Presentation on Transmission Media
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This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It also covers unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to classify and explain the basic concepts of different transmission media and their use in data communication networks.
Presentation on Transmission Media
- 2. Group : Silent Hunter Group Member : • Syed Ahmed Zaki ID:131-15-2169 • Fatema Khatun ID:131-15-2372 • Sumi Basak ID:131-15-2364 • Priangka Kirtania ID:131-15-2385 • Afruza Zinnurain ID:131-15-2345 2
- 3. Acknowledgement 3 Md. Sarwar Jahan Morshed Assistant Professor Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering Daffodil International University
- 4. Content Transmission Media Guided Media: Twisted Pair UTP STP Co-Axial Cable Fibre Optic Cable Propagartion Modes Transmission Impairment Unguided Media: Propagation Methods Radio Waves Antenna Microwaves Infrared 4
- 5. What is Tranmission Media ? In data communication, • Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. • We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data. • Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals. 5
- 6. Description • Transmission media are located below the physical layer • Computers use signals to represent data. • Signals are transmitted in form of electromagnetic energy. 6
- 7. Classification of Transmission media 7
- 8. Twisted-pair cable A twisted pair consists of two conductors Basically copper based With its own plastic insulation, twisted together. 8
- 9. Twisted Pair Description • Provide protection against cross talk or interference(noise) • One wire use to carry signals to the receiver • Second wire used as a ground reference • For twisting, after receiving the signal remains same. • Therefore number of twists per unit length, determines the quality of cable. 9
- 10. Twisted Pair Advantages: • Cheap • Easy to work with Disadvantages: • Low data rate • Short range 10
- 11. Twisted Pair - Applications • Very common medium • Can be use in telephone network • Connection Within the buildings • For local area networks (LAN) 11
- 12. Twisted Pair Cables Twisted Pair cables Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted pair (STP) 12
- 13. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Description • Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other • Easiest to install 13
- 14. Applications UTP : Telephone subscribers connect to the central telephone office DSL lines LAN – 10Mbps or 100Mbps 14
- 15. UTP Cable Types Cat 7 Cat 6 Cat 5e Cat 5 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 1 UTP Cat means category according to IEEE standards. IEEE is de jure standard 15
- 16. Categories of UTP cables 16
- 17. UTP connector and Tools RJ45 (RJ stands for registered jack) is a keyed connector, it means that it can be inserted in only one way 17 Crimper Tool
- 18. Advantages of UTP: Affordable Most compatible cabling Major networking system Disadvantages of UTP: • Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference 18
- 19. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) • Pair of wires wound around each other placed inside a protective foil wrap • Metal braid or sheath foil that reduces interference • Harder to handle (thick, heavy) 19
- 20. STP Application • STP is used in IBM token ring networks. • Higher transmission rates over longer distances. 20
- 21. Advantages of STP: Shielded Faster than UTP Disadvantages of STP: More expensive than UTP High attenuation rate 21
- 22. Co-axial Cable Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair cable • Inner conductor is a solid wire • Outer conductor serves as a shield against noise and a second conductor 22
- 23. Categories of coaxial cables Coaxial cables are categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings, RG is De Jure standards 23
- 24. Coaxial Cable Connectors BNC Connectors – Bayone Neil Concelman To connect coaxial cable to devices we need coaxial connectors BNC Connector is used at the end of the cable to a device Example: TV set conenction BNC T connector used to Ethernet networks to branch out connection to computer or other devices BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal 24
- 25. Coaxial Cable Applications • Most versatile medium • Television distribution • Long distance telephone transmission • Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously • Short distance computer systems links • Local area networks 25
- 26. COAXIAL CABLE ADVANTAGES Easy to wire Easy to expand Moderate level of Electro Magnetic Interference DISADVANTAGE Single cable failure can take down an entire network Cost of installation of a coaxial cable is high due to its thickness and stiffness Cost of maintenance is also high 26
- 27. Fiber-Optic Cable A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals in the form of light. Nature of light: Light travels in a straight line If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light changes direction Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a less dence substance 27
- 28. Bending of light ray • Angle of Incidence (I): the angle the ray makes with the line perpendicular to the interface between the two substances • Critical Angle: the angle of incidence which provides an angle of refraction of 90-degrees. 28
- 29. Optical fiber • Uses reflection to guide light through a channel • Core is of glass or plastic surrounded by Cladding • Cladding is of less dense glass or plastic An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric sections: the core, the cladding, and the jacket(outer part of the cable). Jacket 29
- 31. Fiber – Optic cable Connectors 31 Subscriber Channel (SC) Connecter Straight-Tip (ST) Connecter Same szie as RJ45 connector
- 32. Areas of Application Telecommunications Local Area Networks Cable TV CCTV Medical Education 32
- 33. Optical Fiber Advantages Greater capacity Example: Data rates at 100 Gbps Smaller size & light weight Lower attenuation Electromagnetic isolation More resistance to corrosive materials Greater repeater spacing facility Example: After every 10s of km at least 33
- 34. Optical Fiber Disadvantages • Installation and maintenance need expertise • Only Unidirectional light propagation • Much more expensive 34
- 35. Propagation Modes When signal goes from one point to another there are need for propagation modes. Propagation Modes Multimode Single Mode Step -Index Graded - Index 35
- 37. Transmission Impairment • The Imperfection in transmission media causes signal impairment • What is sent is not what is received due to impairment • Three causes of impairement are 1)Attenuation, 2)Distortion 3)Noise ATTENUATION DISTORTION NOISE 37
- 38. Transmission Impairment • Attenuation means a loss of energy. • Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape. • Noise is another cause of impairement. • Several types of noise Example: thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk 38
- 39. Unguided Media: Wireless Transmission Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor it is known as wireless communication. Signals broadcast through free space and available to capable receiver Electro magnetic spectrum for wireless communication: Radio wave & Micro wave Infrared 3 kHz 300GHz 400THz 900THz 39
- 40. Propagation methods Unguided signals travels from the source to destination in several ways it is known as propagation. They are three types: Ground propagation Sky propagation Line-of-Sight Propagation 40
- 41. Ground propagation: Radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere Touching the earth. Sky propagation: Radio waves radiate to the ionosphere then they are reflected back to earth. Line-of-Sight Propagation: In straight lines directly from antenna to antenna. 41
- 42. Bands using propagation method Band Range Propagation Application VLF 3–30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation LF 30–300 KHz Ground Radio beacons and navigational locators MF 300 KHz–3 MHz Sky AM radio HF 3–30 MHz Sky Citizens band (CB), ship/aircraft communication VHF 30–300 MHz Sky and line-of-sight VHF TV, FM radio UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz Line-of-sight UHF TV, cellular phones, paging, satellite SHF 3–30 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication EHF 30–300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation 42
- 43. Unguided Media Wireless transmission waves 43
- 44. Unguided Media – Radio Waves Omnidirectional Antenna Frequencies between 3 KHz and 1 GHz. Used for multicasts(multiple way) communications, such as radio and television, and paging system. Radio waves can penetrate buildings easily, so that widely use for indoors & outdoors communication. 44
- 45. Antennas An Antenna is a structure that is generally a metallic object may be a wire or group of wires, used to convert high frequency current into electromagnetic waves. Antenna are two types: • Transmission antenna Transmit radio frequency from transmitter Radio frequency then Convert to electromagnetic energy by antenna Then, radiate into surrounding environment • Reception antenna Electromagnetic energy get in antenna Then Antenna convert radio frequency to electrical energy Then, Goes to receiver same antenna can be used for both purposes 45
- 46. Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered and there are no obstacles in the path 46 Microwaves
- 47. Micro waves Transmission • Microwaves are unidirectional • Micro waves electromagnetic waves having frequency between 1 GHZ and 300 GHZ. • There are two types of micro waves data communication system : terrestrial and satellite • Micro waves are widely used for one to one communication between sender and receiver, example: cellular phone, satellite networks and in wireless LANs(wifi), WiMAX,GPS 47
- 48. Infrared Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz. Used for short-range communication Example: Night Vision Camera,Remote control, File sharing between two phones, Communication between a PC and peripheral device, 48
- 49. References Data communication and Networking, fourth edition By : BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN And various relevant websites 49
- 50. Any Question ?
- 51. Thank You