Cicero's Philosophical Works Bibliography
Cicero's Philosophical Works Bibliography
A Selected Bibliography
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Wisse: The Intellectual Background of Cicero's Rhetorical Works 331; 12. Jakob Wissse: De
Oratore: Rhetoric, Philosophy, and the Making of the Ideal Orator 375; 13. Emanuele NarduccI:
(translated by the Editor): Brutus: The History of Roman Eloquence 401; 14. Emanuele NarduccI:
(translated by the Editor): Orator and the Definition of the Ideal Orator 427; 15. Robert N. Gaines:
Cicero's Partitiones Oratoriae and Topica: Rhetorical Philosophy and Philosophical Rhetoric 445;
16. George A. Kennedy: Cicero's Oratorical and Rhetorical Legacy 481; 17. Christopher P. Craig: A
Survey of Selected Recent Work on Cicero's
Rhetorica and Speeches 503; Christopher P. Craig: Bibliography 533; General Index 601; Index
Locorum 622-632.
Albrecht Michael von. Cicero's Style: A Synopsis. Leiden: Brill 2003.
Followed by Selected Analytic Studies.
Andr Jean-Marie. La philosophie Rome. Paris: Presses Univeristaires de France 1977.
Chapitre 2 Cicron crateur de la philosophie latine, pp. 50-101.
Aubert Sophie, "Cicron et la parole stocienne: polmique autour de la dialectique," Revue de
Mtaphysique et de Morale 57: 61-91 (2008).
"In many passages, Cicero analyzes Stoic language in a precise, though polemical, way. Since a
syllogistic style coexists with a more abundant one in the same speech, he wholly discredits Stoic
rhetoric and declares that the philosophers of the Porch only possess one way of expressing
themselves, the dialectical one, whose validity he contests both in the practice of philosophy, which
he thinks is ineffective, and in the field of oratory, because such a style is fundamentally
inappropriate to every possible audience. In De Oratore, Crassus analyzes Stoic philosophical
expression from a rhetorical point of view, whereas he studies Academic and Peripatetic
philosophical eloquence without examining if it would suit an orator. In Brutus, the eponymous
character insists on the so-called unity and homogeneity of Stoic eloquence, both in Athens and in
Rome, in philosophical conversations and in forensic, deliberative or encomiastic speeches. The
description of Diogenes of Babylon's style by Antony confirms that Stoic language is restricted to
dialectic, and thus unable to delight, to move or even to teach. It is also dry, obscure (because of a
constant gap between res and uerba), useless as far as invention and topics are concerned, and
above all, self-destructive. However, Stoic dialectic did have a heuristic function, and not only a
defensive or an agonistic one."
Auvray-Assayas Clara. Cicron. Paris: Belles Lettres 2006.
Barnes Jonathan. Logic in Academica I and the Lucullus. In Assent and Argument. Studies in Cicero
Academic books. Edited by Inwood Brad and Mansfeld Jaap. Leiden: Brill 1997. pp. 140-160
Benardete Seth, "Cicero's De Legibus I. Its Plan and Intention," American Journal of Philology 108:
295-309 (1987).
Cicero adds rhetoric to the usual tripartition of philosophy into ethics, physics, and dialectic.
Blyth Dougal, "Cicero and Philosophy as Text," Classical Journal 106: 71-98 (2010).
"Philosophy for Cicero implies not only a way of life taught orally in a school but also reading and
writing. This foreshadows his influence on the later Latin tradition, which identified philosophy
with the meaning and evaluation of texts, and ultimately replaced its conception as an autonomous
way of life. I propose four factors in Cicero's influence: initiating the tradition of Latin
philosophical prose; developing its vocabulary; the choice of a rhetorical over a dialectical mode;
and locating discussion in the context of libraries, reading and book production."
Boyanc Pierre, "Cicron et les parties de la philosophie," Revues des tudes Grecques 49: 127-154
(1971).
Brignoli Fernando. Le parole greche nelle opere di Cicerone. In Studi ciceroniani. Napoli: Armanni
1957. pp. 101-162
Buckley Michael J., "Philosophic Method in Cicero," Journal of the History of Philosophy 8:
143-154 (1970).
"The two moments of Cicero's methodology are invention and judgment, the discovery of things or
arguments or symbols and their consequent testing, criticism or verification. His dialogues provide
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both, not by moving dialectically from oppositions to an assimilation of lesser truths into the
greater, but by the perspectival discrimination of scientific formulations into their diverse frames of
reference and uniting them into irreducible controversy. Controversy constitutes the universal
method, and its product is probabilities. The rhetorical is distinguished from the philosophic as this
single method is brought to bear upon particular cases (causae) or universal questions (quaestiones).
The four aristotelian questions of inquiry transpose into the four questions of controversy, queries
about facts, symbols, kinds, and pragmatic consequences. An example of their structural usage is
found in Cicero's treatment of the gods."
Burkert Walter, "Cicero als Platoniker und Skeptiker," Gymnasium 72: 175-200 (1965).
Clark Mark Edward and Ruebel James S., "Philosophy and Rhetoric in Cicero's Pro Milone,"
Rheinisches Museum fr Philologie 128: 57-72 (1975).
Clausen Marion. Maxima in sensibus veritas? - Die platonischen und stoischen Grundlagen der
Erkenntniskritik in Ciceros Lucullus. Bern: Peter Lang 2008.
Cole Thomas A. Canonicity and Multivalence: The Case of Cicero. In The Rhetoric Canon. Edited
by Schildgen Brenda Deen. Detroit: Wayne State University Press 1997. pp. 33-45
Colish Marcia. The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill 1985.
Vol. I: Stoicism in Classical Latin literature (1985); Vol. II: Stoicism in Christian Latin thought
through the Sixth century (1990).
See Vol. I, Chapter Two: Cicero pp. 61-158.
D'Onofrio Giulio. Il parricidio di Cicerone. Le metamorfosi della verit tra gli Academica
ciceroniani e il Contra Academicos di Agostino (lettura di testi). In Enosis kai Philia - Unione e
amicizia. Omaggio a Francesco Romano. Edited by Barbanti Maria, Giardina Giovanna R., and
Manganaro Paolo. Catania: CUECM 2002. pp. 207-236
"Studies the evolution from Cicero's probabilism, through its rejection by Lactantius, for whom
only Christianity can supply the indubitable truths required by philosophy; to Augustine's
Academici. The ignorance of ultimate truth which, for Cicero, is the end result of philosophy, is for
Augustine only the starting-point. Truth, being divine, is superior to the human mind, and can be
known to us only through divine self-revelation."
Douglas Alan Edward. Cicero the Philosopher. In Cicero. Edited by Dorey Thomas Alan. London:
Routledge 1965. pp. 135-170
Douglas Alan Edward. Cicero. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1968.
Douglas Alan Edward. The Intellectual Background of Cicero's Rhetorica. A Study in Method. In
Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, Teil I: Von den Anfngen Roms bis zum Ausgang der
Republik, Band 3: Sprache und Literatur (1. Jahrunderth v. Chr.). Edited by Temporini Hildegard.
Berlin: de Gruyter 1973. pp. 95-138
Dross Juliette. Voir la philosophie. Les reprsentations de la philosophie Rome. Rhtorique et
philosophie, de Cicron Marc Aurle. Paris: Belles Lettres 2010.
Englert Walter, "Bringing Philosophy to the Light: Cicero's Paradoxa Stoicorum," Apeiron 23:
117-142 (1990).
"In the Paradoxa Stoicorum Cicero tried unsuccessfully to bridge the gap that he saw between
learned and philosophical discourse on the one hand, and popular discourse on the other. There is a
tension in the work between this aim and the form he employed, the commonplace. Cicero learned
from this experiment, and the Paradoxa was an important step in his philosophical and literary
development."
Erskine Andrew, "Cicero and the Shaping of Hellenistic Philosophy," Hermathena: 5-15 (2003).
"Cicero stands closest in time to the lost works of the Hellenistic philosophers, and his are the first
substantial philosophical writings to survive since the days of Aristotle. As a result Cicero has done
much to shape the way in which we think about the Hellenistic philosophers. In his Tusculan
disputations and in De officiis Cicero confronted problems of his own and looked to Greek
philosophy for solutions. Cicero was no doxographer putting together tidy summaries; he was a
man with strong opinions who turned Hellenistic philosophy into what he wanted it to be."
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29. Ferguson John. Cicero's Contribution to Philosophy. In Studies in Cicero. Edited by Ferguson John.
Rome: Centro di Studi Ciceroniani 1962. pp. 99-111
30. Fortenbaugh William W. Cicero's Knowledge of the Rhetorical Treatises of Aristotle and
Theophrastus. In Cicero's Knowledge of the Peripatos. Edited by Fortenbaugh William W. and
Steinmetz Peter. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers 1989. pp. 39-60
31. Fortenbaugh William W., "Cicero, On Invention 1.51-77 Hypothetical Syllogistic and the Early
Peripatetics," Rhetorica.A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 16: 25-46 (1998).
"In On Invention, Cicero discusses both induction and deduction. In regard to the latter, Cicero
presents a controversy between those who advocate a five-part analysis of deductive reasoning and
those who prefer three parts. The issue is not practical or pedagogical, but conceptual in nature.
Cicero himself prefers analysis into five parts, and rather confusingly he presents the argument of
the advocates of five parts as if it were his own. The argument is striking in that it makes elaborate
use of mixed hypothetical syllogisms in order to argue for five parts. Cicero claims that the
five-part analysis has been preferred by all who take their start from Aristotle and Theophrastus. A
survey of what Theophrastus is reported to have said concerning the hypothetical syllogism renders
Cicero's claim intelligible. That is not to say that Theophrastus himself advocated a five-part
analysis. Most likely the association with him derives from his known interest in hypothetical
syllogistic. Later rhetoricians who identified themselves with the Peripatos made the cormection
with the founders of the school, thereby gaining authority for a controversial analysis."
32. Fortenbaugh William W., "Cicero as a Reporter of Aristotelian and Theophrastean Rhetorical
Doctrine," Rhetorica.A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 13: 37-64 (2005).
"This article is based on a general principle: the study of a fragmentary author should begin with a
study of the sources. The particular subject is Cicero as a source for Theophrastus' rhetorical
doctrine. The works On Invention, On the Orator and Orator are considered one after the other. The
reliability of Cicero is tested by comparing what is said about Aristotle with what we read in the
existing Rhetoric. Grounds for caution will be found. In the case of Theophrastus, we shall discover
that Cicero does have value as a source, but his value should not be overstated. The reports are
often quite general and sometimes they involve Ciceronian additions."
33. Fox Matthew. Cicero's Philosophy of History. New York: Oxford University Press 2007.
34. Gaines Robert N. Cicero's Partitiones Oratoriae and Topica: Rhetorical Philosophy and
Philosophical Rhetoric. In Brills Companion to Cicero. Oratory and Rhetoric. Edited by May
James M. Leiden: Brill 2002. pp. 445-480
35. Gantar Kajetan, "Cicero ber die Anfnge der Philosophie in Rom," Wiener Humanistische Bltter:
45-58 (1995).
Sonderheft zur Philosophie der Antike.
36. Gawlick Gunther, "Untersuchungen zu Ciceros philosophischer Methode", 1956.
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (University of Kiel).
37. Gawlick Gunther and Grler Woldemar. Cicero. In Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. Die
Philosophie der Antike Band IV: Die hellenistische Philosophie. Edited by Flashar Helmut. Basel:
Schwabe 1994. pp. 991-1168
Begrndet von Friedrich Ueberweg.
38. Gersh Stephen. Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism. The Latin Tradition. Notre Dame: University
of Indiana Press 1986.
See Vol. I Chapter 1, Cicero pp. 53-154.
39. Gigon Olof. Cicero und die griechische Philosophie. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen
Welt, Teil I: Von den Anfngen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik, Band 4: Philosophie und
Wissenschaften. Edited by Temporini Hildegard. Berlin: de Gruyter 1973. pp. 226-261
40. Gigon Olof, "Cicero und Aristoteles," Hermes 87: 143-162 (2011).
41. Gildenhard Gingo. The Construction of Reality in Cicero's Speeches. New York: Oxford University
Press 2011.
42. Glucker John. Cicero's Philosophical Affiliations. In The Question of "Eclecticism". Studies in
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44.
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46.
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49.
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51.
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54.
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Later Greek Philosophy. Edited by Dillon John M. and Long Anthony Arthur. Berkeley: University
of California Press 1988. pp. 34-69
Glucker John, "Cicero's Philosophical Affiliations Again," Liverpool Classical Monthly 17:
134-138 (1992).
Grler Woldemar. Untersuchungen zu Ciceros Philosophie. Heidelberg: C. Winter 1974.
Grler Woldemar, "From Athens to Tusculum: Reconsidering the background of Cicero's De
oratore," Rhetorica 6: 215-235 (1988).
Reprinted in: W. Grler, Kleine Schriften zur hellenistisch-rmischen Philosophie, edited by
Christoph Catrein, Philosophia Antiqua, XCV, Leiden:Brill, 2004, pp. 172-192.
Grler Woldemar. Cicero und die 'Schule des Aristoteles'. In Cicero's knowledge of the Peripatos.
Edited by Fortenbaugh William W. and Steinmetz Peter. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers
1989. pp. 246-262
Reprinted in: W. Grler, Kleine Schriften zur hellenistisch-rmischen Philosophie, edited by
Christoph Catrein, Philosophia Antiqua, XCV, Leiden:Brill, 2004, pp. 193-211.
"Cicero is well acquainted with Peripatetic philosophers from Theophrastus up to his own time. But
he does not approve of their philosophical tenets and quotes them but rarely. Some general
conclusions may be drawn as to Cicero's reliability as a "source author": Wherever Cicero cites his
authority he may be trusted. More often, however, his statements about Greek philosophers (given
in vague and general terms) are thoroughly tinged with his own philosophical convictions. Verbatim
quotations of Greek 'sources' are to be found only where Cicero says so, explicitly. All other
passages are of his own wording and should not be regarded as 'fragments'."
Grler Woldemar. Antiochos von Askalon ber die "Alten" und ber die Stoa: Beobachtungen zu
Cicero, Academici posteriores 1,24-43. In Beitrge zur hellenistischen Literatur und ihrer
Rezeption in Rom. Edited by Steinmetz Peter. Stuttgart: Steiner 1990. pp. 123-139
Reprinted in: W. Grler, Kleine Schriften zur hellenistisch-rmischen Philosophie, edited by
Christoph Catrein, Philosophia Antiqua, XCV, Leiden:Brill, 2004, pp. 87-104.
Grler Woldemar. Cicero's Philosophical Stance in the Lucullus. In Assent and Argument. Studies in
Cicero' Academic Books. Edited by Inwood Brad and Mansfeld Jaap. Leiden: Brill 1997. pp. 36-57
Reprinted in: W. Grler, Kleine Schriften zur hellenistisch-rmischen Philosophie, edited by
Christoph Catrein, Philosophia Antiqua, XCV, Leiden:Brill, 2004, pp. 268-290.
Gorman Robert. The Socratic Method in the Dialogues of Cicero. Wiesbaden: Franz steiner 2005.
Gotter Ulrich. Der Platonismus Ciceros und die Krise der Republik. In Hellenismus. Beitrge zur
Erforschung von Akkulturation und politischer Ordnung in den Staaten des hellenistischen
Zeitalters. Edited by Funck Bernd. Tbingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) 1996. pp. 543-559
Gottschalk Hans B. Aristotelian philosophy in the Roman world from the time of Cicero to the end
of the Second century AD. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt. Tel II: Teilband:
Philosophie (Platonismus, [Forts.]; Aristotelismus) Band 36: Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik.
Edited by Haase Wolfgang. Berlin: de Gruyter 1987. pp. 1079-1174
Revised reprint in: R. Sorabji (ed.) - Aristotle transformed. The Ancient Commentators and their
Influence (London, Duckworth, 1990), pp. 55-81.
Guazzoni Fo Virginia, "La terminologia filosofica ciceroniana," Giornale di Metafisica 13:
225-242 (1958).
Gurin Charles. Persona. L'laboration d'une notion rhtorique au Ier sicle av. J.-C. Paris: Vrin
2009.
Volume I: Antcdents grecs et premire rhtorique latine (2009); Volume II: Thorisation
cicronienne de la persona oratoire (2011).
Hartung Hans-Joachim. Ciceros Methode bei der bersetzung griechischer philosophischer
Termini. Hamburg: 1970.
Hirzel Rudolf. Untersuchungen zu Ciceros philosophischen Schriften. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1877.
Vol. 1: 1. De natura deorum (1877); Vol. 2.1/2: De finibus. De officiis (1882); Vol. 3: Academica
priora. Tusculanae disputationes (1883).
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56. Horsley Richard A., "The Law of Nature in Philo and Cicero," Harvard Theological Review 71:
35-59 (1978).
" Philo is the first to use the Greek expression nomos tes phuseos frequently, but the same idea
occurs earlier in Cicero. Both Philo and Cicero drew on a Stoic tradition, which was part of a broad
movement of social-political philosophy. Antiochus of Ascalon, head of the Academy in the early
first century B.C., was the key figure and the thinker upon whom Cicero and, probably, Philo
depend. The Christian idea of natural law and the philosophical rationalization of Roman law derive
from the transcendent conception of the law of nature."
57. Huby Pamela, "Boethius vindicates Cicero as a logician," Liverpool Classical Monthly 13: 60-61
(1988).
58. Huby Pamela. Cicero's Topics and its Peripatetic Sources. In Cicero's Knowledge of the Peripatos.
Edited by Fortenbaugh William W. and Steinmetz Peter. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers
1989. pp. 61-76
"What is the origin of the list of Topics in Cicero's Topics and other works? Aristotle's primarily
dialectical topics were transferred to rhetoric and law, and Cicero's inept treatment suggests a Greek
original designed for different purposes. The fifth-century Martianus Capella has a similar list and,
separately, some propositional logic identical with that embedded in Cicero's list. Both may have a
post-Chrysippean Stoic original. Boethius claims to give a list of topics from Themistius, but that is
confused. Cicero's account of what a topic is may come from Theophrastus, but his sources are
many."
59. Johanson Carmen and Londey David, "Cicero on Propositions: Academica II.95," Mnemosyne 41:
325-342 (1988).
60. Jones David Mervyn, "Cicero as a Translator," Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 6: 22-34
(1959).
61. Leonhardt Jnger. Ciceros Kritik der Philosophenschulen. Mnchen: C. H. Beck 1999.
62. Lvy Carlos, "La dialectique de Cicron dans les livres II et IV du De finibus," Revues des tudes
Latines 62: 111-127 (1984).
63. Lvy Carlos, "Cicron et la Quatrime Acadmie," Revues des tudes Latines 63: 32-41 (1985).
64. Lvy Carlos, "Le De officiis dans l'oeuvre philosophique de Cicron," Vita latina 116: 10-16
(1989).
65. Lvy Carlos. Cicero Academicus. Recherches sur les "Acadmiques" et sur la philosophie
cicronienne. Rome: cole franaise de Rome 1992.
66. Lvy Carlos. Cicron crateur du vocabulaire latin de la connaissance: essay de synthse. In La
langue latine langue de la philosophie. Palais Farnse: cole franaise de Rome 1992. pp. 91-106
"La cration par Cicron du vocabulaire philosophique latin a t un acte d'une grande audace
intellectuelle, l'gard duquel Atticus et Varron ont d'abord t trs rservs, pour des raisons la
fois culturelles et philosophiques. C'est l'laboration dans les Acadmiques d'une terminologie fort
complexe, destine rendre les concepts gnosologiques stociens et acadmiciens, qui a renforc
la confiance que Cicron a toujours eue dans les possibilits philosophiques de la langue latine.
L'tude de ce vocabulaire (epoch, katalepton, sugkatathesis, ennoia, prolepsis) montre que, si le
principal souci de Cicron tait de concilier prcision et uarietas, il a nanmoins exprim, par son
choix ou sa cration de certains termes, une vision du monde qui ne concidait pas ncessairement
avec celle des philosophes grecs. La construction du concept de "probalble" partir du pithanon et
de l'eulogon confirme quel point cette dmarche aura t fconde."
67. Lvy Carlos. Doxographie et philosophie chez Cicron. In Le concept de nature Rome. La
physique. Edited by Lvy Carlos. Paris: Presses de l'Ecole Normale Suprieure 1996. pp. 109-123
68. Lvy Carlos. Les titres des oeuvres philosophiques de Cicron. In Titres et articulations du texte
dans l'Antiquit. Edited by Fredouille Jean-Claude. Paris: tudes augustiniennes 1997. pp. 191-207
69. Lvy Carlos. Cicron critique de l'loquence stocienne. In Papers on Rhetoric. Vol III. Edited by
Calboli Montefusco Lucia. Bologna: CLUEB 2000. pp. 127-144
70. Lvy Carlos, "Cicron, le moyen platonisme et la philosophie romaine: propos de la naissance du
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71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
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88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
(1) Cf. P. Boyanc, Cicron et les parties de la philosophie, Revue des tudes Latines, XLIX, 1971,
127-154.
Muchnova Dagmar, "Veritas dans les traits philosophiques de Marcus Tullius Cicron,"
Graecolatina Pragensia 8: 41-51 (1980).
"L'examen des synonymes et antonymes et l'analyse de l'emploi de veritas, surtout du point de vue
smantique, montrent que Cicron a contribu la diffusion de ce terme, ainsi qu' celle du mot
verum, et qu'il les a enrichis d'un sens philosophique."
Muller Philippe. Cicron, un philospphe pour notre temps. Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme 1990.
Poncelet Roland. Cicron traducteur de Platon. L'expression de la pense complexe en latin
classique. Paris: De Boccard 1957.
Powell J.G.F. Cicero's translations from Greek. In Cicero the Philosopher. Twelve Papers. Edited by
Powell J.G.F. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995. pp. 273-300
Powell Jonathan. Cicero. In Greek and Roman philosophy 100 BC - 200 AD. Vol. II. Edited by
Sharples Robert W. and Sorabji Richard. London: Institute of Classical Studies 2007. pp. 333-345
Radford Robert T. Cicero. A Study in the Origins of Republican Philosophy. Amsterdam: Rodopi
2002.
Rawson Elizabeth, "The Introduction of Logical Organisation in Roman Prose Literature," Papers
of the British School at Rome 46: 12-34 (1978).
Reprinted in: E. Rawson, Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers, Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1991, pp. 324-351.
Rawson Elizabeth. Cicero. A Portrait. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1983.
Riposati Benedetto. Studi sui Topica di Cicerone. Milano: Vita e Pensiero 1947.
Riposati Benedetto. La terminologia logica nelle opere retoriche di Cicerone. In Hommages
Henry Bardon. Edited by Renard Marcel and Laurens Pierre. Bruxelles: Latomus 1985. pp. 319-331
Rosn Hanna. The Mechanisms of Latin Nominalization and Conceptualization in Historical View.
In Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, Teil II: Principat, Band 29.2: Sprache und
Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften). Edited by Haase Wolfgang. Berlin: de Gruyter 193. pp. 178-211
See in particular: Specialized uses and names for nominal concepts: Cicero's methods of
innovation, pp. 204-209.
Rubinelli Sara. Ars Topica. The Classical Technique of Constructing Arguments from Aristotle to
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100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
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114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
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compose Greek prose and verse and to deliver set speeches in Greek before a Greek audience. No
one would deny that he could speak Greek well. It is a commonly held view that Cicero's peers
were fluent in Greek and regularly used it in conversation with each other. There are, however, no
grounds for the latter belief. This chapter places Cicero's choices against the general background
and function of bilingualism in Rome."
Tarn Leonardo. Cicero's Attitude towards Stoicism and Skepticism in the De natura deorum. In
Florilegium Colombianum. Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller. Edited by Selig Karl-Ludwig
and Somerville Robert. New York: Italica Press 1987. pp. 1-22
Reprinted in: L. Tarn, Collected Papers (1962-1999), Ledien, Brill, 2001, pp. 455-478.
Thorsrud Harald, "Cicero on his Academic Predecessors: the Fallibilism of Arcesilaus and
Carneades," Journal of the History of Philosophy 40: 1-18 (2002).
Watson Gerald. The Natural Law and Stoicism. In Problems in Stoicism. Edited by Long Anthony
Arthur. London: Athlone Press 1971. pp.
"The concept of natural law, although it had antecedents in Greek philosophy, was first given
general expression by the Stoics. It was transmitted by Cicero to the Church Fathers and thence into
medieval and modern philosophy."
Wisse Jakob. De Oratore: Rhetoric, Philosophy, and the Making of the Ideal Orator. In Brills
Companion to Cicero. Oratory and Rhetoric. Edited by May James M. Leiden: Brill 2002. pp.
375-401
Wood Neal. Cicero's Social and Political Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press 1988.
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