control over Eastern Europe was a major factor
for US suspicions.
The US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
America was annoyed by the Soviet Union's actions in the part of Germany it had
occupied.
The Soviets feared that America would use Western Europe as a base to attack it.

Effects
• Both the United States of America and the
Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic
weapons and ballistic missiles.
• The military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact
were formed.
• It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam
War and the Korean War.
• The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic
weaknesses.
• The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two
German nations were unified.
• The Warsaw Pact disintegrated.
• The Baltic States and some former Soviet
Republics achieved independence.
• America became the sole superpower of the
world.
• Communism collapsed worldwide.

Distrust Among Power & Blocs
• The Soviet Union and the United States slowly started to show their distrust for the other. Some of the ways this
presented itself included:
• Big 3 Alliance:
• During their Second World War alliance, Britain and the United States had been closer friends than either was
with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had asked the United States and the Allies to start a second front during
the War, which they did with D-Day in 1944. Stalin, however, felt that they waited longer than necessary so that
the Soviet Union would be weakened by Germany. This planted seeds of distrust.
• The Atomic Bomb:
• The Soviet Union was not included in the American/British creation of the atomic bomb during the Second World
War. They felt they were doing their part in the alliance and did not like being left out of something so
important. This helped to further cement distrust.
• The Marshall Plan:
• This distrust was further stretched when the United States created the Marshall Plan in 1947 to help rebuild
Europe. The United States would provide assistance to any country as long as they closed off any large
communist movement in their country.
• Needless to say, Stalin was against it and thought it would just encourage capitalism to prosper in these places,
so he and the other communist countries did not accept. The Soviet Union would later create the Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in 1948 instead, redrawing Eastern Europe’s economies so that they
followed that of the Soviet Union.

World divided in military blocs
• Western Bloc
• The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc[1] during the Cold War refers to the countries allied with the
United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and its allies. The latter were referred to as the
Eastern Bloc, a more common term in English than Western Bloc. The governments and press of the
Western Bloc were more inclined to refer to themselves as the "Free World" or "Western World."
"Western Europe" is a controversial term used to refer to democratic countries in Europe during the
Cold War, but the concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media.
• Cold War
• See also: Cold War, Anti-Communism, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Propaganda in
the Soviet Union
• The divisions between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc grew, due to their mutually hostile
policies the period was marked by Anti-Sovietism and second Red Scare in the Western Bloc.
McCarthyism brought persecution to the United States of anyone accused of disloyalty, including
many left-wing policy followers. In Europe, many countries that were not communist, often had
strong support for the communist or socialist parties, such as the French Communist Party or the
Socialist Party (Portugal). Many opted to implement elements of the socialist system such as the
welfare State, e.g. Folkhemmet. Scandinavian countries created economic systems based on
democracy and socialism.

• Eastern Bloc
• The Eastern Bloc was the former communist states of Central and
Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the
Warsaw Pact.[1][2][3] The terms Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc
were also used to denote groupings of states aligned with the
Soviet Union, although these terms might include states outside
Central and Eastern Europe.

Partition & Unification of Germany
• The formal unification of Germany into a politically and
administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18
January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France.
Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of
Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French
capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the de facto
transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a
federated organizations of states occurred far earlier, via alliances
formal and informal between noblemen— but also fitfully as self-
interests of parties hampered the process over nearly a century of
aristocratic experimentation from the dissolution of the Holy
Roman Empire (1806) and the consequent rise of nationalism over
the span of the Napoleonic Wars era.

• Problems of reorganization
• Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should
in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of
representatives. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did,
such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which
effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population.[13]
Furthermore, this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in
the overall scheme. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in
the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular come-back at
Waterloo. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in
German politics.[14]

German reunification
• German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung)
is a term of history. Unification means making two or more
parts as one. The German reunification is the unification of
the two parts of Germany.
• After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into
two countries. One was the Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG), also called "West Germany". The other part was the
German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called
"East Germany". The German reunification was on October 3,
1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal
Republic of Germany.
• During the Cold war (1945 – 1989)
• After World War II, Germany was divided into 4 occupation
zones by the 4 allied forces, France, Great Britain, The United
States of America and The Soviet Union (Russia) in 1945. In
1949 the French, British and American zones were made
joined into the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as
"West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a
separate state known as the German Democratic Republic, or
"East Germany".

Naming
There is debate as to whether the events of 1990 should be properly referred to as a
"reunification" or a "unification". Proponents of the former use the term in contrast
with the initial unification of Germany in 1871. Also when the Saarland joined the
West German Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, this was termed the
Small Reunification. Popular parlance, which uses "reunification", is deeply affected
by the 1989 opening of the Berlin Wall (and the rest of the inner German border)
and the physical reunification of the city of Berlin (itself divided only since 1945).
Others,[who?] however, argue that 1990 represented a "unification" of two German
states into a larger entity which, in its resulting form, had never before existed (see
History of Germany).
For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the
term "reunification" during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die
Wende. The official[1] and most common term in German is "Deutsche Einheit" (in
English "German unity"). German unity is the term that Hans-Dietrich Genscher used
in front of international journalists to correct them when they asked him about
"reunification" in 1990.

Foreign support and opposition
For decades, Germany's allies had stated their support for reunification; Israeli
Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, who speculated that a country that "decided to
kill millions of Jewish people" in the Holocaust "will try to do it again", was
one of the few world leaders to publicly oppose it. As reunification became a
realistic possibility, however, significant NATO and European opposition
emerged in private.[16]
A poll of four countries in January 1990 found that a majority of surveyed
Americans and French supported reunification, while British and Poles were
more divided. 69% of Poles and 50% of French and British stated that they
worried about a reunified Germany becoming "the dominant power in
Europe". Those surveyed stated several concerns, including Germany again
attempting to expand its territory, a revival of Nazism, and the German
economy becoming too powerful. While Britons, French and Americans
favored Germany remaining a member of NATO, a majority of Poles supported
neutrality for the reunified nation.[17]

Fundamental Changes in International
System
• The International System of Units, known as the SI, is used throughout the world
to express the results of measurements in almost all aspects of modern society,
from advanced science and technology, via precision manufacturing to daily life.
The roots of the SI go back to the Metre Convention signed in 1875 by 17 countries
and now consisting of 55 signatories, but being applied in almost all countries of
the world. The Convention established the General Conference of Weights and
Measures (CGPM), a diplomatic body of representatives of each member state
which meets usually every four years and has the authority to decide on any
changes or extensions to the SI. In October 2011, the CGPM adopted a resolution
[1] paving the way to a major revision of the SI.
• The building blocks of the SI are the seven base units: second, metre, kilogram,
ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. In recent years, possible new definitions of the
base units were intensively discussed among specialists. In the course of the
planned changes, especially the unit of mass, the kilogram, which is the last
remaining unit defined in terms of an artefact, should be based on fundamental
physical constants. The responsible committees of the Metre Convention have
worked out a detailed proposition for the new SI which includes new definitions
for the base units kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole.

Rise of independent nations in Asia
and Africa
• A positive result of the world war 2 was
that it ended inperialism / dictorship in
europe. With that a host of countries in
asia and africa came up. Although ever
fore world war 2, freedom movements
had already started in different
countries.
• Asia who were under foreign rule.
These freedom movements became
more powerfull during the war. During
and after war dominance of
imperialistic countries started
proceding. Whereas in asian countris
freedom movements started becoming
more and more persistent

• India achieved independence in 1947 after long
freedom movement. Owing of the war, britain
had to accept burma’s demand on
independence thus in 1948 burma also became
independent during world war 2, srilanka which
is situated in the south of india also had started
efforts to achive independence.
• Intially, britain tired to satisfy their demand by
allowing them. Colonial self rule
• But as their movement became independent in
1949, indonesia was freed from the clutches of
the netherlands in the case of indonesia the
united nations played an important role during
these years in the fas eastern asian countries
such as laos, cambodia, vietnam etc.

World after 1945 1

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