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Google Cloud Documentation
  • Technology areas
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    • Overview
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    • APIs & Reference
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  • Cross-product tools
    • More
  • Console
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  • Product overview
  • Compute Engine instances
  • Instance groups
  • Compute Engine machine resources
    • Machine resource guide
    • Machine type families
      • General-purpose machines
      • Storage-optimized machines
      • Compute-optimized machines
      • Memory-optimized machines
      • Accelerator-optimized machines
      • Benchmark VM scores
    • CPU platforms
    • GPUs
      • About GPUs on Google Cloud
      • GPU machine types
    • Arm VMs
    • Bare metal instances
  • Regions and zones
    • About regions and zones
    • Accelerator locations
      • GPU locations
      • TPU locations
      • About AI zones
    • Global, regional, and zonal resources
  • Get started
  • Plan and prepare
    • Work with regions and zones
      • View available regions and zones
      • Manage access to AI zones
      • Change the default region or zone
    • Review VM deployment options
      • Choose a deployment strategy
      • About VM provisioning models
      • About VM tenancy
      • Design resilient systems
    • Networking overview for VMs
    • Images and operating systems
      • OS images
        • About OS images
        • Operating system details
        • OS image lifecycle
        • Support policy
      • Premium operating systems
        • RHEL FAQ
        • SLES FAQ
        • Ubuntu Pro FAQ
        • Microsoft Licensing on Google Cloud
        • Microsoft licenses FAQ
      • License Manager
        • About License Manager
        • Use License Manager for Microsoft Office
        • View audit logs
    • Access control
      • Access control overview
      • Manage access to Compute Engine resources
      • Organization policies
        • Overview
        • Managed constraints
        • Custom constraints
      • IAM roles and permissions
      • Service accounts
    • Name resources
  • Quickstarts
    • Create a Linux VM
    • Create a Windows Server VM
    • Create a managed instance group
  • Create instances
  • Instance creation overview
  • Create an instance
    • Create and start an instance
    • Create with a customized machine configuration
      • Create with a custom hostname
      • Create with a custom machine type
      • Specify a minimum CPU platform for an instance
      • Create with attached GPUs
        • About GPU instances
        • Create overview
        • Create an A3 Ultra or A4 instance
        • Create an A3 instance with GPUDirect enabled
        • Create an A3 High or A2 instance
        • Create a G2 or G4 instance
        • Create an N1 instance that has attached GPUs
        • Install drivers
          • Install GPU drivers
          • Install drivers for NVIDIA RTX Virtual Workstations (vWS)
          • Drivers for NVIDIA RTX Virtual Workstations (vWS)
    • Create with a customized OS configuration
      • Create from a public image
      • Create from a custom image
      • Create from a shared image
      • Create using a RHEL BYOS image
    • Create with a customized networking configuration
      • Create in a specific subnet
      • Create with multiple network interfaces
      • Create with IPv6 addresses
      • Create an instance that uses Cloud RDMA
    • Create with a customized observability configuration
      • Create an instance for Ops Agent monitoring and logging
      • Enable virtual displays on an instance
    • Create with a customized security configuration
      • Create an instance that uses a user-managed service account
    • Create using an existing configuration
      • Create using an instance template
      • Create an instance similar to an existing instance
    • Create using alternative provisioning models
      • Create a Flex-start VM
        • About Flex-start VMs
        • Create a Flex-start VM
      • Create a Spot VM
        • About Spot VMs
        • Create and use Spot VMs
      • Create a reservation-bound VM
        • About reservation-bound VMs
        • Create a reservation-bound VM
    • Create an instance that can be preempted
      • About preemptible VMs
      • Create and use preemptible VMs
    • Create instances for specific workload types
      • Create a Google-configured, workload-optimized instance
      • Create an HPC-ready instance
      • Create and manage a Windows Server instance
      • Create a SQL Server instance
  • Create custom images
    • Requirements to build custom images
    • Create custom images
    • Create custom Windows BYOL base images
    • Create custom Windows Server images
  • Create and manage instance templates
    • About instance templates
    • Create instance templates
    • Deterministic instance templates
    • Get, list, and delete instance templates
  • Create multiple VMs
    • Create a managed instance group (MIG)
      • Basic scenarios for creating MIGs
      • Create a MIG in a single zone
      • Create a MIG in multiple zones in a region
      • Create a MIG with multiple machine types
      • Create a MIG from an existing VM
      • Create a MIG with autoscaling
      • Create a MIG with preemptible VMs
      • Create a MIG with GPU VMs
      • Create a MIG with stateful configuration
    • Bulk creation of VMs
      • About bulk creation of VMs
      • Create VMs in bulk
      • Create GPU VMs in bulk
      • Configure instance flexibility for VMs created in bulk
        • Instance flexibility for VMs created in bulk
        • Create VMs in bulk with instance flexibility
    • Create HPC clusters with enhanced cluster management capabilities
      • Overview of HPC cluster creation with H4D machine series
      • Reserve capacity through your account team
      • View reserved capacity for H4D instances
      • Create an H4D Slurm cluster with enhanced management capabilities
      • Bulk create HPC-optimized instances that use RDMA with enhanced management capabilities
      • Create a HPC MIG with H4D machine series
      • Examples for creating MIGs with H4D machine series
        • Create a MIG with H4D machine types and flex-start
        • Create a MIG for HPC workloads with reservation-bound consumption
  • Create sole-tenant VMs
    • Sole-tenancy overview
    • Create sole-tenant node templates
    • Create sole-tenant node groups
    • Provision a sole-tenant VM
    • Advanced maintenance control for sole-tenant nodes
    • Sole-tenancy best practices
    • Sole-tenancy accounting FAQ
  • Create a virtual workstation
    • About creating virtual workstations
    • Create a virtual Linux workstation
    • Create a virtual Windows workstation
    • Create a virtual Linux workstation with an attached GPU
    • Create a virtual Windows workstation with an attached GPU
  • Use nested virtualization
    • About nested virtualization
    • Manage the nested virtualization constraint
    • Enable nested virtualization
    • Create nested VMs
  • Manage VM boot disks
    • Detach and reattach a boot disk
    • Create a customized boot disk
  • Migrate VMs
  • Choose a migration path
  • Bring your own licenses
  • Import disks and images
    • Prerequisites for importing and exporting VM images
    • Automatic import
      • Import virtual disks
      • Import virtual appliances
    • Manual import
      • Manually import boot disks
      • Manually configure imported disks
      • Create a persistent disk image from an ISO file
  • Move a VM within Google Cloud
    • Move a VM between zones
    • Migrate a VM between networks
    • Copy VMs between projects
  • Move an existing VM to a new VM
  • Connect to VMs
  • Connect to a VM
    • About SSH connections
    • Linux VMs
      • Connect to VMs
      • Connect through internal IP addresses
        • Connection options for internal-only VMs
        • Connect using IAP
        • Connect using a bastion host
        • Connect using Cloud VPN
      • Connect as the root user
      • Connect using service accounts
      • Configure apps to use SSH
      • Best practices
        • Securely connect to VMs
    • Windows VMs
      • Connect to Windows VMs using RDP
      • Connect to a Windows VM's SAC
      • Connect to Windows VMs using SSH
      • Connect to Windows VMs using PowerShell
  • Manage access to VMs
    • Linux VMs
      • Choose an access management method
      • About OS Login
      • Set up OS Login
      • Set up OS Login to require SSH certificates
      • Enable security keys with OS Login
      • Manage OS Login in an organization
      • Monitor OS Login audit logs
    • Windows VMs
      • Manage accounts and credentials on Windows VMs
      • Automate Windows password generation
    • Manually manage SSH keys
      • Create SSH keys
      • Add SSH keys to VMs
      • Restrict SSH keys from VMs
    • Best practices for securing SSH access
      • Overview
      • Control network access
      • Control SSH login access
      • Protect SSH credentials
      • Audit SSH access
    • Manage tags for resources
  • Transfer files to or from a VM
    • Transfer files to Linux VMs
    • Transfer files to Windows VMs
  • IP addresses
  • Internal DNS
    • Overview of internal DNS
    • Access VMs using internal DNS names
    • Use zonal DNS
      • Overview of zonal DNS
      • Set zonal DNS as the default
      • Migrate to zonal DNS
      • Monitor DNS failure rates
  • Create a PTR record for a VM
  • Verify VM identity
  • Manage storage
  • Choose a disk type
  • Disk types
    • About Hyperdisk
      • Hyperdisk overview
      • Choose a Hyperdisk type
        • Hyperdisk Balanced
        • Hyperdisk Balanced High Availability
        • Hyperdisk Extreme
        • Hyperdisk ML
        • Hyperdisk Throughput
    • About Persistent Disk
    • Extreme Persistent Disk
    • About Local SSD
  • Use pools to manage capacity and performance
    • About Hyperdisk pools
    • Choose a Hyperdisk pool type
      • Hyperdisk Storage Pools
      • Hyperdisk Exapools
    • Create a Hyperdisk pool
    • Manage Hyperdisk pools
  • Add disks to VMs
    • Create a VM with Local SSD disks
    • Create a VM with additional non-boot disks
    • Create a new Hyperdisk
    • Create a new Persistent Disk
    • Add disks from a storage pool to VMs
    • Share a disk between VMs
    • Attach a disk to a VM
    • Mount in-memory RAM disks
  • Configure disks
    • Format and mount a non-boot disk on Linux
    • Format and prepare a non-boot disk on Windows
    • Access disks attached to a VM
      • Best practice: Use persistent device names
      • Symbolic links to disks
    • Transfer data to disks attached to a VM
      • Transfer files to Linux VMs
      • Transfer files to Windows VMs
  • View disk details
  • Encrypt disks
    • About disk encryption
    • Encrypt disks with customer-supplied encryption keys
    • Help protect resources by using Cloud KMS keys
  • Modify disks
    • Modify a Hyperdisk
    • Change the disk type
    • Increase the size of a Persistent Disk
    • Modify a Persistent Disk
  • Evaluate disk performance
    • Hyperdisk performance overview
    • Hyperdisk performance and size limits
    • Persistent Disk performance overview
    • Review disk performance
      • Review disk performance metrics
      • Analyze provisioned IOPS and throughput
    • Benchmark disk performance
      • Benchmark Hyperdisk performance
      • Benchmark Persistent Disk performance on a Linux VM
      • Benchmark Persistent Disk performance on a Windows VM
      • Benchmark Local SSD performance
  • Make disks highly available
    • Replicate disks across regions
      • About Asynchronous Replication
      • Configure replication
      • Manage replication
      • Failover and failback disks
      • Manage asynchronous disks
      • Manage consistency groups
      • Review performance metrics
    • Cross-zonal synchronous disk replication
      • About regional disks
      • Build high availability services using regional disks
      • Design considerations for resilient workloads with regional disks
      • Create and manage regional disks
      • Manage failures for regional disks
  • Back up and restore
  • Data protection options
  • Configure the default backup setting
  • Back up VMs
    • Use machine images
      • About machine images
      • Create machine images
      • Import machine images from virtual appliances
    • Use Backup and DR backup plans
      • About backup plans
      • Apply backup plans to new instances
      • Apply or change backup plans for existing instances
  • Back up disks
    • Back up disks in place
      • About instant snapshots
      • Create and manage instant snapshots
      • Copy an instant snapshot to a different location
    • Back up a disk for disaster recovery
      • About disk snapshots
      • Best practices for disk snapshots
      • Set default storage location for globally scoped snapshots
      • Set creation and restore locations for regionally scoped snapshots
      • Create disk snapshots
      • Manage disk snapshots
      • Create application consistent snapshots
        • Create Linux application consistent snapshots
        • Create a Windows disk snapshot (VSS snapshots)
    • Schedule disk backups
      • About snapshot schedules
      • Create snapshot schedules
      • Manage snapshot schedules
      • Configure alerts for snapshot schedules
    • Duplicate a disk with clones
  • Restore from a backup
    • Create VMs from machine images
    • Restore from a standard snapshot
    • Restore from instant snapshots
  • Recover a VM with a corrupted or full disk
  • Manage VMs
  • Basic operations and lifecycle
    • VM instance lifecycle
    • Schedule VM operations
      • Schedule a VM to start and stop
      • Limit the run time of a VM
    • View VM properties
      • Check that a VM is running
      • View a list of VMs
      • View the details of a VM
      • View the UUID of a VM
      • View the topology of a VM
      • View the source image of a VM
      • View referrers to VMs
      • View network configuration of a VM
      • View the number of visible CPU cores in a VM
    • Stop or suspend a VM
      • Stop or suspend VMs overview
      • Stop or restart a VM
      • Increase or decrease VM shutdown time
        • Increase shutdown time
          • Graceful shutdown overview
          • Enable graceful shutdown
          • View graceful shutdown
          • Disable graceful shutdown
        • Decrease shutdown time
      • Suspend or resume a VM
      • Reset a VM
    • Update VM details
      • Rename a VM
      • Update VM properties
      • Edit the machine type of a VM
      • Add or remove GPUs
      • Change the attached service account
      • Update the physical location of a VM
        • About placement policies
        • Create and apply spread placement policies to VMs
        • View placement policies
        • Remove or delete placement policies
      • Update network configuration for instances
        • Configure static external IP addresses
        • Configure static internal IP addresses
        • Configure IPv6 for instances and instance templates
        • Update network interfaces
    • Delete VMs
      • Delete a VM
      • Prevent accidental VM deletion
  • Update VM tenancy
  • Manage multiple VMs
    • Manage groups of VMs
      • Work with managed VMs in a MIG
      • View info about MIGs and managed instances
      • Add or remove VMs in a MIG
      • Limit the run time of VMs in a MIG
      • Add GPU VMs all at once in a MIG
        • About resize requests
        • Create resize requests
        • View, cancel, or delete resize requests
      • Define the physical location of VMs
        • About workload policies
        • Create workload policies
        • View workload policies
        • Remove or delete workload policies
      • Configure instance flexibility in a MIG
        • About instance flexibility
        • Add instance flexibility
        • View instance flexibility
        • Change or remove instance flexibility
      • Distribute VMs across zones in a regional MIG
        • About regional MIGs
        • About target distribution shape
        • Set a target distribution for VMs across zones
        • Disable and reenable proactive instance redistribution
        • Manually rebalance a regional MIG
        • Simulate a zone outage for a regional MIG
      • Work with suspended and stopped VMs in a MIG
        • Overview
        • Manually suspend or stop VMs in a MIG
        • Accelerate scale out with suspended and stopped VMs
      • Apply new VM configurations in a MIG
        • About applying new VM configurations to VMs in a MIG
        • Automatically apply VM configuration updates
        • Selectively apply VM configuration updates
        • Apply configuration updates during repairs
        • Override instance template properties with an all-instances configuration
        • Perform one-click OS image upgrades
      • Maintain high availability during VM failures
        • About repairing VMs for high availability
        • Repair a VM when an application fails
          • Set up an application-based health check and autohealing
          • Monitor VM health state changes
          • Disable and enable health state change logs
        • Repair a VM in an alternate zone
        • Turn off repairs in a MIG
      • Support a stateful workload with a MIG
        • About stateful MIGs
        • Configure stateful MIGs
          • Configure a stateful MIG
          • Configure stateful persistent disks
          • Configure stateful metadata
          • Configure stateful IP addresses
          • Apply, view, and remove stateful configuration
        • How stateful MIGs work
        • How operations affect preserved state
      • Group VMs together
        • Migrate an existing workload to a stateful managed instance group
        • Group unmanaged VMs together
      • Delete a MIG
    • Manage HPC clusters with enhanced cluster management capabilities
      • Enhanced HPC cluster management capabilities
      • View H4D cluster topology
      • Manage host events across reservations
      • Manage host events across vms
      • Report faulty host with H4D machines
  • Host maintenance events
    • About host events
    • Live migration process
    • Set the host maintenance policy
    • Query metadata server for notices
    • Simulate a host maintenance event
    • Handle GPU host maintenance events
    • Monitor and plan for a host maintenance event
    • Manually start host maintenance
  • Manage metadata
    • About VM metadata
    • Predefined metadata keys
    • Set and remove custom metadata
    • View and query VM metadata
    • Set and query guest attributes
  • Securing VMs
    • About Shielded VMs
    • Microsoft Secure Boot certificates expiration guide
    • About Confidential VMs
    • Protect resources with VPC Service Controls
    • Monitor security risks with Security Command Center
  • Manage operating systems
  • Guest environment
    • About the guest environment
    • Install the guest environment
    • Guest agent
      • About the guest agent
      • Guest agent functionality
      • Configure the guest agent
  • Manage operating systems using VM Manager
  • Manage OS images
    • Image management best practices
    • Image families best practices
    • Access Red Hat Knowledgebase
    • Manage access to custom images
    • Set up trusted image policies
    • Export a custom image to Cloud Storage
    • Set image versions in an image family
    • Deprecate a custom image
    • Delete a custom image
  • Manage OS packages
  • Manage licenses
    • About licenses
    • Manage licenses
    • License changes and restrictions
    • Switch between PAYG and BYOS
    • Switch Windows Server from BYOL to PAYG
    • Update licenses after an OS upgrade
    • Append RHEL ELS licenses
    • Upgrade from Ubuntu to Ubuntu Pro
  • Manage VM extensions
    • About VM Extension Manager
    • Global VM extension policies
    • Zonal VM extension policies
    • Install VM extensions by using extension policies
    • Manage VM extensions by using extension policies
  • Use startup scripts
    • Startup scripts overview
    • Use startup scripts on Linux VMs
    • Use startup scripts on Windows VMs
  • Run shutdown scripts
  • Configure time synchronization
    • Time synchronization overview
    • Configure network time protocol (NTP)
    • Configure accurate time
  • Enable the virtual random number generator (Virtio RNG)
  • Deploy workloads
  • Set up authentication for workloads
    • Choose a workload authentication method
    • Authenticate workloads to Google Cloud API using service accounts
    • Authenticate workloads to other workloads over mTLS
  • Agent for Compute Workloads overview
  • Web servers
    • Deploy an Apache server
    • Deploy an IIS server
    • Deploy a Flask server by using Terraform
  • Applications
    • Interactive: Build a to-do app with MongoDB
    • Deploy an ASP.NET application
    • Set up Joomla
    • Set up LAMP
    • Perform blue/green deployments using Cloud Build
    • Send email from a VM
      • About sending email
      • Send email with SendGrid
      • Send email with Mailgun
      • Send email with Mailjet
  • Databases
    • MySQL
      • MySQL on Compute Engine
      • Install MySQL on Compute Engine
      • Configure MySQL on Compute Engine
      • Set up client access with a private IP address
      • Cloning a MySQL database on Compute Engine
      • Architectures for high availability of MySQL clusters on Compute Engine
      • Deploying a highly available MySQL 5.6 cluster with DRBD on Compute Engine
    • PostgreSQL
      • Set up PostgreSQL on Compute Engine
      • Set up a PostgreSQL data disk
      • Set up PostgreSQL with hot standby
    • SQL Server
      • Best practices for SQL Server VMs
      • Create
        • Create a high-performance SQL Server VM
        • Add a SQL Server license to an existing Linux server
        • Add a SQL Server license to an existing Windows server
        • Configure SQL Server on Google Cloud using Google Cloud NetApp Volumes
          • Use file storage to configure SQL Server failover cluster instance
          • Use block storage to configure SQL Server Always On availability groups
      • Configure
        • Set up AlwaysOn availability groups using an internal load balancer
        • Set up AlwaysOn availability groups using a distributed network name
        • Set up a failover cluster VM that uses S2D
        • Set up a failover cluster VM with multi-writer disks
        • Set up a SQL Server cluster on Linux with Always On availability groups and Pacemaker
      • Migrate
        • Migrate a SQL Server database from AWS EC2 to Compute Engine
        • Migrate a SQL Server database from Windows to Linux
      • Disaster recovery
        • Disaster recovery for Microsoft SQL Server
        • Disaster recovery for Microsoft SQL server on Persistent disk
        • Disaster recovery for Microsoft SQL server on Hyperdisk
        • Deploying Microsoft SQL Server for multi-regional disaster recovery
        • Backup SQL Server databases to a Google Cloud Storage bucket
      • Cloning a Microsoft SQL Server database on Compute Engine
      • Load test SQL Server using HammerDB
    • Redis
      • Deployment Options for Redis on Google Cloud
  • Containers
    • Containers on Compute Engine
    • Deploy containers on VMs and managed instance groups
    • Configure options to run your container
    • Transition from the container startup agent
      • Prepare for the shutdown of the container startup agent
      • Prevent the creation of VMs that use the container metadata
      • Migrate containers that were deployed on VMs during VM creation
    • OpenShift workloads
      • OpenShift on Google Cloud overview
      • Plan for OpenShift on Google Cloud
      • Overview of Cluster Services for OpenShift
      • Built-in integrations for OpenShift
      • Best practices for high availability with OpenShift
      • Disaster recovery for OpenShift on Google Cloud
      • Disaster recovery strategies for active-passive and active-inactive setups with OpenShift
  • Microsoft Windows
    • Windows workloads
    • Best practices for Windows Server VMs
    • Setting up Active Directory
    • Best practices for running Active Directory on Google Cloud
    • Deploy Microsoft SharePoint Server on Compute Engine
    • Deploying Microsoft Exchange Server 2016 on Compute Engine
    • Windows Server
      • Perform an in-place upgrade of Windows Server
      • Run Windows Server failover clustering
  • IBM Spectrum Symphony
    • Integrate IBM Spectrum Symphony with Google Cloud
    • Install the Compute Engine Symphony provider
    • Install the Google Kubernetes Symphony provider
    • Troubleshoot IBM Spectrum Symphony
  • Others
    • Load testing
      • Distributed load testing using Kubernetes
      • SSH port forwarding and load testing
    • Analytics
      • Monte Carlo methods using Apache Spark
    • Machine learning
      • Run TensorFlow inference workloads with TensorRT5 and NVIDIA T4 GPU
  • Monitor
  • Monitor logs
    • View audit logs
    • View usage reports
    • View Compute Engine operations
    • Migrate from activity logs to audit logs
    • View activity logs
  • Monitor resources
    • Monitor VM and sole-tenant node usage
    • Observe and monitor VMs
    • Monitor GPU performance
      • Monitor GPU performance on Linux VMs
      • Monitor GPU performance on Windows VMs
    • Monitor disks
      • Monitor disk health
      • Monitor the replica states of regional disks
      • Monitor disks
      • List of metrics for Pools
      • Monitor Pools
    • Monitor reservations
  • Organize resources using labels
  • Scale
  • Autoscale groups of VMs
    • About autoscaling groups of VMs
    • Create and manage autoscalers
      • Scale based on CPU utilization
      • Scale based on predictions
      • Scale based on load balancing serving capacity
      • Scale based on Monitoring metrics
      • Scale based on schedules
      • Use an autoscaling policy with multiple signals
      • Manage autoscalers
    • Understand autoscaler decisions
    • View autoscaler logs
  • Autoscale node groups
  • Reserve VM capacity
    • Choose a reservation type
    • Sharing reservations
      • Best practices for shared reservations
      • Allow a project to share reservations
    • On-demand reservations
      • About on-demand reservations
      • Create an on-demand reservation
        • For a single project
        • For multiple projects
      • Combine an on-demand reservation with a CUD
      • Modify an on-demand reservation
      • Delete an on-demand reservation
    • Future reservations
      • About future reservations
      • Create a reservation request
        • For a single project
        • For multiple projects
      • Modify a reservation request
      • Delete a reservation request
    • Future reservations in calendar mode
      • About future reservations in calendar mode
      • Create a reservation request in calendar mode
    • View reservations or reservation requests
    • Consume a reservation
    • Prevent VMs from consuming reservations
  • Load balancing
    • About load balancing and scaling
    • Add an instance group to a load balancer
    • Request routing to a multi-region external HTTPS load balancer
    • Cross-region load balancing for Microsoft IIS backends
    • Set up Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancing
  • Build reliable and scalable applications
    • Use autohealing for highly available applications
    • Use load balancing for highly available applications
    • Use autoscaling for highly scalable applications
    • Globally autoscale a web service on Compute Engine
    • Patterns for scalable and resilient applications
    • Patterns for using floating IP addresses on Compute Engine
  • Optimize
  • Resource utilization
    • Use recommendations to manage resources
      • Apply machine type recommendations to VMs
      • Configure machine type recommendations
      • Apply machine type recommendations to MIGs
      • View and apply idle resources recommendations
      • View and understand VM insights
      • View and understand MIG insights
      • Manage idle VM recommendations
        • Idle VM recommendations overview
        • View and apply idle VM recommendations
        • Configure idle VM recommendations
      • Manage reservation recommendations
        • Reservation recommendations overview
        • View and apply idle reservation recommendations
        • View and apply underutilized reservation recommendations
        • Configure idle reservation recommendations
        • Configure underutilized reservation recommendations
    • Overcommit CPUs on sole-tenant VMs
    • Manual live migration
      • About manual live migration
      • Manually live migrate VMs
    • Share sole-tenant node groups
    • Next generation dynamic resource management
  • Cost savings
    • Get discounts for committed usage
      • About commitments and committed use discounts (CUDs)
      • Resource-based CUDs
      • Manage resource-based commitments
        • Renew commitments automatically
        • Extend commitment terms
        • Merge and split commitments
        • Upgrade commitments
      • Share resource-based CUDs across projects
    • Get discounts for sustained usage
  • Disk performance
    • Optimize Hyperdisk performance
    • Optimize Persistent Disk performance
    • Optimize Local SSD performance
  • Workload performance
    • Set the number of threads per core
    • Customize the number of visible CPU cores
    • Analyze the CPU performance using the PMU
      • PMU overview
      • Enable the PMU in VMs
      • Manage the PMU in VMs
  • Network performance
    • Network bandwidth
    • Use Google Virtual NIC
    • Use IRDMA network driver
    • Use IDPF network interface
    • Configure a VM with higher bandwidth
    • Reduce latency by using compact placement policies
    • Optimize TCP network communication
      • Optimize TCP network performance
      • Optimize TCP network resiliency
    • Benchmark higher bandwidth VMs
    • Optimize app latency with load balancing
    • Use DPDK to improve network performance
    • Network performance and GPU VMs
      • Networking and GPU machines
      • Use higher network bandwidth
      • Patterns for using multiple host NICs
  • Troubleshoot
  • General tips
  • Troubleshoot connectivity
    • Troubleshoot RDP
    • Troubleshoot SSH
    • Troubleshoot OS Login
  • Troubleshoot VMs
    • Troubleshoot VM operations
      • Troubleshoot VM creation
      • Troubleshoot resource availability errors
      • Troubleshoot bulk API VM creation
      • Troubleshoot VM reboots and shutdowns
      • Troubleshoot VM suspension
      • Troubleshoot VM updates
    • Troubleshoot unresponsive VMs
      • Troubleshoot VM startup
      • Troubleshoot fstab errors
      • Troubleshoot kernel panic
      • Collecting core dumps
      • Rescue an inaccessible VM
      • Troubleshoot CPU soft lockups
    • Troubleshoot VM configurations
      • Troubleshoot Arm VMs
      • Troubleshoot GPU VMs
        • Troubleshoot NVIDIA GPU errors
        • Generate a NVIDIA bug report for Blackwell GPUs
      • Troubleshoot nested virtualization
      • Troubleshoot using VM screenshots
      • Troubleshoot sole-tenant nodes
      • Troubleshoot VM performance issues
      • Troubleshoot sudoers files
    • Troubleshoot Windows VMs
      • Troubleshoot Windows VMs
      • Collecting diagnostic information
    • Troubleshoot using the serial console
      • Troubleshoot using the serial console
      • Viewing serial port output
  • Troubleshoot instance groups
    • Troubleshoot managed instance groups (MIGs)
  • Troubleshoot OS management
    • Troubleshoot licenses
    • Troubleshoot image import and export
    • Troubleshooting SLES pay-as-you-go registration
    • Troubleshooting Ubuntu Pro Registration
  • Troubleshoot metadata server
    • Troubleshoot metadata server
  • Troubleshoot networking issues
    • Troubleshoot common networking issues
    • Troubleshoot network drivers
    • Troubleshoot VM performance issues
  • Troubleshoot storage
    • Troubleshoot disk creation
    • Troubleshoot full disks and disk resizing
    • Troubleshoot disk encryption
    • Troubleshoot NVMe disks
    • Troubleshoot instant snapshots
    • Troubleshoot standard snapshots
  • Troubleshoot reservations and commitments
    • Troubleshoot reservation creation
    • Troubleshoot reservation consumption
    • Troubleshooting reservation monitoring
    • Troubleshoot reservation updates
    • Troubleshoot future reservation creation and updates
    • Troubleshoot automatic commitment renewal
  • Troubleshoot quota errors
    • Troubleshoot concurrent operation quota errors
  • Troubleshoot workload authentication
    • Troubleshoot default service accounts
    • Troubleshoot workload to workload authentication
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Machine families resource and comparison guide