IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

In this paper, we examine existing literature on the way that the number of blades of a wind turbine affects its efficiency and power generation. A wind turbine blade is an important component of a clean energy system because of its ability to capture energy from the wind. The power that a wind turbine extracts from the wind is directly proportional to the swept area of the blades; consequently, the blades have a direct effect on power generation. The number and configuration of the blades is very important because it affects the speed and efficiency of turbine. Unfortunately, as the number of blades increases, so does the slipstream effect. Too few a number of blades results in poor efficiency and thus inadequate performance. Too large a number of blades increases weight and production cost. The correct number of blades is important to fit the generator performance curve to optimize overall turbine performance and efficiency.

Conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are water quality parameters, which are used to describe salinity level. These two parameters are correlated and usually expressed by a simple equation: TDS = k EC (in 25 °C). The process of obtaining TDS from water sample is more complex than that of EC. Meanwhile, TDS analysis is very important because it can illustrate groundwater quality, particularly in understanding the effect of seawater intrusion better than EC analysis. These conditions make research in revealing TDS/EC ratios interesting to do. By finding the ratio value, TDS concentration can be measured easily from EC value. However, the ratio cannot be defined easily. Previous research results have found that the correlation between TDS and EC are not always linear. The ratio is not only strongly influenced by salinity contents, but also by materials contents. Furthermore, the analysis of TDS concentration from EC value can be used to give an overview of water quality. For more precision, TDS concentrations need to be analyzed using the gravimetric method in the laboratory.

Katuk is widely popular with its benefits for breastfeeding mothers. Katuk is also known as a plant with a high antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the effect of using variations in the ethanol concentration as an extracting solvent in producing Total Phenolics Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) and their activities in reducing DPPH free radicals. The dried katuk leaves were extracted by cold maceration method. The solvent used for extraction is ethanol with 3 variations in concentration: 50%, 70%, and 96% (absolute ethanol). TPC and TFC were determined by colorimetric method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. TPC was stated to be equivalent to gallic acid, while TFC was stated to be equivalent to quercetin. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was measured based on the IC50 value. The results showed that Katuk leaf extract produced from 50% ethanol solvent was able to produce TPC (42.18 ± 0.30 mg GAE / g), TFC (11.18 ± 0.38 mg QE / g) and reduction activity against DPPH radicals (IC50 = 88.33 ± 3.53 ppm). These were higher than ethanol with other concentrations. However, various things need to be considered when using this solvent given the high water content in the solvent.

Biodegradability testing methods being used nowadays have many disadvantages; they are time-consuming, inefficient medium used, and too much sample needed to do the test. This work aimed to study the biodegradability of starch-based bioplastics by modified ASTM G21-70 method using Salt Agar (SA) medium, dip-hanging method using sterile water, and Soil Burial Test (SBT) method. Bioplastics were prepared by mixing cassava starch and glycerol with a ratio of 3:1 (%, w/w) through a series of processes: (1) blending of starch and glycerol for 3 min, (2) extruding of the starch-glycerol mixture by using a single screw extruder at 80-130°C, and (3) compression molding at temperature and pressure of 150°C and 50 kgf/cm², respectively. Aspergillus niger was used as bioplastic-degrading fungi for the modified ASTM G21-70 and dip-hanging methods, while compost-soil was used as a source of bioplastic-degrading microbes in SBT method. Bioplastics of 2x2 cm in size were applied to the tests for 10 days. The growth of fungi on the surface of bioplastics was observed visually at two days intervals. A. niger grew well on the surface of bioplastic sample in modified ASTM G21-70 method, indicated that the bioplastic could be degraded by the fungi. On the other hand, the growth of A. niger was poor in the dip-hanging method, even though weight loss of 11.5% occurred. Physical properties changing were indicated in the SBT method. On the 10^th day, cracks were observed on the surface of the bioplastic sample, the color of the sample became darker even the bioplastic became fragile, and the weight loss reached 29.89%.

The large demand for cayenne pepper makes farmers need to make efforts to increase crop production by increasing the efficiency of using fertilizers. The alternative fertilizer comes from household waste, namely egg shells. This study aims to determine the effect of eggshell organic fertilizer on vegetative growth of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The research method used was an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were P0 (control), P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 respectively, the treatment of eggshell organic fertilizer with a dose of 0; 45; 60; 75; 90; and 105 g. The treatments were given 3 days after transplanting and harvesting the plants 35 days after transplanting. Data for each parameter was tested for normality, homogeneity test, and analyzed by 1 factor ANOVA. Furthermore, the LSD test was carried out to determine the difference in effect between treatments. The best application of eggshell organic fertilizer was P4 treatment for parameters of root length and plant wet weight, respectively, 20.10 cm and 17.96 g, and P5 treatment for parameters of plant height and plant dry weight, respectively 54.80 cm and 3.00 g. The percentage of root length and wet weight of P4 treatment plants to control were 130.52% and 269.67%, respectively, while the percentage of plant height and dry weight of P5 treatment plants to control were 139.79% and 282.49%, respectively. The application of eggshell organic fertilizer can increase the vegetative growth of cayenne pepper.

These days, the third worlds countries such as Egypt are facing a hug challenge toward energy production. Energy crisis is the most critical issue facing these developing countries. In the recent couple of years Egypt has experienced a serious shortage in the power supply which affect negatively the industry sector as well as the residential sector due to the shortage of natural gas production and fossil fuel which prevented the government from providing the basic needs of Energy to the community. Moreover, it affects negatively the developing of this country and building a new mega projects. Renewable energy sources can be an extraordinary method to tackle the energy issue in Egypt, the increasing of energy costs and decreasing of fissile fuel production helps in decreasing the gap between the cost of generating Energy from renewables and fissile fuel. It is important to set up public Egyptian facilities based on renewable energy as metro stations instead of relying upon fossil fuel as a main source of power. Generating electricity from piezoelectric cells to power metro station is a sustainable solution for the environment, economy, and social needs. Using piezoelectric cells in high density projects helps in creating energy self-sustain projects, people will start to produce energy from walking throughout the facility. The aim of this research is to highlight the importance of replacing ceramic and granite tiles with sustainable piezoelectric tiles, which will create a self-sustain project by redesign an interior space of public facilities. Designing the flooring tiles that integrate piezoelectric cells produce a useful amount of energy for electrifying public facilities using the visitor’s high population density. The research started to analyses projects that replaced regular tiles with piezoelectric tiles to understand the objectives and constrains of using this sustainable building material in Egyptian public facilities.

Geothermal or earth's heat is a thermal energy dominant countries have been located along the plate boundaries where volcanism or earthquakes are concentrated. One of the world largest geothermal activities has been found in the region of Pacific Ring of Fire/ROF. More than 40% geothermal energy resources are stored in that region. The Ring of Fire that rims the Pacific Ocean and is bounded by Japan, the Philippines, the Aleutian Islands, North America, Central America, and South America etc. United States is still global geothermal energy leader which are located in that volcanic belt, Philippines is second-largest geothermal energy producer in the world, Japan is currently large geothermal power producer in the world, Indonesia that has around 29000 MW of untapped geothermal power. Most of the countries of that region have been stored huge geothermal energy resources. The above explanation of geothermal energy resources of Pacific Ring of Fire which working as a home country of geothermal resources in the world.

Through the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Model, the paper was designed to answer five (5) questions: (a) What are the factors affecting the decision of the Filipinos in buying refrigerators?; (b) What are the reasons that encourage Filipinos to purchase refrigerators?; (c) What is the relationship between energy labels and the purchasing behavior of the Filipinos?; (d) What are the internal and external referents associated in purchasing behavior?; and (e) How do socio-demographics affect the purchasing behavior? SOR explains that several external aspects can act as a stimulus which influences a person’s internal state, referring to the organism, which will result to certain behavioral response. The prevailing motivation of consumers rely on their hedonic behavior which attributes with the experiences of sensory appeals including emotion and gratification The study suggests that the consumers lack ample knowledge and capacity to use their familiarity and awareness on the existence of energy labels on making sound decisions when purchasing refrigerators. The importance of energy labels was being set aside by the consumers when being conflicted with the product’s brand, features, and aesthetics. Subsequent interventions of government may be necessary in order to address the gap between the consumers purchasing motivation and purchasing behavior. The intensification of information campaign and supporting policies may provide avenue to ensure that consumers are empowered on choosing energy efficient appliances. Furthermore, the development of a comprehensive communication plan that will cut across sector may address the concerns on the appliances acquisition of the Filipinos.

In the present work, the phenol-sulfuric acid method and the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method were developed with the aim to quantitatively analyze total sugars and reducing sugars, respectively. In regard with the phenol-sulfuric acid assay, 1.0 mL of sample was treated with 1.0 mL of 5% phenol, 5.0 mL of concentrated H₂SO₄ and measured at 485 nm, with the linearity range of 10–100 ppm for total sugars. The DNS method was performed on 2.0 mL of sample, using 1.5 mL of DNS at 80 °C for 10 minutes and measured at 510 nm, with the linearity range of 50–400 ppm for reducing sugars. The sugar contents of white dragon fruit-derived sugar-samples (extracted from species in Binh Thuan province, Vietnam) were also estimated by the above measured methods, exhibiting the total sugars of above 90% and the reducing sugars of above 5%. The methods were well-performed with the acceptable relative standard deviations of repeatability in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).

On behalf of the International Conference on Green Energy and Environment (ICoGEE) 2025 committee, we are delighted to welcome participants, experts, and academics from around the world to the 7^th ICoGEE Virtual Conference. Hosted by the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Universitas Bangka Belitung, this event will take place over two days, October 21^st – 22^nd, 2025, under the theme “Empowering a Sustainable Revolution: The Role of Innovation in Green Energy and Environmental Technology.”

As an annual conference, ICoGEE provides a highly competitive forum for presenting and discussing the latest innovations in green energy applications, environmental science and technology, and energy and environmental management. The conference’s parallel sessions allow presenters to share their research findings, exchange new ideas and information, and explore applications related to theory, design, development, implementation, testing, and evaluation in green energy and environment. This year’s ICoGEE features four distinguished speakers from Taiwan, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Malaysia, the Philippines, Palestine, South Korea, and Indonesia, who will lead in-depth discussions on cutting-edge topics in the field. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have worked tirelessly to make this conference possible, including the authors, editors, and review committee members. We are especially grateful to our keynote speakers, publishers, co-organizers, sponsors, and individuals who have contributed to the event’s success.

We warmly welcome you to the ICoGEE 2025 virtual conference and sincerely hope that all participants will find the event both enlightening and fruitful.

List of Conference Committees is available in this PDF.

The Third International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences (3rd ICFAS 2025)

August 26th - August 27th, 2025

Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Hybrid from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The 3rd International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences (The 3rd ICFAS 2025) was successfully held on August 26^th–27^th, 2025, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in a hybrid format that combined on-site and virtual participation. This conference was organized by the Research Organization for Agricultural and Food, the National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (ROAF BRIN), in collaboration with the Indonesian Biotechnology Consortium (KBI). With the main theme “From Smart Agriculture to Secure Plates: Ensuring Food Safety and Sustainability,” the conference aimed to bring together scientists, academicians, practitioners, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders to discuss current advances, innovations, and challenges in the field of food and agricultural sciences. The theme reflects a global commitment to developing sustainable agricultural systems, promoting food safety, and utilizing emerging technologies to support food security and environmental resilience.

The 3rd ICFAS 2025 served as an essential platform for the dissemination of cutting-edge research findings and for fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among national and international experts. Topics presented and discussed encompassed a wide range of subjects, including Soil and Environmental Science, Plant breeding and Genetic Engineering, Agronomy and Plant Protection, Palm Plantation and Product, Smart Farming, Livestock Production, Food Technology and Processing, Agroindustry, Protein alternatives, Food Safety, Food microbiology and biotechnology, and Appropriate Technology. The event also encouraged dialogue between researchers and industry representatives to align scientific innovation with practical applications that support national and regional development goals.

This year’s conference continued the tradition established by previous ICFAS events in promoting scientific exchange and innovation in food and agricultural research. The hybrid implementation allowed broader participation, enabling international experts who could not attend in person to contribute through virtual sessions. The integration of digital and physical platforms ensured that knowledge sharing remained inclusive, interactive, and globally accessible.

List of Welcoming Remarks, Opening Speech and The Third International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences (The 3^rd ICFAS 2025) are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 163

• Number of submissions sent for review: 159

• Number of submissions accepted: 117

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 71.8

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2.15

• Total number of reviewers involved: 106

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Satriyo Krido Wahono, Ph.D.

Email: satr005@brin.go.id

Affiliation: Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN)

Tropical peatlands significantly contribute to ecosystem carbon and are essential in controlling the carbon balance. Soil CO₂ emissions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are processes of carbon release that are intricately associated with climate change. This research investigates the relationship between soil CO₂ emissions and DOC in soil systems. The approach employed involves both trenching and non-trenching experimental methods. The research site was located in Buatan Village, Siak Indrapura District, Riau Province. Peat water sampling and CO₂ flux measurements were performed monthly over five consecutive days for one year. The results indicated a negative correlation between soil CO₂ emissions and DOC concentrations (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that microbial utilization of carbon substrates results in greater transformation into CO₂ than into dissolved carbon, driven by intensified surface decomposition.

Climate change causes shifting in composition of wet and dry months, impact on agriculture in Bali Province. Temporary and permanent shifting in climate type result in changes to the number of wet and dry months, have created new climate patterns that impact on land suitability. This has resulted in decreasing agriculture production. In light of issues related to shifting climate types, land suitability and declining agricultural production, there must be a research regarding the potential development of agricultural areas in Bali Province. The objective of research was to obtain the potential for developing non-agricultural into new agricultural areas in Bali Province based on agro-climatic zones, supported by land suitability classes, and land contours. The methods to use were Oldeman to update agroclimate zone and land suitability classes for the leading commodities in Bali Province monthly rainfall data between 1991 and 2020. Both results then superimposed with land cover and land contour data to obtain areas on map that are not currently used for agriculture but could be developed for this purpose. The results will show which areas have the potential to be developed for the cultivation of paddy, maize, soybean, red chili, and shallot. The research expected to be used to plan sustainable agricultural land for increasing leading commodities production in Bali Province.

Rice is the main commodity, and efforts are being made to increase rice production through the development of marginal land, including swampland management. The purpose of this paper is to describe the status of swampland in Papua, Indonesia, including the constraints, potentials and development opportunities to support the achievement of rice food self-sufficiency. The area of available potential swampland in Papua, Indonesia for lowland rice cultivation is 31 thousand ha which is located in the other land utilization area (APL) which includes in-land swampland, peatland and tidal swampland. The challenges in developing swampland in Papua include acidic soil with low fertility, limited agricultural infrastructure, weak understanding of technology by farmers, limited farmer capital, lack of support-commitment from institutions-various related parties, swampland has not been recorded and mapped properly, and changes in land status. Of the several alternative strategies for overcoming the various challenges to swampland development, the use of high-yield varieties is the most effective because it is inexpensive, easily available materials, easy to adop by users, and the benefits are directly obtained by farmers. Support from local governments remains essential, as they are the technical agencies that understand the issues on the ground and can support the primary strategy for swampland development.

Conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are water quality parameters, which are used to describe salinity level. These two parameters are correlated and usually expressed by a simple equation: TDS = k EC (in 25 °C). The process of obtaining TDS from water sample is more complex than that of EC. Meanwhile, TDS analysis is very important because it can illustrate groundwater quality, particularly in understanding the effect of seawater intrusion better than EC analysis. These conditions make research in revealing TDS/EC ratios interesting to do. By finding the ratio value, TDS concentration can be measured easily from EC value. However, the ratio cannot be defined easily. Previous research results have found that the correlation between TDS and EC are not always linear. The ratio is not only strongly influenced by salinity contents, but also by materials contents. Furthermore, the analysis of TDS concentration from EC value can be used to give an overview of water quality. For more precision, TDS concentrations need to be analyzed using the gravimetric method in the laboratory.

Starch-based plastic is developed for petroleum-based plastic material replacement. Thus, basic knowledge of starch properties is important. This research aimed to evaluate the physical and thermal properties of various potential starch, i.e. corn, cassava, and potato starch. Granule size, thermal property, and functional group of starch were determined by optical microsopy, DSC, and FTIR, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the properties of starch (e.g. granule morphology and thermal property) varied according to its different sources. Potato starch has a bigger granule size and lower gelatinization temperature compare to corn and cassava starch. This implied that the granule size of starch affected gelatinization temperature. The larger the granule size, the more easily the starch to be gelatinized.

In view of prediction techniques of hourly PM2.5 concentration in China, this paper applied the XGBoost(Extreme Gradient Boosting) algorithm to predict hourly PM2.5 concentration. The monitoring data of air quality in Tianjin city was analyzed by using XGBoost algorithm. The prediction performance of the XGBoost method is evaluated by comparing observed and predicted PM2.5 concentration using three measures of forecast accuracy. The XGBoost method is also compared with the random forest algorithm, multiple linear regression, decision tree regression and support vector machines for regression models using computational results. The results demonstrate that the XGBoost algorithm outperforms other data mining methods.

Basalt fiber is a green, healthy and environmentally friendly high-tech fiber product without environmental pollution. It is widely used in military and civilian fields. It is not only of great theoretical significance but also of great strategic significance to strengthen the analysis and study of the properties of basalt fiber and its composite materials. The results show that: compared with glass fiber, carbon fiber and aramid fiber, basalt fiber has good mechanical properties, acid-alkali resistance, excellent electrical properties, high wave permeability, non-conductive, and excellent sound insulation and insulation performance. Based on the above advantages, the combination of basalt fiber and substrate can enhance the material properties. Based on the above features, the basalt fiber and its composites can be made into high temperature and low temperature protective clothing and sound insulation materials used in sound absorption and heat insulation industry. Its production can also be widely used in the fields of brake, electric, electromagnetic and so on for its unique features.

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is widespread in the environment, while the effects of MPs on the soil organisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the fitness of earthworms (E. Foetida) exposed to MPs (Polystyrene, 58 μm) in soils at the concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/w). The results showed that MPs had little effects on the fitness of earthworms under low exposure concentrations (≤ 0.5 % (w/w)), while MPs exposure with high concentrations (i.e., 1% and 2%) significantly inhibited the growth and increased the mortality of earthworms. The results indicated that the MPs pollution in soils have an adverse effect on the fitness of soil organisms, and implied the ecological risk of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems.

Computer-aided drug design (CADD) is an emerging tool for research and drug development process as it reduces the time taken for the process of drug development and expense. Molecular docking technology, as one of the main method, has been widely used in many fields of drug development. Based on the dopamine D₃ receptor target, this paper describes the method of molecular docking using LeDock software (Windows version) in combination with the docking process of eticlopride ligand and D3 receptor. This method can predict the binding mode of ligands to proteins, including binding energy, binding sites and attractive interactions types. Four representative D₃ receptor ligands, including BP897, NGB2904, FAUC365 and SB277011A, were respectively docked with D₃ receptor by this method. By analyzing the docking results, we can conclude that the molecular docking method using LeDock software plays an important role in the drug design process.

Microplastics (size <5 mm) have become an international attention since they have been discovered in wildlife and human gastro-intestinal tract, and might harm health. The objective of this paper is to review microplastics and analyze its possible impact on wildlife and seabird. Seabirds are upper-trophic level predators in marine ecosystems, feed on zooplankton, fish, and squid. Microplastics in seabirds have been reported in many countries, including the USA, Canada, Brazil, Japan, China, the Netherlands, and North Pacific region, involving albatrosses, petrels, storm-petrels, fulmars, cormorants, shearwaters, penguins, and many other seabird species. Microplastics were accidentally ingested because of their resemblance to the fish, plankton, or from ingestion of microplastics that already occurred inside fish food. Types of microplastics were pellet, fragment, film, fiber, foamed plastic and styrofoam. Microplastics might decrease feeding stimuli by producing a false sense of fullness, causing the bird to stop eating, resulting in malnutrition and death. Other harmful impact on birds are interrupting nutrient absorption, disrupting reproductive problems, and hindered growth and survival of chicks. Study on microplastics in Indonesia is in progress, by using Little-black cormorant to represent seabirds.

With increasing use of BIM (Building Information Modelling) in the design of construction projects, opportunities arise to integrate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in early design phases efficiently with minimum additional burden for the design team. Different levels of integration can be envisaged, ranging from a BOQ export (Bill Of Quantity) based on the BIM-model to import in native LCA-software, up to a real time LCA-calculation within the native design environment, giving real time feedback on design decisions, or alternatively utilizing the standardized BIM-information exchange format IFC. Based on the evaluation of existing tools, this paper focuses on the possible workflows for the integration of LCA and BIM. A comparative analysis between these different information flow structures exposes their advantages and disadvantages, depending on the design phase they are used in and the availability of generic, product-specific or manufacturer-specific LCA-data.

The composition of pharmaceutical wastewater is complex, which is high concentration of organic matter, microbial toxicity, high salt, and difficult to biodegrade. After secondary treatment, there are still trace amounts of suspended solids and dissolved organic matter. To improve the quality of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent, advanced treatment is essential. In this paper, the classification of the pharmaceutical technology was introduced, and the characteristics of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent quality were summarized. The methods of advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater were reviewed afterwards, which included coagulation and sedimentation, flotation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane separation and biological treatment. Meanwhile, the characteristics of each process were described.

The present study was conducted to formulate sodium soap grease using waste engine oil (WEO). Greases were formulated by homogenizing sodium soap thickener in WEO for 2 hours at 150°C Different grease composition of oil-to-thickener ratio was designed which are 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. The formulated greases were analysed by conducting the consistency, oil bleeding, oil separation and FTIR characterization tests. The present study found that grease can be formulated using WEO and the thickener percentage have significant effect on formulated greases properties. Grease formulated with 70 – 80% of base oil and 20 – 30% of thickener was the best grease formulated as it shows desirable grease properties.