docs/process/merge_request.md

# Merge Request Process

[TOC]

## tl;dr

*   Release managers (and delegates like the security team) must review all
    merges made to release branches
*   Merge criteria become more strict as the stable release date approaches; use
    Chromium Dash's [Branches page](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/branches)
    to understand which branches are active and what merges are acceptable for
    each branch
*   Ensure your change is [safe to merge](#verifying-eligibility-and-safety)
    before initiating the merge review process unless it's time-sensitive
*   Use Chromium Issue Tracker's [project queries](#monitoring-merge-requests) to
    track your approved merges as well as your pending requests
*   Use Gerrit or git to land your merge only after it's been approved

## Introduction

Chromium is a main-first development team; generally, all code should land on
main then roll out to stable users only after the milestone containing the code
is branched, stabilized and shipped to the stable channel (to learn more about
the release cycle, click
[here](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/main/docs/process/release_cycle.md)).
This is because merging (also known as cherry-picking) code to an older release
branch introduces risk and costs time across the team. However, there are times
when the benefits outweigh the costs and a merge might be appropriate, e.g. to
fix a web platform regression, address a crash or patch a security
vulnerability.

To ensure we make the right decisions, release managers leverage a merge review
process to evaluate each request. They'll ask questions about the reason you
would like to merge a change and the risk of the merge itself, and you'll work
together to make a judgement call on whether or not the merge should be approved
or rejected.

Generally, merges follow these high-level steps:

*   Developers update bug with relevant details and request a merge by updating
    the *Merge-Request* field with the requested milestones, then wait for
    review.
*   Release managers and automation review and approve, reject, or ask questions
    about the merge within two business days.
*   Developers wait for review and, if approved, land the merge ASAP.

For details on each step, see below.

**NOTE:** Because security issues (identified with *Type=Vulnerability*) follow
a more complex flow, you may simply mark security issues as *Fixed* in the Issue
Tracker and [automation](#security-merge-triage) will handle the remainder of
the merge request process flow for you; simply process the merge if it is
requested and approved.

## Requesting a merge

### Verifying eligibility and safety

Before requesting a merge, first ensure your change is a good merge candidate:

*   Ensure it meets the merge criteria (via
    [Chromium Dash](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/branches)) of the
    branch(es) you'd like to merge to; merge criteria become more strict the
    older the branch is, more details on criteria
    [below](#merge-criteria-phases)
*   Verify merging the change to an older branch would be safe, e.g. unlikely to
    introduce new regressions, no major merge conflicts, automated test coverage
    present, etc; chat with your TL for input if you're not sure
*   Confirm your change fixes the issue at hand, preferably by testing on and
    monitoring the canary channel for 24 hours post-release (see
    [Chromium Dash](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commits) to determine if
    your change has shipped)

    *   You may skip this step if a release manager or security team member has
        told you that the merge is urgent, e.g. is actively blocking a release

### Updating Chromium Issue Tracker

Next, update the bug (generally the bug being fixed by the merge) with the
following information present and accurate:

*   Title and description clearly describing the bug being fixed
*   Priority (*Priority*), OS (*OS*) and target milestone(s) (*Milestone*)
    fields are set
    *   Consider all available data when setting the priority, such as existing
        metrics for usage of a broken feature, to ensure important merges are
        not missed. Consider collecting new data, such as by landing new metrics
        and estimating severity with pre-stable data. For Web Platform changes,
        [compat
        tools](https://www.chromium.org/blink/platform-predictability/compat-tools/)
        such as
        [UseCounters](https://www.chromium.org/blink/platform-predictability/compat-tools/#usecounter)
        , [Cluster
        Telemetry](https://www.chromium.org/blink/platform-predictability/compat-tools/#on-demand-crawl)
        , and
        [HTTPArchive](https://www.chromium.org/blink/platform-predictability/compat-tools/#the-http-archive)
        may be useful.

*   Owner, generally the person requesting / performing the merge
*   [Release block label](./release_blockers.md) if applicable (*ReleaseBlock*
    field*)
*   Issue status:

    *   Fixed: You're confident the issue is fixed on main, e.g. you've locally
        built and tested the issue, no additional crash reports are generated
        after the fix was released, etc (most issues)
    *   In Progress (Accepted): Diagnostic merges only, e.g. to merge code to
        track down the root cause of an issue that only exists on branch

### Setting the Merge-Request field

Once you've verified all the above, you're ready to request a merge! Simply
update the issue's *Merge-Request* field with the milestone(s) you'd like to
merge to. Within the next ~15 minutes, automation will create a new Merge
Request issue, link it to the original (parent) issue, copy relevant metadata,
and assign the issue to you.

### Submitting the Merge Request

Follow the instruction in the new Merge Request issue. You will be asked to
update a number of custom fields (found in the issue's sidebar) and provide a
rationale for the merge request. After you have updated and verified the
request, you can submit the request for review by assigning the issue to
*merges@chromium.org*.

## Monitoring merge requests

After assigning the issue to *merges@chromium.org*, automation will evaluate
your request and either approve it or pass it along to a release manager for
manual evaluation; see [here](#merge-request-triage) to learn more about this
automation. If manual review is required, release managers strive to answer all
merge requests within two business days, but extenuating circumstances may cause
delays.

At this point, following along via bug comments sent by email will always keep
you in the loop, but you can also use the following queries in the Issue Tracker
to track your merges:

*   [Approved and TBD merges](https://issues.chromium.org/issues?q=assignee:me%20customfield1223087:(Approved%20%7C%20TBD)):
    Merges that require your follow-up, either by landing the relevant merge (if
    approved) or determining whether or not a merge is actually required and if
    so, requesting it (if TBD)
*   [Pending merges](https://g-issues.chromium.org/issues?q=assignee:me%20customfield1223087:Pending):
    Merges that are pending review by automation and need additional action from
    you. Frequently, issues remain in the state because developers have failed
    to update the merge request issue with all required information, or the
    request was not assigned to **merges@chromium.org**. Please follow the
    instructions in the issue to complete the merge request, and reach out to
    a release manager if you have any questions.
*   [Requested
    merges](https://issues.chromium.org/issues?q=assignee:me%20(-customfield1223134:none%20%7C%20customfield1223087:Review)):
    Merges that are waiting for input from release managers or automation; feel
    free to ping bugs that sit in this queue for two business days (assuming you
    verified that the change was already deployed to canary ahead of requesting
    a merge)
*   [Rejected and NA merges](https://issues.chromium.org/issues?q=assignee:me%20customfield1223087:(Rejected%20%7C%20NA)):
    Merges that were either rejected by release managers, or not applicable to
    be merged; generally, no action is needed for these items unless you
    disagree with a merge's rejection and wish to escalate
*   [All merges](https://issues.chromium.org/issues?q=assignee:me%20(-customfield1223087:none%20%7C%20-customfield1223134:none)):
    Includes every possible merge state, useful when wanting to find an item you
    considered for merging but can't recall the state it was last in.

For a description of each label used to track the merge process, see the
appendix [below](#merge-states-and-labels).

## Landing an approved merge

Once your merge has been approved for a given milestone (via the release manager
or automation updating the *Merge* field with *Approved-###*), you have two
options to land the merge:

*   Gerrit UI, easiest for clean cherry-picks or those requiring only minor
    changes
*   git, for more complex cherry-picks and / or when local verification may be
    beneficial

Regardless of which method you choose, please ensure you land your cherry-pick
ASAP so that it can be included in the next release built from the branch; if
you don't merge your cherry-pick soon after approval, it will eventually be
rejected for merge.

**NOTE:**  Ensure you link to the bug that has merge approval for the relevant
milestone. Not linking to a bug that has approval can cause delay to your CL
landing. If the merge request is for a single change, add `Fixed: <bug number>`
to the change description. If the merge request is for multiple changes, add
`Fixed: <bug number>` to the final change description, `Bug: <bug number>`
to all other change descriptions.

Once the cherry-pick has landed, a bot will update the *Merge* field with
*Merged-###* label. If `Fixed:` was used, the bug will be closed.

### Using Gerrit UI

Select the "..." button in the Gerrit UI, then choose "Cherry Pick". When
prompted for a branch, enter *refs/branch-heads/####*, where #### corresponds to
the release branch you are merging to (available on
[Chromium Dash](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/branches) in the "Chromium"
column).

Once the cherry-pick CL is prepared, you can bypass code review (but not OWNERS
approval) within 14 days of the original change by adding the Rubber Stamper bot
(rubber-stamper@appspot.gserviceaccount.com) as a reviewer. If the CL meets the
[Rubber Stamper criteria](https://chromium.googlesource.com/infra/infra/+/refs/heads/main/go/src/infra/appengine/rubber-stamper/README.md),
the bot will vote *Bot-Commit+1* to bypass code review. If the CL is marked
*Auto-Submit+1*, the bot will also submit the CL to the CQ on your behalf.

### Using git

The commands below should set up your environment to be able to successfully
upload a cherry-pick to a release branch, where *####* corresponds to the
release branch you are merging to (available on
[Chromium Dash](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/branches) in the "Chromium"
column):

```
$ gclient sync --with_branch_heads
$ git fetch
$ git checkout -b BRANCH_NAME refs/remotes/branch-heads/####
$ git cl upstream branch-heads/####
$ git cherry-pick -x COMMIT_HASH_MAIN
$ gclient sync
```

From here, your environment should be ready to adjust the change as required;
use ninja to build and test your changes, and when ready upload for review:

```
$ git cl upload
```

**Adjust the change description** to omit the "Change-Id: ..." line from
original patch, otherwise you may experience issues when uploading the change to
Gerrit. Once complete, use Gerrit to initiate review and approval of the merge
as TBR has been discontinued.

Other tips & tricks when merging with git via release branches: * Consider using
multiple working directories when creating the release branch * Editing the
change description to denote this is a merge (e.g. "Merge to release branch" at
the top) will help reviewers distinguish between the cherry-pick and the
original change

## Merge automation

The Chrome team has built automation via
[Blintz](https://www.chromium.org/issue-tracking/autotriage), formerly known as
Sheriffbot, to assist in several merge flows: security merge triage, general
merge request triage, and preventing missed merges.

### Security merge triage

Given the additional complexity inherent in security merges, the security team
has built custom automation to handle this flow end to end; simply mark any
security issue as *Fixed* and Blintz will evaluate applicable milestones,
determine if merges are required and automatically request them if need be.

### Merge request triage

To reduce release manager toil, Blintz performs the first pass review of all
merge requests; it may auto-approve the issue if it can detect the issue meets
the right criteria for the current merge phase (e.g. a ReleaseBlock-Dev issue
requesting a merge before beta promotion). If it cannot decide, it will pass the
issue to a release manager for manual review.

Blintz only takes action on merge requests when the merge request issue (not the
original issue) is assigned to *merges@chromium.org*.

### Preventing missed merges

To avoid the situation where a critical issue is present on a release branch
but the fix isn't merged, Blintz evaluates all release-blocking issues
targeting a milestone that has already branched and updates the *Merge* field
with *TBD-##* if the issue was marked as fixed after branch day but hasn't been
merged. When this occurs, developers should evaluate the issue and either
request a merge if required (e.g. the fix did miss the release branch point) by
updating the *Merge-Request* field, or update the *Merge* field with *NA-###*
(e.g. the fix is present in the release branch already or the merge is
unnecessary for other reasons).

## Appendix

### Merge criteria phases

The table below describes the different phases that each milestone progresses
through during its release cycle; this data is available via the Chromium Dash
[front-end](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/branches) and
[API](https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/fetch_milestones).

| Branch Phase | Period Begins | Period Ends | Acceptable Merges Include Fixes For: |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| beta | M(X) Branch | M(X) Stable Cut | Non-functional issues for Finch-gated features (e.g. add metrics, fix crash), noticeable new regressions, any release blockers, any security issues, emergency string issues (.GRD changes) |
| stable | M(X) Stable Cut | M(X+1) Stable | Urgent new regressions (especially user reports), urgent release blockers, important security issues (medium severity or higher) requested by the security team |
| extended (if applicable) | M(X+1) Stable | M(X+2) Stable | Important security issues (medium severity or higher) applicable to any platform supported by Chrome Browser requested by the security team |

### Merge states and labels

The table below describes the different merge states applied via a bug's
metadata fields. All merge states (except *Pending*) follow the form
*[State]-###*, where ### corresponds to the applicable milestone. If multiple
merges are required, these labels may appear multiple times on the same bug in
different states.

| Field | Value | Step Owner | Next Steps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Merge-Request | ### | Release manager | Automation will review and either approve / reject directly, or pass the review to a release manager for manual evaluation |
| Merge | Pending | Issue owner | Issue owner should follow the instructions in the merge request and assign it to *merges@chromium.org* to begin review |
| Merge | Review-### | Release manager | Release manager will evaluate and either approve, reject, or request additional information within two business days |
| Merge | Approved-### | Issue owner | Issue owner should cherry-pick the fix to the appropriate release branch ASAP |
| Merge | Merged-### | None | N/A; merge has already been landed, no further work required for given milestone |
| Merge | Rejected-### | Issue owner | Issue owner should re-request a merge to escalate if they feel the merge was erroneously rejected and should be re-evaluated |
| Merge | TBD-### | Issue owner | Issue owner should evaluate if a merge is required, then remove *TBD-##* and replace it with *NA-##* (if no merge needed) or re-request a merge (if needed) |
| Merge | NA-### | None | N/A; merge is not required to the relevant milestone, no further work required for given milestone |