The interface between a process and an operating system is provided by system calls. In general, system calls are available as assembly language instructions. They are also included in the manuals used by the assembly level programmers. System calls are usually made when a process in user mode requires access ... Read More

The ANSI-SPARC database architecture is the basis of most of the modern databases.The three levels present in this architecture are Physical level, Conceptual level and External level.The details of these levels are as follows −Physical LevelThis is the lowest level in the three level architecture. It is also known as ... Read More

Protection and security requires that computer resources such as CPU, softwares, memory etc. are protected. This extends to the operating system as well as the data in the system. This can be done by ensuring integrity, confidentiality and availability in the operating system. The system must be protect against unauthorized ... Read More

Most computer systems are single processor systems i.e., they only have one processor. However, multiprocessor or parallel systems are increasing in importance nowadays. These systems have multiple processors working in parallel that share the computer clock, memory, bus, peripheral devices etc. An image demonstrating the multiprocessor architecture is − Types ... Read More

The computer system is a combination of many parts such as peripheral devices, secondary memory, CPU, etc. This can be explained more clearly using a diagram.The salient points about the above figure displaying Computer System Organisation is −The I/O devices and the CPU both execute concurrently. Some of the processes ... Read More

Process synchronization in Linux involves providing a time slice for each process so that they get the required time for execution.The process can be created using the fork() command in Linux. The creating process is called the parent process and the created process is the child process. A child process ... Read More

The dining philosophers problem states that there are 5 philosophers sharing a circular table and they eat and think alternatively. There is a bowl of rice for each of the philosophers and 5 chopsticks. A philosopher needs both their right and left chopstick to eat. A hungry philosopher may only ... Read More

Deadlock detection, deadlock prevention and deadlock avoidance are the main methods for handling deadlocks. Details about these are given as follows −Deadlock DetectionDeadlock can be detected by the resource scheduler as it keeps track of all the resources that are allocated to different processes. After a deadlock is detected, it ... Read More

There are many operations that can be performed on processes. Some of these are process creation, process preemption, process blocking, and process termination. These are given in detail as follows −Process CreationProcesses need to be created in the system for different operations. This can be done by the following events ... Read More

The shell is the command interpreter on the Linux systems. It the program that interacts with the users in the terminal emulation window. Shell commands are instructions that instruct the system to do some action.Some of the commonly used shell commands are −basenameThis command strips the directory and suffix from ... Read More