X -3--fig. 1. – connection classification by stiffness and strength

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BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IASI ¸
Publicat de
Universitatea Tehnic˘ ,,Gheorghe Asachi” din Iasi
a ¸
Tomul LV (LIX), Fasc. 1, 2009
Sectia
¸
CONSTRUCTII. ARHITECTURA
¸ ˘

SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL CONNECTIONS
BY

S. C. MELENCIUC, A. I. STEFANCU and IOANA OLTEANU
¸
Abstract. One of the main problems that occurre in the designing process of steel
structure is the achieving of a proper connection. By the means of ductility, similar to
the case of structures, connections are divided into ductility classes. The estimation of
the ductility is based on the plastic rotation capacity of the connection. One of the most
important aspects that one needs to take into account when designing a steel structure
is the dissipative mechanism of the structure as well as the structural properties of the
connection. The accurate estimation of connections structural properties is crucial in order
to correctly choose the structural type and the structural analysis scenario to be applied.
Key Words: Seismic Design; Steel Connection; Ductility.

1. Introduction
In case of large seismic events the design of steel structures must be able to
accurately approximate the response of the structure beyond the elastic range.
As a consequence a mechanism must be supplied within some elements of the
structural system so to accommodate the large displacement demand imposed by
earthquake ground motions. In everyday applications, structural elements, such as
walls, beams, braces and to a lesser extent columns and connections, are designed
to undergo local deformations well beyond the elastic limit of the material without
signiﬁcant loss of capacity. Provisions of such large deformation capacity, known
as ductility, are a fundamental tenet of seismic design.
In most cases, good seismic design practice has incorporated an approach
that would provide for the ductility to occur in the members rather than the
connections. This is especially the case for the steel frame structures, were the
basic material has long been considered the most ductile of all materials used for
building construction [1].
Another design philosophy encourages the contributions to the displacement
ductility demand of connections through absorption of substantial energy quanti-
ties. In order to properly incorporate these elements into seismic design a much
greater level of attention needs to be paid than for standard connection design
or for moment connections to be subjected only to typical static loads. Besides
typical strength requirements, such connections should take into account factors
like

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50 S. C. Melenciuc, A. I. Stefancu and Ioana Olteanu
¸

a) toughness of joining elements in the connections, including any weldments,
b) high level of understanding of the distribution of stresses and strains
throughout the connection,
c) elimination of stress concentrations,
d) detailed consideration of the flow of forces and the expected path of
yielding in the connection,
e) good understanding of the properties of the materials being joined at the
connection,
f) the need for heightened quality control in fabrication erection, and inspec-
tion of the connection.
While these types of considerations are particularly critical for connections
where inelastic response is anticipated, it also behooves the designers to take
factors such as these into account for all connections of the seismic resisting
system.

2. Structural Properties of Connections
2.1. Connection stiffness

The connections stiffness can be taken as the slope of the M − φ curve, (Fig.
1). Since the curves are nonlinear from the start, it is possible to define this
stiffness based on tangent approach or on secant approach. A tangent approach is
viable only if the analysis programs available can handle a continuous, nonlinear
rotational spring. Even in this case, the computational overhead can be large and
this option is recommended only for verification of the seismic performance of
irregular structures. In most designs, for regular frames, a secant approach will
probably yield a reasonable solution at a fraction of the calculation effort required
by the tangent approach. In this case, the analysis can be carried out in two steps
using linear springs. The stiffness of the connection is meaningful only when
compared to the stiffness of the connected members.
A joint may be classified as rigid/fully restrained (FR), nominally pinned/simple
or semi-rigid/partially restrained (PR) according to its rotational stiffness, by
comparing its initial rotational stiffness. A nominally pinned joint shall be capable
of transmitting the internal forces, without developing significant moments which
might adversely affect the members or the structure as a whole. A nominally
pinned joint shall be capable of accepting the resulting rotations under the design
loads. Joints classified as rigid may be assumed to have sufficient rotational
stiffness to justify analysis based on full continuity. A joint which does not meet
the criteria for a rigid joint or a nominally pinned joint should be classified as a
semi-rigid joint.
According to EN 1993-1-8 [2], the joints may be classified based on their
rotational stiffness, by comparing its initial rotational stiffness with the bending
stiffness of the connected members.

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Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LIV (LVIII), f. 1, 2008 55
i stiffness, by comparing its initial rotational stiffness. A nominally pinned joint i
shall be capable of transmitting the internal forces, without developing
i significant moments which might adversely affect the members or the structure i
as a whole. A nominally pinned joint shall be capable of accepting the resulting
rotations under the design loads. Joints classified as rigid may be assumed to
have sufficient rotational stiffness to justify analysis based on full continuity. A
joint which does not meet the criteria for a rigid joint or a nominally pinned
joint should be classified as a semi-rigid joint.
Bul. Inst. Polit. Iasi, t. LV (LIX), f. 1, 2009
¸ 51

M connection
M p, beam
S j,ini- tangent approach
1.2 Full Strength
S j,ini- secant approach
1.0

0.8 Partial Strength
FR
0.6
PR
0.4

0.2
Simple Rotation[radx10 3]
10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 1 – Connection classification by stiffness and strength
Fig. 1. – Connection classification by stiffness and strength.
According to EN 1993-1-8 [1], the joints may be classified based on
their rotational stiffness, by comparing its initial rotational stiffness with the
bendingconnections the connectedas being rigid if
The stiffness of are classified members.
The connections are classified as being rigid if:
(1)
kb EIb
(1) SS j ,ini≥ kb ⋅ E ⋅, I b / Lb
j,ini ≥
Lb
where:
-
where kb = 8 8 for frames where the bracing system reduces the horizontal
= for frames where the bracing system reduces the horizontal
displacement by at least kb = ;
displacement by at least 80% and 80% 25 for other frames, provided that in every
b = ≥ for
storey kk /kc 25 0.1 other frames, provided that in every storey k / k ≥ 0.1
- b b c
The connections are classified as being nominally pinned if
If kb / kc ≤ 0.1 the connections should be classified as being semi-rigid.
0.5EIb
The connections are classified as being nominally pinned if:
(2) S j,ini ≤
(1) S j ,ini ≤ 0.5 b E ⋅ I b / Lb
L⋅
Key:
where: kb – the mean value of Ib /Lb for all the beams at the top of that storey, kc –
the meanb value of Ic /Lvalueall the /columns inthe beams at Ithe top of that storey,
k is the mean for of I b Lb for all that storey, – the second moment
c b
of area kc is beam, Ic –valuesecond/ moment of area of a column,storey, span of
of a the mean the of I c Lc for all the columns in that Lb – the
the beam (centre-to-centre of columns) and Lc – the storey height of a column.

2.2. Connection Strength

A connection can be also be classified in terms of strength as either a full-
strength, nominally pinned or partial-strength. The design resistance of a full
strength joint shall be not less than that of the connected members, while a
partial-strength connection can only develop a portion of it. A nominally pinned
joint shall be capable of transmitting the internal forces, without developing
significant moments which might adversely affect the members or the structure
as a whole. For classifying connection according to strength, it is common

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to nondimensionalize the vertical axis of the M − φ curve by the beam plastic
moment capacity, Mp,beam , [1] as is shown in Fig. 1. Connections not capable
of transmitting at least 25% of the design resistance for full strength connections
are classified as nominally pinned. A nominally pinned joint shall be capable of
accepting the resulting rotations under the design loads. A joint which does not
meet the criteria for a full-strength joint or a nominally pinned joint should be
classified as a partial-strength joint.

2.3. Connection Ductility

Connection ductility is a key parameter either when the deformations are
concentrated in the connection elements, as is the typical case in semi-rigid
connections, or when large rotations are expected adjacent to the connections,
as in the case of ductile moment frames with welded connections. The required
ductility will depend on the flexibility of the connections and the particular
application (for example, a braced frame in a nonseismic area versus an unbraced
frame in high seismic area). A connection can be classified as ductile based on
both its absolute and its relative rotation capacity.
The design code EN 1998-1 [3] has introduced three levels of structural
ductility class connections with design concepts and range of reference values
of the behavior factors: low ductility class (DCL), medium ductility class (DCM)
and high ductility class (DCH). For medium and high ductility classes, specific
requirements are introduced concerning structural ductility (behavior factor q),
element ductility (cross sectional classes), material (yield strength and toughness)
and joint ductility (rotation capacity).
Dissipative semi-rigid and/or partial strength connections are permitted,
provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
a) the connections have a rotation capacity consistent with the deformations;
b) members framing into the connections are demonstrated to be stable at
ultimate limit state (ULS);
c) the effect of connections deformation on global drift is taken into account
using nonlinear static (pushover) global analysis or nonlinear time history analy-
sis.
The overstrength condition for connections need do not apply necessarily if
the connections are designed in a manner enabling them to contribute significantly
to the energy dissipation necessary to achieve the chosen q-factor.
The moment frame connections design should be such that the plastic rotation
capacity in the plastic hinge is not less than 35 mrad for structures of high ductility
class and 25 mrad for structures of medium ductility class with q > 2. When
assessing the rotation capacity in the plastic hinge the following factors must be
taken into consideration: deformation of the connection, including column web
panel deformation; plastic hinge rotation and elastic deformation of the beam [4].
The column elastic deformation should not be included in the evaluation of plastic

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rotation capacity of the plastic hinge [3].
Even with the limits mentioned above for the rotation capacity of joints, EN
1998-1 does not specify any formula for this evaluation, except testing and design
experience.
Moment frames, defined as a building frame systems in which seismic shear
forces are resisted by shear and flexure in members and connections of the
frame are divided as follows (according to AISC 341-05 [5]): special moment
frame (SMF), intermediate moment frame (IMF) and ordinary moment frame
(OMF). According to the same regulations, the moment frame connections must
be designed so that the plastic rotation capacity in the plastic hinge to be at least
40 mrad for SMF and Silviu Cristian, Ștefancu Andrei Ionuț, Olteanuthe elastic rotation of
58 Melenciuc
20 mrad for IMF This values include Ioana
the column, which equal to 10 mrad for most of the moment frames [5].
buckling if the rotation capacity of the beam-to-column joints1998-1 and AISC
Even or slip, particularly under cyclic loading. Both EN is connected with
the classification of frames, the AISC code isin ductile connections subjected the
341-05 require that the strength degradation not providing any formula for to
evaluation of to bevery important characteristic.
cyclic loads this limited to 20% of the maximum capacity when the relative or
absolute rotation limits are reached.
M connection
M p, beam
1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 DCM/IMF Less than 20% loss
from maximum
Brittle Ductile
0.4
DCH/SMF
0.2
Brittle Ductile Rotation[radx10 3 ]

25/20 35/30
Fig. 2 – Connection classification by absolute ductility
Fig. 2. – Connection classification by absolute ductility.
Figure 2 presents the classification boundaries based on the absolute
rotation American document with high and medium ductility according to EN
The for moment frames FEMA 350 [6], in chapter 3: ”Connection Qual-
ification”, provides moment frames data and design procedures for according
1998-1 and Special pre-qualificationand Intermediate moment frames alternative
to AISC 341-05.
types of welded, fully restrained, steel moment-frame connections, suitable for
For comparing the rotation capacity of connections with similar
use in new constructions. This pre-qualification is extremely important, because a
designer is able to choose a type of connection and then µ equal to the ratio of
moment–rotation capacity a relative ductility index to follow the instructions
concerning the cross sectional dimensions, in order to obtain relative ductilities
ultimate rotation to the yield rotation can be defined. Usually, a certain ductility
class or more joint. been associatedconnections, connections [2].
of 6 of the have These SMF with ductile described in FEMA 350 design
document, are designed to sustain a total rotation of 40 mrad before significant
strength degradationSeismic mrad before complete loss of resistance.
3. and 60 Design Requirements for Connections
Both, the absolute and relative rotation capacities, however, need to take into
Proper system selection is a critical element in successful seismic design.
Various systems, such as fully and partially restrained moment-resisting frames,
concentrically braced frames and eccentrically braced frames, are addressed in
the EN 1998-1 and AISC 341-05 seismic provisions. These provisions have
i specific requirements for the different structural system that address connection i
design.
Connection design depends very much on the designer’s decision regarding
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the method by which the structure is analyzed. Eurocode 3 gives four
approaches for the design of a structure in which the behavior of the connection
is fundamental. These design methods are defined as simple design, semi-
continuous design, continuous design and experimental verification. Elastic,

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account any strength degradation that may occur as a result of local buckling or
slip, particularly under cyclic loading. Both EN 1998-1 and AISC 341-05 require
that the strength degradation in ductile connections subjected to cyclic loads to be
limited to 20% of the maximum capacity when the relative or absolute rotation
limits are reached.
Fig. 2 presents the classification boundaries based on the absolute rotation
for moment frames with high and medium ductility according to EN 1998-1 and
special moment frames and intermediate moment frames according to AISC 341-
05.
For comparing the rotation capacity of connections with similar moment-
rotation capacity a relative ductility index, µ, equal to the ratio of ultimate rotation
to the yield rotation can be defined. Usually, relative ductilities of 6 or more have
been associated with ductile connections [1].

3. Seismic Design Requirements for Connections
Proper system selection is a critical element in successful seismic design.
Various systems, such as fully and partially restrained moment-resisting frames,
concentrically braced frames and eccentrically braced frames, are addressed in the
EN 1998-1 and AISC 341-05 seismic provisions. These provisions have specific
requirements for the different structural system that address connection design.

Table 1
Type of Joint Model
Method of global
Classification of joint
analysis
Elastic Nominally pinned Rigid Semi-rigid
Rigid–Plastic Nominally pinned Full-strength Partial-strength
Semi-rigid and
partial-strength,
Rigid and Semi-rigid and
Elastic–Plastic Nominally pinned
full-strength full-strength,
Rigid and
partial-strength
Type of joint model Simple Continuous Semi-continuous

Connection design depends very much on the designer’s decision regarding
the method by which the structure is analysed. Eurocode 3 gives four approaches
for the design of a structure in which the behavior of the connection is funda-
mental. These design methods are defined as simple design, semi-continuous
design, continuous design and experimental verification. Elastic, plastic and
elastic–plastic methods of global analysis can be used with any of the first three
approaches, and Table 1 shows how the joint classification, the type of framing
and the method of global analysis are related [2].

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For moment-frames with high and medium ductility classes connections have
specified values for both inelastic deformation and strength capacities, since it
expected that these connections will absorb substantial energy during the design
earthquake. Deformation capacities are to be demonstrated by qualified cyclic
testing of the selected connection type. At the minimum acceptable inelastic
deformation level, the provisions require that the nominal beam plastic moment,
Mp, be reached unless local buckling or a reduced beam approach is followed,
in which the value is reduced to 0.8 of the nominal beam plastic moment. The
minimum beam shear connection capacity is defined as resisting a combination of
full-factored dead load, a portion of live and snow load, and the shear that would
be generated by the expected moment capacity (including material overstrength)
of the beam due to seismic actions. For moment frames with low ductility class,
the strength requirement is similar and the deformation limit is reduced.
The design requirements for partial-strength in frames with high and medium
ductility are similar to those required for full-strength connections as described
previously. For structures with low ductility, a set of requirements are provide to
ensure a minimum capacity level of 50% of the weaker connected member, and
that connection flexibility is considered in the determination of the overall frames
drifts.

4. Conclusions
A very important aspect that needs to be taken into consideration, when
performing the seismic design of steel structures, is the dissipative mechanism
of the structure. In the case of moment frames the seismic energy dissipative
mechanisms ensure the consumption of energy by the plastic deformation of
certain parts of the structure. As shown previously, the plastic hinge can be
directed to the beams or even to the connection’s elements, in the case of moment
frames.
Due to the fact that the structural properties of connection subjected to cyclic
loads can be determined only through experimental testing the global analysis
as well as the design of the constructive details becomes very laborious when
one chooses to direct the plastic hinges to the connection’s elements. The
provisions regarding the ductile connection pre-qualification provided in the
American FEMA 350 document facilitate the design of such structures. In order
to make life easier for the designers a similar standard should be elaborated, that
must provide pre-qualification guidelines for connections.
An important aspect that must be taken into consideration when dealing with
structures that are designed with connections having a dissipative behavior is the

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difficulties faced when retrofitting/replacing the damaged components, due to a
strong seismic action, of that connection.

Received, February, 27, 2009 ,,Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Jassy,
Department of Structural Mechanics.
e-mail: melenciucsilviu@ce.tuiasi.ro

REFERENCES

1. Tamboli A.R., Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details. McGraw-
Hills Press, NY, 1993.
2. ∗ ∗ ∗ Design of Steel Structures, Part 1-8: Design of Joints, EN 1993-1-1.
3. ∗ ∗ ∗ Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 1: General Rules, Seismic
Action and Rules for Buildings, EN 1998-1.
4. Fardis M., Carvalho A., Elnashai A. et al., Designers Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN
1998-5. Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance. General Rules,
Seismic Action and Rules for Buildings, Foundations and Retaining Structures. 2005.
5. ∗ ∗ ∗ Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 341-05.
6. ∗ ∗ ∗ Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings.
Sac Joint Venture, 2000, FEMA 350.

PROIECTAREA SEISMICA A ˆ
˘ IMBINARILOR METALICE
˘

(Rezumat)

Una din principalele probleme ce apar ˆn proiectarea structurilor metalice o constituie
ı
asigurarea unei ductilit˘¸i satisf˘ c˘ toare a ˆmbin˘ rilor. Din punct de vedere al ductilit˘¸ii,
at a a ı a at
similar structurilor, ˆmbin˘ rile sunt clasificate ˆn clase de ductilitate. Modul de evaluare a
ı a ı
ductilit˘¸ii ˆmbin˘ rilor se realizeaz˘ pe baza capacit˘¸ii de rotire plastic˘ a acestora. Unul
at ı a a at a
din cele mai importante aspecte ce trebuie luate ˆn considerare atunci cand se proiecteaz˘
ı a
seismic structurile metalice este mecanismul de disipare a energiei seismice precum si ¸
propriet˘¸ile structurale ale ˆmbin˘ rilor. Determinarea corect˘ a propriet˘¸ilor structurale
at ı a a at
ale ˆmbin˘ rilor este esential˘ pentru a alege corect tipul si metoda de calcul a structurii.
ı a ¸ a ¸

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X -3--fig. 1. – connection classification by stiffness and strength

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