TCP 3-Way Handshake Process

The TCP 3-Way Handshake is a process used by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to establish a reliable connection between a client and a server before data transfer. It ensures that both sides are synchronized and ready to communicate.

TCP Segment Structure

A TCP segment consists of data bytes to be sent and a header that is added to the data by TCP as shown:

The header of a TCP segment can range from 20-60 bytes. 40 bytes are for options. If there are no options, a header is 20 bytes else it can be of upmost 60 bytes. Header fields:

1. Source Port / Destination Port (16 bits each): Identify sending and receiving applications.
2. Sequence Number (32 bits): Position of the first byte in this segment, used for ordering.
3. Acknowledgement Number (32 bits): Next byte expected by the receiver (confirms data received).
4. Header Length (HLEN): Size of the header (5–15 words, i.e., 20–60 bytes).

5. Control Flags (1 bit each):

• URG: Urgent data
• ACK: Acknowledgement valid
• PSH: Push data immediately
• RST: Reset connection
• SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
• FIN: Terminate connection

6. Window Size: Receiver’s buffer size (for flow control).
7. Checksum: Error detection (mandatory).
8. Urgent Pointer: Position of urgent data (if URG flag is set).

TCP 3-way Handshake Process

Communication over the internet follows the TCP/IP model. Applications like web browsers use the Application Layer, and their data is passed to the Transport Layer, where TCP and UDP work.

• TCP is widely used because it provides reliable communication.
• UDP is faster but unreliable (e.g., used in DNS lookups).

TCP ensures reliability using Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR):

• Each segment sent must be acknowledged.
• If a segment is lost or corrupted (detected using the checksum), the receiver discards it, and the sender retransmits.

• Step 1 (SYN): In the first step, the client wants to establish a connection with a server, so it sends a segment with SYN(Synchronize Sequence Number) which informs the server that the client is likely to start communication and with what sequence number it starts segments with
• Step 2 (SYN + ACK): Server responds to the client request with SYN-ACK signal bits set. Acknowledgement(ACK) signifies the response of the segment it received and SYN signifies with what sequence number it is likely to start the segments with
• Step 3 (ACK): In the final part client acknowledges the response of the server and they both establish a reliable connection with which they will start the actual data transfer.

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Article Tags :

• Computer Networks
• GATE CS