In computer organization, a computer instruction is a set of commands that tells the computer hardware to perform a specific operation. Therefore, computer instructions are the primary building blocks of a computer program and hence a software, because computer instructions are entirely responsible for execution of the program or software. In this article, we will learn the basic computer instructions in computer organization. The format in which the computer instructions are to be written is defined by the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the computer. The instruction set architecture defines the set of instructions that are supported by the processor ... Read More

Within the field of computer science, productive task scheduling plays a pivotal part in optimizing resource allocation and assembly time constraints. Scheduling with deadlines is a principal concept that spins around allocating tasks or processes to resources while considering time limitations or deadlines. The objective is to ensure that tasks are completed within their assigned time limits, minimizing lateness, and ensuring timely execution. This article explores the concept of scheduling with deadlines in computer science, its significance in different spaces, and the approaches and procedures utilized to meet time constraints. It dives into the challenges related to scheduling tasks within ... Read More

In computer programming, system calls and library calls are essential mechanisms used to interact with the underlying operating system and perform various operations. While they both involve invoking functions or routines, there are distinct differences between system calls and library calls. Understanding these differences is crucial for developers to efficiently utilize these mechanisms in their applications. This article explores the dissimilarities between system calls and library calls, shedding light on their respective characteristics and functionalities. What is System Call? A system call is a mechanism provided by the operating system that allows user-level programs to request services from the operating ... Read More

A Firmware is a set of instructions or a block of code that is programmed in hardware devices. It instructs the hardware to perform its function when the call is made. Firmware is present in computers and electronic devices. Operating system is a software that sits in between the software and hardware of the computer system. It acts as a mediator and provides the interface to interact with them. Operating systems are used in computers, laptops, TV, mobiles, etc. What is a Firmware? A Firmware is a small code embedded in the hardware. They are modified software versions. The ... Read More

There are two different modes of addressing namely, Direct Addressing Mode and Implied Addressing Mode, to address operands in computer programs. Therefore, the fundamental difference between direct and implied addressing modes is in their method of specifying operands in computer programming. Before discussing the differences between direct and implied addressing modes, let us first know a bit about them individually. What is Direct Addressing Mode? In computer programming, the addressing mode in which the actual memory address of the data is given to specify the operand is termed as direct addressing mode. Therefore, in the case of direct addressing mode, ... Read More

A combinational circuit is one that contains logic gates. Encoders and decoders are such combinational circuits in which one changes the input data into binary code and the other one decodes it to its original input signal. Both encoders and decoders are multiple input and multiple output devices Encoding allows the input signal to function on various systems. For instance, when we search something in the web browser, it is converted into a binary code (encoding) which can be understood by it then search for it and send the results back to the user by converting the binary form into ... Read More

In this article, you will understand the difference between fuzzy logic and probability. Fuzzy logic It is a many-valued logic where the truth value of variables may be a real number between 0 and 1, including 0 and 1. Everything is associated with a degree. It is based on natural language processing. It can be integrated with programming. It is best suited for approximation. It is generally used by quantitative analysts. It helps understand the concept of vagueness. It captures the meaning of partial truth. The degree of membership is in a set. It is used in air conditioners, ... Read More

There are two distinct varieties of digital computer architectures, each of which provides a description of the functioning and execution of computer systemsThe first is known as the Von Neumann Architecture, which was designed by the well-known physicist and mathematician John Von Neumann in the late 1940s.The second is known as the Harvard Architecture, which was based on the original Harvard Mark relay-based computer and used separate memory systems to store data and instructions. Both of these computer architectures were developed in the 1950s.In the original Harvard architecture, data and instructions were both stored in electro-mechanical counters, while the instructions ... Read More

SolutionConvert the pattern into NFA’sMake a Combined NFAConvert NFA to DFAA = ε − closure (0) = {0, 1, 3, 7}The transition on symbols a, b from state AFor State Aε − closure (Ta)                              ε − closure (Tb)= ε − closure ({2, 4, 7})                  = ε − closure ({8})= {2, 4, 7} = B                                = {8} = CFor State Bε − closure (7) ... Read More

It is a kind of notation in which each production of Context-Free Grammar is related with a set of semantic rules or actions, and each grammar symbol is related to a set of Attributes. Thus, the grammar and the group of semantic Actions combine to make syntax-directed definitions.The translation may be the generation of intermediate code, object code, or adding the information in symbol table about constructs type. The modern compiler uses the syntax-directed translation that makes the user’s life easy by hiding many implementation details and free the user from having to specify explicitly the order in which semantic ... Read More