【软件测试】3.自动化测试常见函数（3）

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4. 弹窗

4.1 警告弹窗+确认弹窗

弹窗是在页面是找不到任何元素的，这种情况怎么处理？使用selenium提供的Alert接口。

alert = driver.switchTo.alert
# 确认
alert.accept()
# 取消
alert.dismiss()

因为

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

# 弹窗
driver.get("对应的网页url")
# 点击调起弹窗
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#tooltip").click()  # 点击 id="tooltip" 的元素,也就弹窗，这个值要根据弹窗来改
# 切换到弹窗
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# 点击确认按钮
alert.accept()
# 或者点击取消按钮
# alert.dismiss()

# 弹窗关闭后才能执行下面的代码
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#tooltip").click()

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

---

4.2 提示弹窗

alert = driver.switchTo.alert
alert.send_keys("hello")
alert.accept()
alert.dismiss()

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

# 弹窗
driver.get("对应的网页url")
# 点击调起弹窗
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#tooltip").click()  # 点击 id="tooltip" 的元素,也就弹窗，这个值要根据弹窗来改
# 切换到弹窗
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# 输入文本
alert.send_keys("hello")
# 点击确认按钮
alert.accept()
# 或者点击取消按钮
# alert.dismiss()

# 弹窗关闭后才能执行下面的代码
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#tooltip").click()

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

---

5. 等待

通常代码执行的速度比页面渲染的速度要快，如果避免因为渲染过慢出现的自动化误报的问题呢？可以使用selenium中提供的三种等待方法：

5.1 强制等待

time.sleep()

优点：使用简单，调试的时候比较有效

缺点：影响运行效率，浪费大量的时间

有转义字符\，就加一个\

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw").send_keys("迪丽热巴")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#\\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span")

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

打印：

"D:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" D:/code/python/测试/_5test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\code\python\测试\_5test.py", line 17, in <module>
    driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#\\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span")
  File "D:\Program Files\Python39\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py", line 1238, in find_element
    return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {
  File "D:\Program Files\Python39\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py", line 418, in execute
    self.error_handler.check_response(response)
  File "D:\Program Files\Python39\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\errorhandler.py", line 243, in check_response
    raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)
selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException: Message: no such element: Unable to locate element: {"method":"css selector","selector":"#\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span"}
  (Session info: chrome=138.0.7204.97)
Stacktrace:
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620ae6f95+76917]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620ae6ff0+77008]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff620899dea]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff6208f0256]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff6208f050c]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff620943887]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff6209184af]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff62094065c]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff620918243]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff6208e1431]
	(No symbol) [0x0x7ff6208e21c3]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620dbd2cd+3051437]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620db7923+3028483]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620dd58bd+3151261]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620b0185e+185662]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620b0971f+218111]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620aefb14+112628]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620aefcc9+113065]
	GetHandleVerifier [0x0x7ff620ad6c98+10616]
	BaseThreadInitThunk [0x0x7ffd8a09259d+29]
	RtlUserThreadStart [0x0x7ffd8bd4af78+40]
        
进程已结束,退出代码1

但是添加一行time.sleep(2)就可以了

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw").send_keys("迪丽热巴")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()
time.sleep(2)
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#\\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span")

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

这是因为代码执行的速度比页面渲染的速度要快。

1个或数量较少的测试脚本时，添加强制等待消耗的时间不过数秒。

实际在工作中，业务场景比较复杂时，要添加的自动化脚本非常多，通常来说自动化测试脚本数量可达到上百200个脚本，每个脚本添加若干个等待时间，假设平均等待时间为6秒。

200*6=1200s大约20min，这个时间在程序运行时间里算是非常久的，而实际可接受的自动化运行时间为几秒或者几分钟之内。

---

5.2 隐式等待

隐式等待是一种智能等待，他可以规定在查找元素时，在指定时间内不断查找元素。如果找到则代码继续执行，直到超时没找到元素才会报错。

implicitly_wait() 参数：秒
#隐式等待5秒
driver.implicitly_wait(5)

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 隐式等待3秒
driver.implicitly_wait(3)

driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw").send_keys("迪丽热巴")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#\\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span")

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

隐式等待作用域是整个脚本的所有元素。即只要driver对象没有被释放掉（ driver.quit() ），隐式等待就一直生效。后面不管几次点击都会触发隐式等待。

优点：智能等待，作用于全局

不过如果定位的元素不存在，就会等待3s后报错。

---

5.3 显示等待

显示等待也是一种智能等待，在指定超时时间范围内只要满足操作的条件就会继续执行后续代码

WebDriverWait(driver,sec).until(functions)
# driver：驱动对象
# sec：等待多少秒
# .until(functions)：满足条件
functions ：涉及到selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions包下的 ExpectedConditions类

ExpectedConditions下涉及到的方法：

https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/py/webdriver_support/selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.html

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC  # as EC 是给了一个别名
wait = WebDriverWait(driver,2)
wait.until(EC.invisibility_of_element((By.XPATH,'//*[@id="2"]/div/div/div[3]/div[1]/div[1]/div')))

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC # as EC 是给了一个别名
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 添加显示等待
# 创建显示等待类对象
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 3)
wait.until(EC.invisibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#\\31  > div > div > div > div > div > div.new-tag_4ozgi.new-text-link_3k9GD > div > div.flex-wrapper-top_3ucFS > div.flex-col-left_3trtY.baike-wrapper_6AORN.cu-pt-xs-lg.baike-wrapper-pc_26R04.cu-pt-xl.baike-wrapper-left-pc_5eYY8.cos-space-pb-sm > div > div > p > span:nth-child(1) > span")))

# 5、关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

显示等待可以等待隐式等待无法处理的问题。

无法等待弹窗，因为弹窗不是页面的元素，无法通过页面元素来定位到弹窗。

优点：显示等待是智能等待，可以自定义显示等待的条件，操作灵活

缺点：写法复杂

注：隐式等待和显示等待不建议一起用，可能会导致不可预测的等待时间。

隐式等待设置为10s，显示等待设置为15s，那么结果会是15+10=25s吗？

import time
import datetime

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
# 1.打开浏览器
chrome_driver_path = r"D:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts\chromedriver.exe"
# 1.打开浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(executable_path=chrome_driver_path))

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 隐式等待设置为10s，显示等待设置为15s，那么结果会是15+10=25s吗？
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver,15)
start = time.time()
try:
    res = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '//*[@id="2"]/div/div/div[3]/div[1]/div[1]/div/div/div')))
except:
    end = time.time()
    print("no such element")
driver.quit()
print(end-start)

打印：

"D:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" D:/code/python/测试/_6test.py
no such element
21.065956354141235

进程已结束,退出代码0