Table of Contents

Cover

Volume 1

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

About the Technical Editor

Table of Contents

Table of Exercises

Introduction

What Is CompTIA A+ Certification?

What Does This Book Cover?

The CompTIA A+ Exam Objectives for Core 1 220-1201

How to Contact the Publisher

Assessment Test for Exam 220-1201

Answers to Assessment Test 220-1201

VOLUME 1: CompTIA A+ Core 1 Exam (220-1201)

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Understanding Motherboards

Understanding Processors

Understanding Memory

Understanding Cooling Systems

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question 1

Performance-Based Question 2

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Installing and Configuring Expansion Cards

Understanding Storage Devices

Understanding Power Supplies

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Understanding Peripheral Devices

Understanding Cables and Connectors

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Working with Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Understanding Print Technologies and Imaging Processes

Installing and Maintaining Printers

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Understanding Networking Principles

Identifying Common Network Hardware

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 7: Introduction to TCP/IP

Understanding TCP/IP

Understanding Virtual Networks

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 8: Network Services

Understanding Network Services

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Understanding Wireless Networking Technologies

Installing and Configuring SOHO Networks

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Understanding Mobile Connectivity

Understanding Mobile App Support

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Understanding Virtualization

Understanding Cloud Computing

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Understanding Troubleshooting Best Practices

Troubleshooting Motherboards, RAM, CPUs, and Power Problems

Troubleshooting Drives and RAID Arrays

Troubleshooting Networking Problems

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting Video, Projector, and Display Issues

Troubleshooting Common Mobile Device Issues

Troubleshooting Printer Issues

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Chapter 7: Introduction toTCP/IP

Chapter 8: Network Services

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Appendix B: Answers to Performance-Based Questions

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Chapter 7: Introduction to TCP/IP

Chapter 8: Network Services

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Index

Volume 2

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

About the Technical Editor

Table of Contents

Table of Exercises

Introduction

What Is CompTIA A+ Certification?

What Does This Book Cover?

The CompTIA A+ Exam Objectives

Assessment Test for Exam 220-1202

Answers to Assessment Test 220-1202

VOLUME 2: CompTIA A+ Core 2 Exam (220-1202)

Chapter 1: Operating System Basics

Understanding Operating Systems

Understanding Applications

Introduction to Windows

Preparing for the Exam

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 2: Windows Configuration

Interacting with Operating Systems

The Windows Registry

Disk Management

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 3: Windows Administration

Installing and Upgrading Windows

Command-Line Tools

Networking in Windows

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 4: Working with macOS and Linux

macOS and Linux

Applications on macOS

macOS Components

macOS System Folders

Best Practices

Linux Administration

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 5: Security Concepts

Physical Security Concepts

Physical Security for Staff

Logical Security

Malware

Mitigating Software Threats

Social Engineering Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

Common Security Threats

Exploits and Vulnerabilities

Security Best Practices

Destruction and Disposal Methods

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 6: Securing Operating Systems

Working with Windows OS Security Settings

Web Browser Security

Securing a SOHO Network (Wireless)

Securing a SOHO Network (Wired)

Mobile Device Security

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 7: Troubleshooting Operating Systems and Security

Troubleshooting Common Microsoft Windows OS Problems

Troubleshooting Security Issues

Best Practices for Malware Removal

Troubleshooting Mobile OS Issues

Troubleshooting Mobile Security Issues

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 8: Scripting, Remote Access, and Artificial Intelligence

Scripting

Remote Access

Artificial Intelligence

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 9: Safety and Environmental Concerns

Understanding Safety Procedures

Understanding Environmental Controls

Understanding Policies, Licensing, and Privacy

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 10: Documentation and Professionalism

Documentation and Support

Change Management Best Practices

Backup and Recovery

Demonstrating Professionalism

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions

Chapter 1: Operating System Basics

Chapter 2: Windows Configuration

Chapter 3: Windows Administration

Chapter 4: Working with macOS and Linux

Chapter 5: Security Concepts

Chapter 6: Securing Operating Systems

Chapter 7: Troubleshooting Operating Systems and Security

Chapter 8: Scripting, Remote Access, and Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 9: Safety and Environmental Concerns

Chapter 10: Documentation and Professionalism

Appendix B: Answers to Performance-Based Questions

Chapter 1: Operating System Basics

Chapter 2: Windows Configuration

Chapter 3: Windows Administration

Chapter 4: Working with macOS and Linux

Chapter 5: Security Concepts

Chapter 6: Securing Operating Systems

Chapter 7: Troubleshooting Operating Systems and Security

Chapter 8: Scripting, Remote Access, and Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 9: Safety and Environmental Concerns

Chapter 10: Documentation and Professionalism

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Volume 1: Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 Desktop PC socket types and the processors they support

TABLE 1.2 Select Intel desktop processors

TABLE 1.3 13th Generation Intel Core CPU comparison

TABLE 1.4 DDR DIMM characteristics

TABLE 1.5 SODIMM pin counts

Volume 1: Chapter 2

TABLE 2.1 SATA standards and speeds

TABLE 2.2 PCIe standards and transfer rates

TABLE 2.3 SAS standards

TABLE 2.4 M.2 keying characteristics

TABLE 2.5 RAID characteristics

TABLE 2.6 Optical disc and drive specifications

TABLE 2.7 : 80 PLUS rating minimum efficiency

Volume 1: Chapter 3

TABLE 3.1 USB specifications

TABLE 3.2 USB power standards

TABLE 3.3 Thunderbolt standards

TABLE 3.4 eSATA specifications

Volume 1: Chapter 4

TABLE 4.1 Laptop manufacturers’ service and support websites

Volume 1: Chapter 6

TABLE 6.1 Topologies—advantages and disadvantages

TABLE 6.2 Coax RG types

TABLE 6.3 Common twisted pair cabling standards

TABLE 6.4 Common cable types and characteristics

TABLE 6.5 Fiber-optic letter designations

TABLE 6.6 PoE standards

Volume 1: Chapter 7

TABLE 7.1 Common port numbers

TABLE 7.2 Popular FTP apps

TABLE 7.3 IPv4 address classes

TABLE 7.4 CIDR values

TABLE 7.5 Private IP address ranges

TABLE 7.6 IPv6 address ranges

Volume 1: Chapter 8

TABLE 8.1 Common DNS record types

TABLE 8.2 Important email protocols

TABLE 8.3 Syslog severity levels

Volume 1: Chapter 9

TABLE 9.1 Frequencies and channels

TABLE 9.2 Legacy 802.11 standards

TABLE 9.3 Gigabit 802.11 standards

TABLE 9.4 Bluetooth major versions and features

TABLE 9.5 Bluetooth device classes and specifications

TABLE 9.6 RFID frequencies and characteristics

TABLE 9.7 Common Internet connection types and speeds

TABLE 9.8 Cable types and characteristics

Volume 1: Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems

TABLE 10.2 U.S. GPS service levels

TABLE 10.3 TCP/IP mail protocols

TABLE 10.4 Secure mail ports

TABLE 10.5 Secure mail servers for common email services

TABLE 10.6 Cloud providers and features

Volume 1: Chapter 11

TABLE 11.1 Comparing containers and virtual machines

TABLE 11.2 Availability downtime

Volume 1: Chapter 12

TABLE 12.1 S.M.A.R.T. software utilities

TABLE 12.2 S.M.A.R.T. metrics most correlated with hard drive failure

TABLE 12.3 ipconfig switches

TABLE 12.4 ping options

TABLE 12.5 netstat options

TABLE 12.6 net switches

TABLE 12.7 net share parameters

TABLE 12.8 pathping switches

Volume 1: Chapter 13

TABLE 13.1 Common impact print quality problems

TABLE 13.2 The EP imaging process

Volume 2: Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 Windows 10 and Windows 11 minimum system requirements

TABLE 1.2 Windows 10/11 features and editions

TABLE 1.3 Windows features

Volume 2: Chapter 2

TABLE 2.1 Event Viewer logs

TABLE 2.2 msinfo32 command-line options

TABLE 2.3 Selected Windows Control Panel applets

Volume 2: Chapter 3

TABLE 3.1 Windows 10/11 system requirements

TABLE 3.2 Windows servicing channel options

TABLE 3.3 Common dir switches

TABLE 3.4 cd/md/rmdir usage and switches

TABLE 3.5 xcopy switches

TABLE 3.6 sfc switches

TABLE 3.7 shutdown switches

TABLE 3.8 format switches

Volume 2: Chapter 4

TABLE 4.1 Essential Linux commands

TABLE 4.2 Letter codes for file permissions

Volume 2: Chapter 6

TABLE 6.1 NTFS permissions

TABLE 6.2 Share permissions

Volume 2: Chapter 9

TABLE 9.1 Computer cleaning tools

TABLE 9.2 Computer recycling websites

Volume 2: Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Uptime for nines of an SLA

List of Illustrations

Volume 1: Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 A typical motherboard

FIGURE 1.2 ITX motherboards

FIGURE 1.3 PCI expansion slots

FIGURE 1.4 PCIe expansion slots

FIGURE 1.5 Riser card in a motherboard

FIGURE 1.6 Double data rate (DDR) memory slots

FIGURE 1.7 Cache in a system

FIGURE 1.8 Two heat sinks, one with a fan

FIGURE 1.9 CPU socket examples

FIGURE 1.10 GIGABYTE multisocket motherboard

FIGURE 1.11 Dell laptop motherboard

FIGURE 1.12 An ATX power connector on a motherboard

FIGURE 1.13 Two PATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 1.14 Four SATA headers

FIGURE 1.15 eSATA port (bottom center)

FIGURE 1.16 M.2 connector on motherboard

FIGURE 1.17 M.2 slot protective cover

FIGURE 1.18 Motherboard headers

FIGURE 1.19 Two motherboard USB headers

FIGURE 1.20 A BIOS chip on a motherboard

FIGURE 1.21 UEFI boot option

FIGURE 1.22 System Recovery options

FIGURE 1.23 Advanced Options

FIGURE 1.24 UEFI settings

FIGURE 1.25 TPM settings

FIGURE 1.26 Windows TPM configuration screen

FIGURE 1.27 Secure Boot in UEFI

FIGURE 1.28 CMOS battery

FIGURE 1.29 DIP and PGA

FIGURE 1.30 Top and bottom of LGA Intel and PGA AMD CPUs

FIGURE 1.31 Top (a) and bottom (b) of a Samsung RISC CPU

FIGURE 1.32 CPU performance in Task Manager

FIGURE 1.33 System information in the About screen

FIGURE 1.34 Four memory sticks in a motherboard

FIGURE 1.35 The 64-bit memory throughput formula

FIGURE 1.36 SDR and DDR DIMMs

FIGURE 1.37 SODIMMs

FIGURE 1.38 DDR5 SODIMM and DIMM

FIGURE 1.39 System unit airflow

FIGURE 1.40 3-pin chassis-fan headers

FIGURE 1.41 A 4-pin CPU fan header

FIGURE 1.42 Position of a 3-pin connector on a 4-pin header

FIGURE 1.43 Large heat sink and fan

FIGURE 1.44 Thermal paste and a thermal pad

FIGURE 1.45 AIO liquid cooling system

FIGURE 1.46 An active hard disk cooler

Volume 1: Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 A PCIe video expansion card

FIGURE 2.2 A classic sound card

FIGURE 2.3 A network interface card

FIGURE 2.4 A wireless NIC

FIGURE 2.5 An internal analog modem

FIGURE 2.6 USB and eSATA expansion cards

FIGURE 2.7 Windows 11 Device Manager

FIGURE 2.8 Video card properties

FIGURE 2.9 NVIDIA driver installation

FIGURE 2.10 Update driver in Windows

FIGURE 2.11 Wireless NIC properties

FIGURE 2.12 SATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 2.13 PATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 2.14 Anatomy of a hard drive

FIGURE 2.15 A 3.5″ and a 2.5″ hard drive

FIGURE 2.16 Intel PCIe SSD

FIGURE 2.17 M.2 NVMe SSD

FIGURE 2.18 mSATA SSD and a 2.5″ SATA SSD

FIGURE 2.19 Four M.2 cards

FIGURE 2.20 M.2 slots

FIGURE 2.21 RAID 1 and RAID 5

FIGURE 2.22 USB flash drives

FIGURE 2.23 Typical SD cards

FIGURE 2.24 A USB-attached SD card reader

FIGURE 2.25 A DVD-ROM drive

FIGURE 2.26 A desktop power supply

FIGURE 2.27 110V (left) and 220V (right) wall outlets

FIGURE 2.28 20-pin ATX power connector

FIGURE 2.29 A 24-pin ATX12V 2.x connector, in two parts

FIGURE 2.30 6-pin ATX12V 2.1 PCIe connector with extender for an 8-pin ATX12...

FIGURE 2.31 SATA power connector

FIGURE 2.32 Molex power connector

FIGURE 2.33 Hot-swappable redundant PSUs

FIGURE 2.34 An uninterruptible power supply front (a) and back (b)

FIGURE 2.35 Large UPS

Volume 1: Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 Display settings

FIGURE 3.2 Advanced display refresh rates

FIGURE 3.3 Multiple displays detected

FIGURE 3.4 Taskbar settings

FIGURE 3.5 Monitor ports

FIGURE 3.6 1/8″ audio connector

FIGURE 3.7 A USB headset

FIGURE 3.8 An ergonomic keyboard

FIGURE 3.9 A computer mouse

FIGURE 3.10 A network-attached storage device

FIGURE 3.11 A 4-port USB hub

FIGURE 3.12 USB ports on a motherboard

FIGURE 3.13 Standard USB connectors

FIGURE 3.14 USB Type-C (top) and Type-A (bottom)

FIGURE 3.15 Kensington USB-to-Ethernet adapter

FIGURE 3.16 Lightning cable

FIGURE 3.17 Two Thunderbolt 2 interfaces

FIGURE 3.18 Two Thunderbolt 3 interfaces

FIGURE 3.19 Several peripheral ports

FIGURE 3.20 DB-9 serial connector

FIGURE 3.21 VGA connector and port

FIGURE 3.22 DVI connectorSource: Evan Amos / Wikimedia Commons / Public doma...

FIGURE 3.23 Types of DVI connectors

FIGURE 3.24 DVI-to-VGA adapter

FIGURE 3.25 HDMI port and cable

FIGURE 3.26 DVI-to-HDMI adapter

FIGURE 3.27 HDMI connector types

FIGURE 3.28 A DisplayPort port and cable

FIGURE 3.29 mDP and DisplayPort connectors

FIGURE 3.30 SATA connectors and cable

FIGURE 3.31 eSATA port and cable

FIGURE 3.32 USB over eSATA

FIGURE 3.33 Molex connector

Volume 1: Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.1 PC technician toolkit

FIGURE 4.2 Laptop repair road map

FIGURE 4.3 Removing nine screws to take off the bottom cover

FIGURE 4.4 Inside the laptop

FIGURE 4.5 Disconnecting the speaker cable

FIGURE 4.6 The speaker wire

FIGURE 4.7 Webcam and microphone

FIGURE 4.8 Display cable (left) and touchscreen board cable connectors (righ...

FIGURE 4.9 Display assembly hinge screws

FIGURE 4.10 Wires inside a laptop display

FIGURE 4.11 A laptop motherboard

FIGURE 4.12 A laptop daughterboard

FIGURE 4.13 Disconnecting the motherboard connectors

FIGURE 4.14 Removing the screws

FIGURE 4.15 Laptop SODIMM and Desktop DIMM

FIGURE 4.16 SODIMM in a laptop

FIGURE 4.17 Removing a SODIMM

FIGURE 4.18 172-pin MicroDIMM and a SODIMM

FIGURE 4.19 A 3.5″ hard drive (left) compared to a 2.5″ hard drive (right)

FIGURE 4.20 2.5″ SSD, motherboard connector, and cable

FIGURE 4.21 M.2 SSD and M.2 connector

FIGURE 4.22 Removing an M.2 SSD

FIGURE 4.23 2.5″ SATA SSD

FIGURE 4.24 Disconnected SATA SSD

FIGURE 4.25 Laptop trackpad

FIGURE 4.26 Touchpad settings

FIGURE 4.27 Track point

FIGURE 4.28 Point stick properties

FIGURE 4.29 Mini PCIe card in a laptop

FIGURE 4.30 A removable laptop Li-ion battery

FIGURE 4.31 Internal laptop battery

FIGURE 4.32 A laptop AC adapter

FIGURE 4.33 Removing the system fan

FIGURE 4.34 Removing the heat sink

FIGURE 4.35 Removing the wireless NIC

FIGURE 4.36 Disconnecting the two antenna wires

FIGURE 4.37 Disconnect the CMOS battery

FIGURE 4.38 Laptop fingerprint scanner

FIGURE 4.39 A cable lock

FIGURE 4.40 Cable lock in a laptop

FIGURE 4.41 Laptop privacy screen

FIGURE 4.42 Fn+F2 enables the privacy screen.

FIGURE 4.43 Several touch pens

FIGURE 4.44 USB headset

FIGURE 4.45 Drawing pad accessory with stylus

FIGURE 4.46 A USB-C docking station

FIGURE 4.47 HP laptop docking port

Volume 1: Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.1 A daisy-wheel printer mechanism

FIGURE 5.2 Formation of images in a dot-matrix printer

FIGURE 5.3 A printhead carriage (holding two ink cartridges) in an inkjet pr...

FIGURE 5.4 A carriage stepper motor

FIGURE 5.5 Carriage stepper motor, carriage belt, stabilizer bar, and printh...

FIGURE 5.6 Inkjet pickup roller (center darker roller)

FIGURE 5.7 Inkjet separation pads

FIGURE 5.8 A paper tray on an inkjet printer

FIGURE 5.9 A paper feed sensor on an inkjet printer

FIGURE 5.10 Duplexing assembly rollers

FIGURE 5.11 An EP toner cartridge

FIGURE 5.12 The EP laser scanning assembly (side view and simplified top vie...

FIGURE 5.13 Paper transport rollers

FIGURE 5.14 The transfer corona assembly

FIGURE 5.15 The fuser

FIGURE 5.16 The charging step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.17 The exposing step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.18 The developing step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.19 The transferring step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.20 The fusing step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.21 The cleaning step of the EP process

FIGURE 5.22 The EP imaging process

FIGURE 5.23 Printers & Scanners

FIGURE 5.24 Add Printer wizard

FIGURE 5.25 Printer options

FIGURE 5.26 Print Queue

FIGURE 5.27 HP Smart printer app

FIGURE 5.28 Printer Properties, General tab

FIGURE 5.29 Sharing tab

FIGURE 5.30 Ports tab

FIGURE 5.31 Advanced tab

FIGURE 5.32 Security tab

FIGURE 5.33 Printer-specific options

FIGURE 5.34 Adding an IP printer

FIGURE 5.35 Bonjour service is running and set to start automatically.

FIGURE 5.36 Xerox AltaLink badge scanner and touchscreen

FIGURE 5.37 SAFEQ authentication screen

FIGURE 5.38 Secured print job

FIGURE 5.39 Xerox print log

FIGURE 5.40 A flatbed scanner

FIGURE 5.41 Automatic document feeder (ADF) on an MFD

FIGURE 5.42 Scan to email

FIGURE 5.43 New button in Google Drive

Volume 1: Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1 Distributed processing

FIGURE 6.2 A simple LAN

FIGURE 6.3 A simple WAN

FIGURE 6.4 Bluetooth USB adapter

FIGURE 6.5 Storage area network (SAN)

FIGURE 6.6 Block storage

FIGURE 6.7 The peer-to-peer resource model

FIGURE 6.8 The client-server resource model

FIGURE 6.9 The bus topology

FIGURE 6.10 The star topology

FIGURE 6.11 The ring topology

FIGURE 6.12 The mesh topology

FIGURE 6.13 The OSI model

FIGURE 6.14 A NIC's Speed & Duplex setting

FIGURE 6.15 Physical (MAC) address

FIGURE 6.16 Device Manager

FIGURE 6.17 NIC properties Driver tab

FIGURE 6.18 Coaxial cable

FIGURE 6.19 Thicknet transceiver and cable inside a vampire tap

FIGURE 6.20 Two T-connectors, male BNC connector, and two terminators

FIGURE 6.21 Attached coax cables and connectors

FIGURE 6.22 A coax splitter

FIGURE 6.23 F-type and BNC connectors

FIGURE 6.24 Unshielded twisted pair cable

FIGURE 6.25 Shielded twisted pair cable

FIGURE 6.26 RJ11 and RJ45 connectors

FIGURE 6.27 Cables in a punchdown block

FIGURE 6.28 T568A standard

FIGURE 6.29 T568B standard

FIGURE 6.30 Fiber-optic cable

FIGURE 6.31 Drawing of a fiber-optic cable

FIGURE 6.32 Ethernet Cat 8 (top) and fiber-optic cables (bottom)

FIGURE 6.33 ST (left), SC (center), and LC (right) fiber connectors

FIGURE 6.34 DSL modem

FIGURE 6.35 Optical network terminal (ONT)

FIGURE 6.36 Wireless router

FIGURE 6.37 Rack-mounted patch panels

FIGURE 6.38 Cisco routers and switches

FIGURE 6.39 Network example

FIGURE 6.40 Power over Ethernet injector

FIGURE 6.41 Power over Ethernet switch

Volume 1: Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.1 The DoD and OSI models

FIGURE 7.2 TCP/IP protocol suite

FIGURE 7.3 FileZilla interface

FIGURE 7.4 Network & Internet

FIGURE 7.5 Advanced Network Settings

FIGURE 7.6 Wi-Fi connection properties

FIGURE 7.7 Manually configuring IP settings

FIGURE 7.8 Network connection properties

FIGURE 7.9 IPv4 properties

FIGURE 7.10 Binary values

FIGURE 7.11 IPv6 address

FIGURE 7.12 ipconfig output with IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

FIGURE 7.13 Two VLAN configurations

FIGURE 7.14 A VPN

FIGURE 7.15 IPSec VPNs

FIGURE 7.16 Adding a VPN

FIGURE 7.17 Test VPN added

Volume 1: Chapter 8

FIGURE 8.1 Server roles

FIGURE 8.2 Screened subnets

FIGURE 8.3 Internet name hierarchy

FIGURE 8.4 The DNS name resolution process

FIGURE 8.5 The DHCP request process

FIGURE 8.6 A D-Link print server

FIGURE 8.7 Printer management options

FIGURE 8.8 Kiwi Syslog

FIGURE 8.9 RSA SecurID

FIGURE 8.10 PingID

FIGURE 8.11 Security log in Event Viewer

FIGURE 8.12 Microsoft Edge site-viewing history

FIGURE 8.13 Simple data in a worksheet

FIGURE 8.14 Cross-region load balancing

FIGURE 8.15 Content-based load balancing

FIGURE 8.16 Proxy settings

FIGURE 8.17 Edit Proxy Server

FIGURE 8.18 A proxy server on a network

FIGURE 8.19 ecobee smart thermostat

FIGURE 8.20 Schlage smart door lock

FIGURE 8.21 Lutron smart light switch

Volume 1: Chapter 9

FIGURE 9.1 2.4 GHz communication channels

FIGURE 9.2 2.4 GHz network layouts

FIGURE 9.3 Channel availability in the 5 GHz spectrum

FIGURE 9.4 Wireless router

FIGURE 9.5 Office network map

FIGURE 9.6 A DSL modem

FIGURE 9.7 A DSL splitter

FIGURE 9.8 Voice telephone and ADSL frequencies used

FIGURE 9.9 Connecting DSL Internet

FIGURE 9.10 Add A Device window

FIGURE 9.11 Advanced Network Settings

FIGURE 9.12 TCP/IPv6 Properties

FIGURE 9.13 Available Wi-Fi Networks

FIGURE 9.14 Cable trough

FIGURE 9.15 Floor cable guard

FIGURE 9.16 Logging into the wireless router

FIGURE 9.17 Basic setup screen

FIGURE 9.18 Basic wireless settings tab

FIGURE 9.19 Wi-Fi Settings tab

FIGURE 9.20 Local Network Settings screen

FIGURE 9.21 Option to clone a MAC address

FIGURE 9.22 5 GHz channels available to select

FIGURE 9.23 A network with a screened subnet

FIGURE 9.24 Enabling the firewall

Volume 1: Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 Google Play Store app settings

FIGURE 10.2 Personal hotspot screen in iOS

FIGURE 10.3 Mobile hotspot in Android

FIGURE 10.4 Android hotspot network name, password, and options

FIGURE 10.5 Verizon Wireless MiFi hotspot

FIGURE 10.6 Connections in (a) iOS and (b) Android

FIGURE 10.7 (a) Control center in iOS and (b) Android notification area

FIGURE 10.8 Android SIM chip

FIGURE 10.9 (a) About in iOS and (b) About Phone in Android

FIGURE 10.10 Turning on Wi-Fi in iOS

FIGURE 10.11 Wi-Fi settings with a network that's been joined

FIGURE 10.12 Settings page with Wi-Fi network connected

FIGURE 10.13 Enabling Wi-Fi in Android

FIGURE 10.14 List of available networks

FIGURE 10.15 Connected to a network

FIGURE 10.16 iOS Cellular settings

FIGURE 10.17 Cellular data options

FIGURE 10.18 Cellular data for individual apps

FIGURE 10.19 App settings

FIGURE 10.20 Data usage in Android OS

FIGURE 10.21 Viewing Wi-Fi app data usage in Android OS

FIGURE 10.22 Individual application data usage

FIGURE 10.23 VPN settings

FIGURE 10.24 Adding a VPN connection

FIGURE 10.25 More connection settings

FIGURE 10.26 Edit VPN network

FIGURE 10.27 Saved VPN

FIGURE 10.28 Connect to VPN

FIGURE 10.29 Enabling Bluetooth in Windows 11

FIGURE 10.30 Available Bluetooth devices

FIGURE 10.31 Bluetooth pairing request

FIGURE 10.32 Paired Bluetooth device with gear

FIGURE 10.33 Bluetooth and Devices

FIGURE 10.34 Send or receive files via Bluetooth.

FIGURE 10.35 Choosing the paired device

FIGURE 10.36 Accepting Bluetooth file transfer

FIGURE 10.37 Received file in Android

FIGURE 10.38 Sharing a file

FIGURE 10.39 Choose a location to save the file.

FIGURE 10.40 iOS Bluetooth

FIGURE 10.41 Sharing a file in iOS

FIGURE 10.42 Garmin Nuvi GPS

FIGURE 10.43 iOS location services

FIGURE 10.44 Android location settings

FIGURE 10.45 Android location (a) app permissions and (b) location services ...

FIGURE 10.46 Corporate app store

FIGURE 10.47 Email accounts

FIGURE 10.48 Adding an account

FIGURE 10.49 Creating a new email account

FIGURE 10.50 New Account screen

FIGURE 10.51 Accounts in Android

FIGURE 10.52 Adding an account

FIGURE 10.53 Incoming Server Settings

FIGURE 10.54 Email port setting

FIGURE 10.55 Email security options

FIGURE 10.56 iCloud configuration settings

FIGURE 10.57 iCloud Photos settings

FIGURE 10.58 iTunes Summary page

FIGURE 10.59 Devices Preferences in iTunes

FIGURE 10.60 Samsung Accounts and Backup

FIGURE 10.61 Google Drive backup

FIGURE 10.62 iOS Sync data types

FIGURE 10.63 Android Sync Account

FIGURE 10.64 iOS Calendar Accounts

FIGURE 10.65 Android Manage Calendars

FIGURE 10.66 Windows Backup Sync Settings

FIGURE 10.67 Google Drive

Volume 1: Chapter 11

FIGURE 11.1 Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors

FIGURE 11.2 Enabling Hyper-V

FIGURE 11.3 Hyper-V Manager

FIGURE 11.4 Container versus virtual machine

FIGURE 11.5 Enabling virtualization in the BIOS/UEFI

FIGURE 11.6 Virtual NICs connecting to a physical NIC

FIGURE 11.7 Download VirtualBox

FIGURE 11.8 VirtualBox preconfiguration

FIGURE 11.9 VirtualBox with a virtual drive

FIGURE 11.10 Lubuntu – Settings window

FIGURE 11.11 Lubuntu live session

FIGURE 11.12 Installing Lubuntu

FIGURE 11.13 Common cloud service levels

FIGURE 11.14 Google Apps

FIGURE 11.15 Google Docs

FIGURE 11.16 Sharing a folder

FIGURE 11.17 Creating AWS account

FIGURE 11.18 Selecting a support plan

FIGURE 11.19 AWS Console Home

FIGURE 11.20 EC2 dashboard

FIGURE 11.21 Launch an Instance

FIGURE 11.22 Instance Type

FIGURE 11.23 Create Key Pair

FIGURE 11.24 EC2 Instances

FIGURE 11.25 Instance Details

FIGURE 11.26 Connect to Instance

FIGURE 11.27 Windows Security

FIGURE 11.28 Connect to Instance

Volume 1: Chapter 12

FIGURE 12.1 UEFI boot priority settings

FIGURE 12.2 USB POST card

FIGURE 12.3 Distended capacitors on a motherboard

FIGURE 12.4 Windows Task Manager

FIGURE 12.5 Local disk properties

FIGURE 12.6 Storage app

FIGURE 12.7 Cleanup Recommendations

FIGURE 12.8 Advanced Storage Settings

FIGURE 12.9 Optimize Drives

FIGURE 12.10 Iometer test results

FIGURE 12.11 GSmartControl

FIGURE 12.12 NVMe information in GSmartControl

FIGURE 12.13 A multimeter

FIGURE 12.14 A UTP crimper and connectors

FIGURE 12.15 Cable stripper

FIGURE 12.16 Handheld Wi-Fi analyzer

FIGURE 12.17 Toner probe

FIGURE 12.18 Punchdown tool

FIGURE 12.19 Cable tester

FIGURE 12.20 Ethernet loopback plug

FIGURE 12.21 Network tap

FIGURE 12.22 ipconfig output

FIGURE 12.23 ipconfig /all output

FIGURE 12.24 Hardware And Connection Properties

FIGURE 12.25 A successful ping

FIGURE 12.26 hostname output

FIGURE 12.27 netstat output

FIGURE 12.28 Starting nslookup and using help

FIGURE 12.29 net share command

FIGURE 12.30 Administrator Command Prompt

FIGURE 12.31 Sharing a folder

FIGURE 12.32 tracert output

FIGURE 12.33 pathping output

FIGURE 12.34 Gigabit SFP

Volume 1: Chapter 13

FIGURE 13.1 LCD cutoff switches (video toggle keys), F7 on the top keyboard ...

FIGURE 13.2 Windows Display settings

FIGURE 13.3 Scaling settings

FIGURE 13.4 Display resolutions

FIGURE 13.5 Advanced Display refresh rate

FIGURE 13.6 Laptop function keys

FIGURE 13.7 Windows sound settings

FIGURE 13.8 iPhone with a swollen battery

FIGURE 13.9 The Fn key on a laptop

FIGURE 13.10 Network card toggle switch above the keyboard

FIGURE 13.11 iOS (a) and Android (b) network settings

FIGURE 13.12 iOS Control Center (a) and Android notifications area (b)

FIGURE 13.13 iOS Battery (a) and Battery Health & Charging (b) settings]

FIGURE 13.14 Laser printer roller circumference chart

FIGURE 13.15 Print jobs in the print queue in Windows

FIGURE 13.16 Printer ellipsis menu

FIGURE 13.17 Print job printing correctly

FIGURE 13.18 The Print Spooler service

FIGURE 13.19 Printing Preferences

FIGURE 13.20 Paper/Quality tab

FIGURE 13.21 Finishing tab, including page orientation

Volume 2: Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 The operating system interacts with resources.

FIGURE 1.2 Microsoft 365 Apps (Office) download

FIGURE 1.3 Cached Exchange Mode

FIGURE 1.4 OneDrive Choose Folders

FIGURE 1.5 The Microsoft Edge web browser

FIGURE 1.6 The BitLocker Control Panel applet

FIGURE 1.7 Windows Theme settings

FIGURE 1.8 Microsoft Defender

FIGURE 1.9 The Settings app in Windows 11

FIGURE 1.10 An application context menu

FIGURE 1.11 Windows Snap Assist

FIGURE 1.12 The Windows 11 Desktop context menu

FIGURE 1.13 The Windows 11 Personalization setting screen

FIGURE 1.14 The Windows 11 Taskbar

FIGURE 1.15 Windows 11 Start menu

FIGURE 1.16 The Properties window of an application

FIGURE 1.17 The Compatibility settings possible with an older program

FIGURE 1.18 The basic elements of a window, as seen in Notepad and Calculato...

FIGURE 1.19 A window with many more components, as seen in Microsoft Word

FIGURE 1.20 Windows 11 File Explorer

Volume 2: Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 The default Task Manager in Windows

FIGURE 2.2 The Details tab of Task Manager

FIGURE 2.3 The various columns for the Details tab

FIGURE 2.4 The Performance tab of Task Manager

FIGURE 2.5 Computer Management

FIGURE 2.6 Event Viewer

FIGURE 2.7 Disk Management

FIGURE 2.8 Task Scheduler

FIGURE 2.9 Device Manager

FIGURE 2.10 Certificate Manager

FIGURE 2.11 Local Users and Groups

FIGURE 2.12 Performance Monitor

FIGURE 2.13 Group Policy Editor

FIGURE 2.14 Group Policy Editor browse dialog box

FIGURE 2.15 System Configuration General tab

FIGURE 2.16 System Configuration Boot tab

FIGURE 2.17 System Configuration Services tab

FIGURE 2.18 System Configuration Startup tab and Task Manager Startup tab

FIGURE 2.19 System Configuration Tools tab

FIGURE 2.20 The Msinfo32 interface shows configuration values for the system...

FIGURE 2.21 Resource Monitor

FIGURE 2.22 Resource Monitor Memory tab

FIGURE 2.23 Disk Cleanup

FIGURE 2.24 The Windows Control Panel in Category view

FIGURE 2.25 Windows Date and Time/Internet Time settings

FIGURE 2.26 Windows Region Control Panel applet

FIGURE 2.27 Windows Additional Settings Region Control Panel applet

FIGURE 2.28 Internet Options Control Panel applet

FIGURE 2.29 File Explorer General Options

FIGURE 2.30 File Explorer View Options

FIGURE 2.31 Windows System Properties Control Panel applet

FIGURE 2.32 Windows System Properties Advanced tab

FIGURE 2.33 Windows environment variables

FIGURE 2.34 Windows User Profiles Settings

FIGURE 2.35 Windows Startup And Recovery options

FIGURE 2.36 Windows System Protection Options

FIGURE 2.37 Windows Remote options

FIGURE 2.38 Windows User Accounts applet

FIGURE 2.39 Windows Power Options applet

FIGURE 2.40 Windows Edit Plan Settings

FIGURE 2.41 Windows Advanced Power Options settings

FIGURE 2.42 Windows Define Power Buttons And Turn On Password Protection dia...

FIGURE 2.43 Device Manager, Device Properties detail, Power Management tab

FIGURE 2.44 Windows Credential Manager applet

FIGURE 2.45 Windows Programs and Features applet

FIGURE 2.46 Windows Bluetooth & Devices settings

FIGURE 2.47 Windows Sound applet

FIGURE 2.48 Windows Troubleshooting Settings app

FIGURE 2.49 Windows Network and Sharing Center applet

FIGURE 2.50 Windows Device Manager

FIGURE 2.51 Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption applet

FIGURE 2.52 Windows Defender Firewall in Windows 11

FIGURE 2.53 Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security in Windows

FIGURE 2.54 Outlook Mail applet

FIGURE 2.55 Indexing Options dialog box

FIGURE 2.56 Advanced Options for indexing

FIGURE 2.57 Ease of Access Center applet

FIGURE 2.58 Windows 11 Windows Tools applet

FIGURE 2.59 Windows 11 Settings app

FIGURE 2.60 Date & Time settings

FIGURE 2.61 Language settings

FIGURE 2.62 Windows Update Settings

FIGURE 2.63 Windows Security settings

FIGURE 2.64 Stand-alone Windows Security settings

FIGURE 2.65 Virus & Threat Protection settings

FIGURE 2.66 Account Protection settings

FIGURE 2.67 Firewall & Network Protection settings

FIGURE 2.68 Device Performance & Health

FIGURE 2.69 Protection History

FIGURE 2.70 Windows 11 Personalization settings

FIGURE 2.71 Installed Apps settings

FIGURE 2.72 Privacy settings

FIGURE 2.73 System settings

FIGURE 2.74 Bluetooth & Devices settings

FIGURE 2.75 Devices settings

FIGURE 2.76 Network & Internet settings

FIGURE 2.77 Gaming settings

FIGURE 2.78 Windows 10 Xbox Game Bar

FIGURE 2.79 Accounts settings

FIGURE 2.80 Accessibility settings

FIGURE 2.81 Disk Management MMC

FIGURE 2.82 Storage Spaces

Volume 2: Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 System Information

FIGURE 3.2 Windows default disk layout

FIGURE 3.3 Select Language Settings screen

FIGURE 3.4 Select Keyboard Settings screen

FIGURE 3.5 Select Setup Option screen

FIGURE 3.6 Product Key screen

FIGURE 3.7 Windows edition selection

FIGURE 3.8 Windows end-user license agreement

FIGURE 3.9 Windows installation partitioning

FIGURE 3.10 Ready To Install screen

FIGURE 3.11 Windows installation progress

FIGURE 3.12 Windows Installing screen

FIGURE 3.13 Operating system locale (region) setting

FIGURE 3.14 Operating system keyboard layout setting

FIGURE 3.15 Operating system name

FIGURE 3.16 Just A Moment screen

FIGURE 3.17 Windows account options

FIGURE 3.18 Windows Updates installation

FIGURE 3.19 Microsoft account options for personal use

FIGURE 3.20 Set Up A PIN

FIGURE 3.21 Choose Privacy Settings For Your device

FIGURE 3.22 Restore From This PC screen

FIGURE 3.23 Let's Customize Your Experience

FIGURE 3.24 Browsing data synchronization opt-in

FIGURE 3.25 Welcome To Windows

FIGURE 3.26 Adjusting Time Zone

FIGURE 3.27 Sign In To OneDrive

FIGURE 3.28 Back Up Folders On This PC

FIGURE 3.29 Signing in to Edge

FIGURE 3.30 Download And Install Windows 11

FIGURE 3.31 Install Windows 11 screen

FIGURE 3.32 Windows 11 end-user license agreement

FIGURE 3.33 Windows 11 updates check

FIGURE 3.34 Windows 11 Ready To Install screen

FIGURE 3.35 Installing Windows 11 upgrade percentage

FIGURE 3.36 Windows 11 upgrade percentage after reboot

FIGURE 3.37 Discovering your version of Windows 11

FIGURE 3.38 Pause options for Windows Updates

FIGURE 3.39 Opening a command prompt with admin privileges in Windows 11

FIGURE 3.40 Windows 11 Settings app for joining a domain

FIGURE 3.41 Windows 11 domain credentials prompt

FIGURE 3.42 Windows domain joining

FIGURE 3.43 Entra ID Sign In

FIGURE 3.44 Make Sure This Is Your Organization

FIGURE 3.45 Access Work Or School

FIGURE 3.46 Windows local authentication

FIGURE 3.47 Windows domain authentication

FIGURE 3.48 Single sign-on

FIGURE 3.49 Wireless connectivity

FIGURE 3.50 VPN connectivity

FIGURE 3.51 Windows Cellular

FIGURE 3.52 Windows Proxy settings

FIGURE 3.53 Mapping a network drive

FIGURE 3.54 Connecting to printers

FIGURE 3.55 Windows Defender Firewall

FIGURE 3.56 Windows Defender Firewall notifications

FIGURE 3.57 Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security

FIGURE 3.58 Settings App network configuration

FIGURE 3.59 Control Panel network configuration

FIGURE 3.60 Alternate Configuration tab

Volume 2: Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.1 macOS App Store

FIGURE 4.2 macOS Applications folder

FIGURE 4.3 macOS Disk Utility

FIGURE 4.4 FileVault encryption

FIGURE 4.5 macOS General System Settings

FIGURE 4.6 Displays tab

FIGURE 4.7 Network tab

FIGURE 4.8 Details Network settings

FIGURE 4.9 Firewall settings

FIGURE 4.10 Printers & Scanners tab

FIGURE 4.11 Privacy & Security

FIGURE 4.12 Accessibility System Settings

FIGURE 4.13 Time Machine settings

FIGURE 4.14 Viewing multiple apps with Mission Control

FIGURE 4.15 Apple Passwords app

FIGURE 4.16 Apple Spotlight utility

FIGURE 4.17 iCloud configuration settings on macOS

FIGURE 4.18 Settings for default gestures on macOS

FIGURE 4.19 Apple Finder utility

FIGURE 4.20 Apple macOS Dock

FIGURE 4.21 Apple iOS software update

FIGURE 4.22 Ubuntu apt tool

FIGURE 4.23 The top command

FIGURE 4.24 The nano editor

FIGURE 4.25 The man command

Volume 2: Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.1 A common access control vestibule setup

FIGURE 5.2 A typical PIR sensor

FIGURE 5.3 A typical combination door lock

FIGURE 5.4 A Universal Security Slot

FIGURE 5.5 A standard cable lock

FIGURE 5.6 Interior data center fences

FIGURE 5.7 A typical bollard

FIGURE 5.8 A key fob

FIGURE 5.9 A typical smartcard

FIGURE 5.10 A fingerprint biometric lock

FIGURE 5.11 A typical corporate network

FIGURE 5.12 An RSA security key fob

FIGURE 5.13 Active Directory security tokens

FIGURE 5.14 A hybrid OU structure

FIGURE 5.15 The Group Policy Management Console

FIGURE 5.16 Group Policy Object settings

FIGURE 5.17 Profile settings for a user account

FIGURE 5.18 CryptoLocker

FIGURE 5.19 A virus spreading from an infected system using email

FIGURE 5.20 A multipartite virus commencing an attack on a system

FIGURE 5.21 Antivirus software components

FIGURE 5.22 Antimalware components

FIGURE 5.23 Windows Recovery Environment

FIGURE 5.24 Windows Advanced Options

FIGURE 5.25 Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security on Windows 11

FIGURE 5.26 Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security defaults

FIGURE 5.27 An ICMP-based smurf attack

FIGURE 5.28 An amplified attack

FIGURE 5.29 A DDoS attack

FIGURE 5.30 Evil twin attack

FIGURE 5.31 IP address spoofing attack

FIGURE 5.32 On-path attack

FIGURE 5.33 Threat agents, exploits, and vulnerabilities

FIGURE 5.34 Data and encryption

FIGURE 5.35 Windows Group Policy security options

FIGURE 5.36 Password expiration

FIGURE 5.37 Users, groups, and resources

FIGURE 5.38 Account restrictions

FIGURE 5.39 Account lockout policy settings

FIGURE 5.40 Disabled Guest account

FIGURE 5.41 The Screen Saver Settings dialog box

Volume 2: Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1 Microsoft account screen

FIGURE 6.2 Changing the account type

FIGURE 6.3 Windows authentication

FIGURE 6.4 Claims-based authentication

FIGURE 6.5 Windows Hello Sign-in options

FIGURE 6.6 UAC prompt

FIGURE 6.7 Network share permissions and NTFS permissions

FIGURE 6.8 NTFS folder permissions

FIGURE 6.9 Effective permissions

FIGURE 6.10 The Advanced Attributes dialog box

FIGURE 6.11 Choose People To Share With

FIGURE 6.12 Advanced file and folder sharing

FIGURE 6.13 Disabling inheritance

FIGURE 6.14 Permission entry

FIGURE 6.15 Windows file attributes

FIGURE 6.16 Microsoft Defender settings

FIGURE 6.17 This screen provides you with several options to specify how pro...

FIGURE 6.18 Firewall & Network Protection

FIGURE 6.19 Deactivating Windows Defender Firewall network protection

FIGURE 6.20 Windows Defender Firewall Allowed Apps

FIGURE 6.21 Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

FIGURE 6.22 Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security inbound rules

FIGURE 6.23 BitLocker Drive Encryption applet

FIGURE 6.24 Encrypting a file in Windows 11

FIGURE 6.25 Downloading Microsoft Edge

FIGURE 6.26 Microsoft Edge add-ons

FIGURE 6.27 Microsoft Credential Manager

FIGURE 6.28 Trusted root CAs

FIGURE 6.29 Permissions for a site

FIGURE 6.30 Clearing browsing data

FIGURE 6.31 InPrivate browsing

FIGURE 6.32 Account details

FIGURE 6.33 Proxy Settings

FIGURE 6.34 Edge Extension Settings

FIGURE 6.35 Edge Extension Details

FIGURE 6.36 Edge Experiments screen

FIGURE 6.37 The 2.4 GHz channel plan

FIGURE 6.38 The 5 GHz channel plan

FIGURE 6.39 A typical screened subnet with two firewalls

FIGURE 6.40 A typical screened subnet with two routers

FIGURE 6.41 A typical screened subnet with one firewall

Volume 2: Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.1 The Performance tab in Task Manager

FIGURE 7.2 The Processes tab in Task Manager

FIGURE 7.3 The Details tab in Task Manager

FIGURE 7.4 Resource Monitor

FIGURE 7.5 Selective isolation in Resource Monitor

FIGURE 7.6 The ntbtlog.txt file

FIGURE 7.7 System Configuration options for boot logging

FIGURE 7.8 Recovery Environment menu

FIGURE 7.9 Startup Settings menu

FIGURE 7.10 Windows 11 Repair My PC menu

FIGURE 7.11 Windows Reliability Monitor

FIGURE 7.12 Windows event logs in Event Viewer

FIGURE 7.13 Blue Screen of Death

FIGURE 7.14 Power Options

FIGURE 7.15 Service Control Manager events

FIGURE 7.16 Services properties

FIGURE 7.17 Low memory warning

FIGURE 7.18 Windows Virtual Memory settings

FIGURE 7.19 USB controller error

FIGURE 7.20 Startup items in Task Manager

FIGURE 7.21 Configuration of date & time

FIGURE 7.22 Manually starting a service

FIGURE 7.23 Service recovery

FIGURE 7.24 Repairing an application

FIGURE 7.25 Preparing to reset

FIGURE 7.26 System Protection

FIGURE 7.27 Uninstalling an update

FIGURE 7.28 Rolling back a driver

FIGURE 7.29 Deleting a local user profile

FIGURE 7.30 Malware-generated call-in alert

FIGURE 7.31 Malware-generated download alert

FIGURE 7.32 An untrusted SSL certificate warning

FIGURE 7.33 A self-signed certificate

FIGURE 7.34 Process Explorer

FIGURE 7.35 System Protection

FIGURE 7.36 Microsoft Defender Antivirus Security updates

FIGURE 7.37 Microsoft Defender Antivirus (offline scan)

FIGURE 7.38 An offline Microsoft Defender Antivirus scan

FIGURE 7.39 Creating a Windows Defender Security scheduled scan

FIGURE 7.40 Bluetooth status icons

FIGURE 7.41 The Portrait Orientation Lock button

Volume 2: Chapter 8

FIGURE 8.1 Programming pyramid

FIGURE 8.2 Compiling a programming language

FIGURE 8.3 Interpreting a scripting language

FIGURE 8.4 PowerShell ISE

FIGURE 8.5 The PyCharm IDE

FIGURE 8.6 The Remote Desktop Connection client

FIGURE 8.7 A typical site-to-site VPN

FIGURE 8.8 A typical host-to-site VPN

FIGURE 8.9 Client-to-site VPN connection

FIGURE 8.10 PuTTY SSH Client

FIGURE 8.11 Windows Quick Assist tool

Volume 2: Chapter 9

FIGURE 9.1 ESD strap using an alligator clip

FIGURE 9.2 Proper use of an ESD antistatic mat

FIGURE 9.3 An antistatic component bag

FIGURE 9.4 Antistatic foam

FIGURE 9.5 PC toolkit

FIGURE 9.6 Floor cable guard

FIGURE 9.7 Cable ties

FIGURE 9.8 A simple power strip

FIGURE 9.9 A surge protector

FIGURE 9.10 An uninterruptible power supply

FIGURE 9.11 The back of a UPS

FIGURE 9.12 A Microsoft product key

Volume 2: Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 An asset tag

FIGURE 10.2 An example of a procurement life cycle

FIGURE 10.3 Standard operating procedures

FIGURE 10.4 The Shadow Copies tab

FIGURE 10.5 The Previous Versions tab

FIGURE 10.6 Windows Server Backup

Volume 2: Appendix B

FIGURE 3.61 The Set Up A Work Or School Account dialog box

FIGURE 3.62 Domain dialog box

FIGURE 3.63 Domain administrative credentials dialog box

FIGURE 3.64 Local administrative rights dialog box

CompTIA® A+® Complete Study Guide

Volume 1: Core 1 Exam 220-1201

Sixth Edition

Quentin Docter

Jon Buhagiar

Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence technologies or similar technologies.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada and the United Kingdom.

ISBNs for the 2-volume set: 9781394330034 (paperback), 9781394330058 (ePDF), 9781394330041 (ePub)

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Cover Image: © Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images

For the fam.

—Quentin Docter

For my wife and son.

—Jon Buhagiar

Acknowledgments

As we were putting together this book, I was reminded of the proverb that begins It takes a village … That beginning definitely holds true for creating a book of this scope and size. From beginning to end, scores of dedicated professionals have focused on delivering the best book possible to you, the readers.

First, I need to thank my coauthor, Jon Buhagiar. I appreciate him diving in and dedicating himself to helping to produce an excellent book. I also need to give special thanks to our technical editor, Chris Crayton. He was meticulous and thorough, and challenged me to always find new and better ways to communicate complex concepts. His entire focus was on providing the best training material possible, and I doubt there's better in the business. Now, on to the rest of the team.

Kenyon Brown and Kim Wimpsett kept us on track and moving forward, which was a challenge at times. Saravanan Dakshinamurthy had the fun job of keeping us organized, which is akin to herding cats. Copyeditor Liz Welch reminded me yet again that I am no master of the English language and saved me from butchering it (too badly). Many thanks also go out to our proofreader, Nancy Carrasco, and our indexer, Tom Dinse. Without their great contributions, this book would not have made it into your hands.

On a personal note, I need to thank my family. My wife and kids are all incredibly supportive. Unfortunately, book writing as a side hustle while holding down a full‐time job takes up a lot of time. I end up hiding in my office a lot, but they're always there for me, and I couldn't do it without them. Another huge thanks goes to my late grandpa, Joe, who got me into computers and taught me so many lessons I will never be able to repay. Finally, thanks to my friends who keep me relatively sane—Sean, Kurtis, Tim, John, Cory, Kevin, and others—and laugh at me when I tell them I spent my weekend writing about network cables and protocols.

—Quentin Docter

I would like to first thank my coauthor, Quentin Docter. Throughout the writing of this book, he helped me with his insight and his expertise in writing technical books. Without his words of wisdom and guidance, this book would not be the product it stands to be. I would also like to give special thanks to our technical editor, Chris Crayton. His thorough review of the material helped to identify many areas for us to elaborate on and polish.

I would also like to thank the many people who made this book possible: Kenyon Brown at Wiley Publishing, for giving me the opportunity to write this book and work with this wonderful team; Kim Wimpsett, for keeping us on track during the writing process; Pete Gaughan, who also kept us on track and organized during the publishing process; and our copyeditor, Liz Welch, for helping me use proper English. I'd also like to thank the many other people I've never met but who worked behind the scenes to make this book a success.

During the writing of this book, many others in my life supported me, and I'd like to take this opportunity to thank them as well. First and foremost, thanks to my wife and son for their support during the many evenings and weekends spent in my office at the computer. Finally, thanks to my friend and coworker, Bill, for encouraging me daily with his insight and jokes, as well as to all my other coworkers and friends. Thank you.

—Jon Buhagiar

About the Authors

Quentin Docter (A+, Network+, Tech+, Cloud Essentials +, MCSE, CCNA) is an IT author and consultant who started as a tech support agent for Packard Bell in 1994. Since then, he's worked in tech support, network administration, consulting, training, web development, and project management. During his career, he has achieved certifications from CompTIA, Microsoft, Cisco, Novell, and Sun Microsystems. He has written more than a dozen books for Sybex, including books on A+, Tech+, Cloud Essentials+, Server+, Windows, and Solaris 9 certifications, as well as PC hardware and maintenance.

Jon Buhagiar (Network+, A+, CCNA, MCSA, MCSE, BS/ITM) is an IT professional with two decades of experience in higher education. During the past 22 years he has been responsible for network operations at Pittsburgh Technical College and has led several projects, such as virtualization (server and desktop), VoIP, Microsoft 365, and many other projects supporting the quality of education at the college. He has achieved several certifications from Cisco, CompTIA, and Microsoft, and he has taught many of the certification paths. He is the author of several books, including Sybex's CompTIA Network+ Review Guide: Exam N10‐008 (2021) and CCNA Certification Practice Tests: Exam 200‐301 (2020).

About the Technical Editor

Chris Crayton is a technical consultant, trainer, author, and industry‐leading technical editor. He has worked as a computer technology and networking instructor, information security director, network administrator, network engineer, and PC specialist. Chris has authored several print and online books on PC repair, CompTIA A+, CompTIA Security+, and Microsoft Windows. He has also served as technical editor and content contributor on numerous technical titles for several of the leading publishing companies. He holds numerous industry certifications, has been recognized with many professional and teaching awards, and has served as a state‐level SkillsUSA final competition judge.

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

About the Technical Editor

Table of Exercises

Introduction

What Is CompTIA A+ Certification?

What Does This Book Cover?

The CompTIA A+ Exam Objectives for Core 1 220-1201

How to Contact the Publisher

Assessment Test for Exam 220-1201

Answers to Assessment Test 220-1201

VOLUME 1: CompTIA A+ Core 1 Exam (220-1201)

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Understanding Motherboards

Understanding Processors

Understanding Memory

Understanding Cooling Systems

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question 1

Performance-Based Question 2

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Installing and Configuring Expansion Cards

Understanding Storage Devices

Understanding Power Supplies

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Understanding Peripheral Devices

Understanding Cables and Connectors

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Working with Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Understanding Print Technologies and Imaging Processes

Installing and Maintaining Printers

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Understanding Networking Principles

Identifying Common Network Hardware

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 7: Introduction to TCP/IP

Understanding TCP/IP

Understanding Virtual Networks

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 8: Network Services

Understanding Network Services

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Understanding Wireless Networking Technologies

Installing and Configuring SOHO Networks

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Understanding Mobile Connectivity

Understanding Mobile App Support

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Understanding Virtualization

Understanding Cloud Computing

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Understanding Troubleshooting Best Practices

Troubleshooting Motherboards, RAM, CPUs, and Power Problems

Troubleshooting Drives and RAID Arrays

Troubleshooting Networking Problems

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting Video, Projector, and Display Issues

Troubleshooting Common Mobile Device Issues

Troubleshooting Printer Issues

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Performance-Based Question

Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Chapter 7: Introduction toTCP/IP

Chapter 8: Network Services

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Appendix B: Answers to Performance-Based Questions

Chapter 1: Motherboards, Processors, and Memory

Chapter 2: Expansion Cards, Storage Devices, and Power Supplies

Chapter 3: Peripherals, Cables, and Connectors

Chapter 4: Laptop and Mobile Device Hardware

Chapter 5: Printers and Multifunction Devices

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals

Chapter 7: Introduction to TCP/IP

Chapter 8: Network Services

Chapter 9: Wireless and SOHO Networking

Chapter 10: Mobile Connectivity and Application Support

Chapter 11: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Chapter 12: Core Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Chapter 13: Mobile Device, Display, and Printer Troubleshooting

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 Desktop PC socket types and the processors they support

TABLE 1.2 Select Intel desktop processors

TABLE 1.3 13th Generation Intel Core CPU comparison

TABLE 1.4 DDR DIMM characteristics

TABLE 1.5 SODIMM pin counts

Chapter 2

TABLE 2.1 SATA standards and speeds

TABLE 2.2 PCIe standards and transfer rates

TABLE 2.3 SAS standards

TABLE 2.4 M.2 keying characteristics

TABLE 2.5 RAID characteristics

TABLE 2.6 Optical disc and drive specifications

TABLE 2.7 : 80 PLUS rating minimum efficiency

Chapter 3

TABLE 3.1 USB specifications

TABLE 3.2 USB power standards

TABLE 3.3 Thunderbolt standards

TABLE 3.4 eSATA specifications

Chapter 4

TABLE 4.1 Laptop manufacturers’ service and support websites

Chapter 6

TABLE 6.1 Topologies—advantages and disadvantages

TABLE 6.2 Coax RG types

TABLE 6.3 Common twisted pair cabling standards

TABLE 6.4 Common cable types and characteristics

TABLE 6.5 Fiber-optic letter designations

TABLE 6.6 PoE standards

Chapter 7

TABLE 7.1 Common port numbers

TABLE 7.2 Popular FTP apps

TABLE 7.3 IPv4 address classes

TABLE 7.4 CIDR values

TABLE 7.5 Private IP address ranges

TABLE 7.6 IPv6 address ranges

Chapter 8

TABLE 8.1 Common DNS record types

TABLE 8.2 Important email protocols

TABLE 8.3 Syslog severity levels

Chapter 9

TABLE 9.1 Frequencies and channels

TABLE 9.2 Legacy 802.11 standards

TABLE 9.3 Gigabit 802.11 standards

TABLE 9.4 Bluetooth major versions and features

TABLE 9.5 Bluetooth device classes and specifications

TABLE 9.6 RFID frequencies and characteristics

TABLE 9.7 Common Internet connection types and speeds

TABLE 9.8 Cable types and characteristics

Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems

TABLE 10.2 U.S. GPS service levels

TABLE 10.3 TCP/IP mail protocols

TABLE 10.4 Secure mail ports

TABLE 10.5 Secure mail servers for common email services

TABLE 10.6 Cloud providers and features

Chapter 11

TABLE 11.1 Comparing containers and virtual machines

TABLE 11.2 Availability downtime

Chapter 12

TABLE 12.1 S.M.A.R.T. software utilities

TABLE 12.2 S.M.A.R.T. metrics most correlated with hard drive failure

TABLE 12.3 ipconfig switches

TABLE 12.4 ping options

TABLE 12.5 netstat options

TABLE 12.6 net switches

TABLE 12.7 net share parameters

TABLE 12.8 pathping switches

Chapter 13

TABLE 13.1 Common impact print quality problems

TABLE 13.2 The EP imaging process

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 A typical motherboard

FIGURE 1.2 ITX motherboards

FIGURE 1.3 PCI expansion slots

FIGURE 1.4 PCIe expansion slots

FIGURE 1.5 Riser card in a motherboard

FIGURE 1.6 Double data rate (DDR) memory slots

FIGURE 1.7 Cache in a system

FIGURE 1.8 Two heat sinks, one with a fan

FIGURE 1.9 CPU socket examples

FIGURE 1.10 GIGABYTE multisocket motherboard

FIGURE 1.11 Dell laptop motherboard

FIGURE 1.12 An ATX power connector on a motherboard

FIGURE 1.13 Two PATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 1.14 Four SATA headers

FIGURE 1.15 eSATA port (bottom center)

FIGURE 1.16 M.2 connector on motherboard

FIGURE 1.17 M.2 slot protective cover

FIGURE 1.18 Motherboard headers

FIGURE 1.19 Two motherboard USB headers

FIGURE 1.20 A BIOS chip on a motherboard

FIGURE 1.21 UEFI boot option

FIGURE 1.22 System Recovery options

FIGURE 1.23 Advanced Options

FIGURE 1.24 UEFI settings

FIGURE 1.25 TPM settings

FIGURE 1.26 Windows TPM configuration screen

FIGURE 1.27 Secure Boot in UEFI

FIGURE 1.28 CMOS battery

FIGURE 1.29 DIP and PGA

FIGURE 1.30 Top and bottom of LGA Intel and PGA AMD CPUs

FIGURE 1.31 Top (a) and bottom (b) of a Samsung RISC CPU

FIGURE 1.32 CPU performance in Task Manager

FIGURE 1.33 System information in the About screen

FIGURE 1.34 Four memory sticks in a motherboard

FIGURE 1.35 The 64-bit memory throughput formula

FIGURE 1.36 SDR and DDR DIMMs

FIGURE 1.37 SODIMMs

FIGURE 1.38 DDR5 SODIMM and DIMM

FIGURE 1.39 System unit airflow

FIGURE 1.40 3-pin chassis-fan headers

FIGURE 1.41 A 4-pin CPU fan header

FIGURE 1.42 Position of a 3-pin connector on a 4-pin header

FIGURE 1.43 Large heat sink and fan

FIGURE 1.44 Thermal paste and a thermal pad

FIGURE 1.45 AIO liquid cooling system

FIGURE 1.46 An active hard disk cooler

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 A PCIe video expansion card

FIGURE 2.2 A classic sound card

FIGURE 2.3 A network interface card

FIGURE 2.4 A wireless NIC

FIGURE 2.5 An internal analog modem

FIGURE 2.6 USB and eSATA expansion cards

FIGURE 2.7 Windows 11 Device Manager

FIGURE 2.8 Video card properties

FIGURE 2.9 NVIDIA driver installation

FIGURE 2.10 Update driver in Windows

FIGURE 2.11 Wireless NIC properties

FIGURE 2.12 SATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 2.13 PATA hard drive connectors

FIGURE 2.14 Anatomy of a hard drive

FIGURE 2.15 A 3.5″ and a 2.5″ hard drive

FIGURE 2.16 Intel PCIe SSD

FIGURE 2.17 M.2 NVMe SSD

FIGURE 2.18 mSATA SSD and a 2.5″ SATA SSD

FIGURE 2.19 Four M.2 cards

FIGURE 2.20 M.2 slots

FIGURE 2.21 RAID 1 and RAID 5

FIGURE 2.22 USB flash drives

FIGURE 2.23 Typical SD cards

FIGURE 2.24 A USB-attached SD card reader

FIGURE 2.25 A DVD-ROM drive

FIGURE 2.26 A desktop power supply

FIGURE 2.27 110V (left) and 220V (right) wall outlets

FIGURE 2.28 20-pin ATX power connector

FIGURE 2.29 A 24-pin ATX12V 2.x connector, in two parts

FIGURE 2.30 6-pin ATX12V 2.1 PCIe connector with extender for an 8-pin ATX12...

FIGURE 2.31 SATA power connector

FIGURE 2.32 Molex power connector

FIGURE 2.33 Hot-swappable redundant PSUs

FIGURE 2.34 An uninterruptible power supply front (a) and back (b)

FIGURE 2.35 Large UPS

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 Display settings

FIGURE 3.2 Advanced display refresh rates

FIGURE 3.3 Multiple displays detected

FIGURE 3.4 Taskbar settings

FIGURE 3.5 Monitor ports

FIGURE 3.6 1/8″ audio connector

FIGURE 3.7 A USB headset

FIGURE 3.8 An ergonomic keyboard

FIGURE 3.9 A computer mouse

FIGURE 3.10 A network-attached storage device

FIGURE 3.11 A 4-port USB hub

FIGURE 3.12 USB ports on a motherboard

FIGURE 3.13 Standard USB connectors

FIGURE 3.14 USB Type-C (top) and Type-A (bottom)

FIGURE 3.15 Kensington USB-to-Ethernet adapter

FIGURE 3.16 Lightning cable

FIGURE 3.17 Two Thunderbolt 2 interfaces

FIGURE 3.18 Two Thunderbolt 3 interfaces

FIGURE 3.19 Several peripheral ports

FIGURE 3.20 DB-9 serial connector

FIGURE 3.21 VGA connector and port

FIGURE 3.22 DVI connectorSource: Evan Amos / Wikimedia Commons / Public doma...

FIGURE 3.23 Types of DVI connectors

FIGURE 3.24 DVI-to-VGA adapter

FIGURE 3.25 HDMI port and cable

FIGURE 3.26 DVI-to-HDMI adapter

FIGURE 3.27 HDMI connector types

FIGURE 3.28 A DisplayPort port and cable

FIGURE 3.29 mDP and DisplayPort connectors

FIGURE 3.30 SATA connectors and cable

FIGURE 3.31 eSATA port and cable

FIGURE 3.32 USB over eSATA

FIGURE 3.33 Molex connector

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.1 PC technician toolkit

FIGURE 4.2 Laptop repair road map

FIGURE 4.3 Removing nine screws to take off the bottom cover

FIGURE 4.4 Inside the laptop

FIGURE 4.5 Disconnecting the speaker cable

FIGURE 4.6 The speaker wire

FIGURE 4.7 Webcam and microphone

FIGURE 4.8 Display cable (left) and touchscreen board cable connectors (righ...

FIGURE 4.9 Display assembly hinge screws

FIGURE 4.10 Wires inside a laptop display

FIGURE 4.11 A laptop motherboard

FIGURE 4.12 A laptop daughterboard

FIGURE 4.13 Disconnecting the motherboard connectors

FIGURE 4.14 Removing the screws

FIGURE 4.15 Laptop SODIMM and Desktop DIMM

FIGURE 4.16 SODIMM in a laptop

FIGURE 4.17 Removing a SODIMM

FIGURE 4.18 172-pin MicroDIMM and a SODIMM

FIGURE 4.19 A 3.5″ hard drive (left) compared to a 2.5″ hard drive (right)

FIGURE 4.20 2.5″ SSD, motherboard connector, and cable

FIGURE 4.21 M.2 SSD and M.2 connector

FIGURE 4.22 Removing an M.2 SSD

FIGURE 4.23 2.5″ SATA SSD

FIGURE 4.24 Disconnected SATA SSD

FIGURE 4.25 Laptop trackpad

FIGURE 4.26 Touchpad settings

FIGURE 4.27 Track point

FIGURE 4.28 Point stick properties

FIGURE 4.29 Mini PCIe card in a laptop

FIGURE 4.30 A removable laptop Li-ion battery

FIGURE 4.31 Internal laptop battery

FIGURE 4.32 A laptop AC adapter