UA OPTI544 量子光学1 Maxwell方程与Lorentz Oscillator回顾
Maxwell方程基础
Maxwell方程(no free charges and currents,即考虑dielectric media)
∇ ⋅ D = 0 ∇ ⋅ B = 0 ∇ × E = − ∂ B ∂ t ∇ × H = ∂ D ∂ t \nabla \cdot \textbf{D}=0 \\ \nabla \cdot \textbf B=0 \\ \nabla \times \textbf E=-\frac{\partial \textbf B}{\partial t} \\ \nabla \times \textbf H = \frac{\partial \textbf D}{\partial t} ∇⋅D=0∇⋅B=0∇×E=−∂t∂B∇×H=∂t∂D
Material Response (non-magnetic)
B = μ 0 H D = ϵ 0 E + P \textbf B = \mu_0 \textbf H \\ \textbf D = \epsilon_0 \textbf E + \textbf P B=μ0HD=ϵ0E+P
对Maxwell 3求旋度,结合Maxwell 1与4推导:
∇ × ( ∇ × E ) = − ∇ × ∂ B ∂ t ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ E ) − ∇ 2 E = − ∂ ∂ t ( ∇ × B ) = − μ 0 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 D \begin{aligned}\nabla \times (\nabla \times \textbf E) &=-\nabla \times \frac{\partial \textbf B}{\partial t} \\ \nabla(\nabla \cdot \textbf E)-\nabla ^2 \textbf E &= -\frac{\partial }{\partial t}(\nabla \times \textbf B) = -\mu_0\frac{\partial^2 }{\partial t^2} \textbf D \end{aligned} ∇×(∇×E)∇(∇⋅E)−∇2E=−∇×∂t∂B=−∂t∂(∇×B)=−μ0∂t2∂2D
考虑transverse field: ∇ ⋅ E = 0 \nabla \cdot \textbf E=0 ∇⋅E=0,上式可以简化为
∇ 2 E = μ 0 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 D = μ 0 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 ( ϵ 0 E + P ) ∇ 2 E − 1 c 2 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 E ⏟ wave = 1 ϵ 0 c 2 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 P ⏟ source \begin{aligned}\nabla ^2 \textbf E =\mu_0\frac{\partial^2 }{\partial t^2} \textbf D&=\mu_0\frac{\partial^2 }{\partial t^2}(\epsilon_0 \textbf E + \textbf P) \\ \underbrace{\nabla^2 \textbf E-\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \textbf E}_{\text{wave}} &= \underbrace{\frac{1}{\epsilon_0c^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \textbf P}_{\text {source}}\end{aligned} ∇2E=μ0∂t2∂2Dwave
∇2E−c21∂t2∂2E=μ0∂t2∂2(ϵ0E+P)=source
ϵ0c21∂t2∂2P
其中 μ 0 ϵ 0 = 1 / c 2 \mu_0\epsilon_0=1/c^2 μ0ϵ0=1/c2, c c c为真空中的光速。
Linear Isotropic Dielectric Media
在Isotropic Media中,引致的电极化与外部电场一定是平行的;用最一般的linear system对电极化建模(因为linear media,所以电极化与电场之间是线性关系),可以把它写成 E \textbf E E与一个响应函数 R R R的卷积:
D = ϵ 0 E + P = ϵ 0 ( E + R ∗ E ) \textbf D=\epsilon_0 \textbf E+\textbf P=\epsilon_0 (\textbf E+R*\textbf E) D=ϵ0E+P=ϵ0(E+R∗E)
这个响应函数 R R R代表介质存储的外部电场的所有历史信息, R ( τ ) = 0 , ∀ τ < 0 R(\tau)=0,\forall \tau<0 R(τ)=0,∀τ<